词：冠词 名词 代词 形容词 副词 介词 连词 数词 动词
冠词
一、定冠词the 用法歌口诀：
特指双方熟悉，上文已经提及。 世上独一无二，方位名词乐器。 某些专有名词，外加复数姓氏。 序数词最高级，习惯用语要特记。 1.表示特指： 既可特指上文提到过的人或事物，也可特指谈话双方都清楚的人或事物，还可特指受后置定语或定语从句修饰的人或事物。如：
Where’s the teacher? 老师在哪儿?
The manager you want to see was here just now. 你要见的那位经理刚刚还在这里。 2. 表示类别
(1) 概括整个类属：定冠词与单数可数名词连用可以概括整个类属，有时还可以与某些形容词连用表示整个属。如：
The computer is a great invention. 计算机是一项伟大的发明。 The young should respect the old. 年轻人应该尊敬老年人。 The English are famous for liking tea. 英国人以喜欢喝茶出名。
【说明】不定冠词和定冠词均可连用单数可数名词表示类别，但前者通常强调个体，起泛指作用，其用法相当于any；后者既可强调个体(可与不定冠词互换)，也可强调整体(不可与不定冠词互换)。如： The monkey is a clever animal. = A monkey is a clever animal. 猴是一种聪明的动物。(句中既可用不定冠词也可用定冠词，因为它表示泛指意义)
The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. 老虎有绝种的危险。(此句用定冠词概括整个类属，不能换成不定冠词)
(2) 与某些形容词连用，表示一类人或一类事物。如：
the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the wealthy 富人the old 老人 the aged 老人 the young 年轻人the sick 病人 the brave 勇敢的人 the weak 弱者the strong 强者
the impossible 不可能的事the unknown 未知世界 3. 表示世上独一无二的事物
这里说的世上独一无二的事物主要指the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the universe, the world, the atmosphere(大气层)等东西。如： The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方起，西方落下。 【说明】若这类名词前有形容词修饰，表示具有某种特征，则也可能将定冠词改为不定冠词，如 a full moon(满月)，a friendly world(友好的世界)等。
4. 连用序数词和最高级
序数词和形容词最高级前通常要用定冠词，副词最高级前可用定冠词，也可不用。
It was the best result they’ve ever had. 这是他们历来取得的最好成绩。 He won the first game and I won the second, so we’re even. 他赢了第一局的比赛，我赢了第二局，因此我们打平了。
【说明】当序数词表示名次时，其前的定冠词通常可以省略。如： Who won (the) first prize? 谁获得了一等奖?
另外，当序数词不是表示顺序，而是表示“另一个”时，则在其前用不定冠词。如：
I want to read it a second time. 我想再看一次. 5. 用于某些专有名词前
如用于河流、海洋、山川、海岛、海峡、沙漠等专有名词前，以及用于由普通名词构成(或含有普通名词)的专有名词如国名、地名、团体、机构、党派、报纸、杂志、事件、建筑物等前。如：
the Yellow River 黄河 the Red Sea 红海the Indian Ocean 印度洋 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡the Sahara (Desert) 撒哈拉大沙漠 the United States 美国
the Times 泰晤士报 the Great Wall长城the Great Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
注：表示湖泊的专有名词前通常不加定冠词，但对于中国的湖泊则习惯上要加定冠词，如 the Dongting Lake(洞庭湖)。 6. 用于乐器名词前
当乐器名词表示演奏时，其前通常要用定冠词。如： She likes playing the piano. 她喜欢弹钢琴。
The girl practices the violin every day. 这女孩每天练习拉小提琴。 注：若乐器名词不是表示演奏，而是表示乐器的实物，则不一定用定冠词。如：
These two pianos are very cheap. 这两架钢琴很便宜。 7. 用于姓氏的复数之前
定冠词有时可用于表示姓氏的复数前，表示全家人或全家中两个或两个以上的人。
None of us here like the Smiths. 我们这里没有人喜欢史密斯一家人。 The Greens were too poor to send their son to school. 格林夫妇太穷，没钱送他们的儿子上学。 8. 用于逢整十数词的复数前
定冠词有时可用于逢整十的复数数词前，表示世纪中的年代。如： He moved to the south in the fifties. 他于50年代搬到了南方。 The war broke out in the 1980s. 战争爆发于20世纪80年代。
9. 用在某些习惯用语中
at the same time 同时 by the way 顺便问一句for the present 暂时 go to the cinema 看电影in the end 最后 in the dark 在黑暗中，不知道 in the least 一点，丝毫 in the open 在野外in the past 在过去 in the long run从长远来看in the event of 万一 in the morning 在上午 in the way 挡道，碍事 on the whole总体上on the other hand 另一方面
on the contrary相反地out of the question不可能的 二、不定冠词a/an：
1.a用于辅音发音开头的词前，而不是辅音字母前面，如：a book, a desk; 有些单词虽然是以元音字母开头，但需用a修饰，这些单词可以连成一句话：In a university, a European united a one-eyed man to steal a useful thing, then ran away along a one-way road. This is a usual thing.在一所大学里，一个欧洲人联合独眼龙偷了一件有用的东西，然后沿着一条单行道逃跑了。这是一件平常的事。
2.an用于元音发音开头的词前，而不是元音字母前，如：an apple, an hour.
有些单词虽然是以辅音字母开头，但发音却是以元音开头，这些单词可以连成一句话：An hour ago, an honest man accepted an honorable task.一个小时以前，一个诚实人接受了一项光荣的任务。
具体用法：
1. a/an 用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”“一…”或者“一个”的意思. a book a boy a man a bird a dog an hour an interesting book a big dog a dangerous animal
2.表示类别：这种用法是指某人或某物属于某一种类，或者指某一种类的人或物中的任何一个或一件，或者指某一种类的人或物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。
That is a pen, not a pencil. 那是钢笔而不是铅笔。（指属于某一种类） Give him a pear, please! 请给他一个梨。（指某一种类中的任何一个） An elephant is bigger than a horse. 大象比马大。 和 one 的区别： a/an 表示类别种类,而one强调数量 a bus （表示是一辆公交车 而不是一辆小汽车 也不是火车） one bus (强调是一辆车 而不是两辆或三辆)
There is a cat under the chair. 椅子下面有一只猫。（强调种类） There is one cat under the chair.椅子下边有一只猫。（强调数量） 3.用来指某人或某物，但有不具体说明是谁或是什么
A comrade from Shanghai is coming to give us a talk this afternoon. 一位来自上海的同志今天下午将给我们作报告。
My mother once worked in a school. 我母亲曾在一所学校工作。
4. 表示基本单位，作“每一”讲。 three times a day 10 yuan a kilo
six class a day thirty miles an hour等。
5.不定冠词a/an可用在一种职业，阶级或宗教的名称前。
What’s your father? He’s a doctor. 你父亲是什么职业？他是名医生。 Mr Black is now a Christian.布莱克先生现在是名基督教徒。 6.用在序数词前表示“再一”，“又一”
You can try it a second time if you fail.如果你失败了，你可以再试一次。 7.与专有名词连用表示“某一个”，“一个叫......的人”
A John is waiting for you at the gate.一个叫约翰的人在门口等你。 8.用于说明事物同一性质、特征、程度或大小，表示“相同”，相当于the same. 如：They are all of a size.他们大小都一样。 9.和形容词最高级连用，修饰名词，表示“非常” It is a most funny story.那是一个非常滑稽的故事。 10.用于视为一体的两个名词之前，意为“一副、套、只” a knife and fork一副刀叉 a table and chair一套桌椅 a watch and chain一只带表链的表 a bow and arrow一副弓箭 11.固定短语：
once upon a time 从前 take a look 看一看 catch a cold 感冒
a little 一点点 a few 一点儿 have a rest 休息 三、零冠词的用法： 1. 用于复数名词前
复数名词泛指某类人或物时，其前通常用零冠词。如： Students should obey the school rules. 学生应该遵守校规。 Trees don’t grow in the Antarctic. 南极不长树木。 【说明】复数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。如： The students are too lazy. 这些学生太懒。 2. 用于不可数名词前
不可数名词表示泛指时，其前通常用零冠词。如： Bread is made from flour. 面包是用面粉做的。
Wood is a poor conductor of sound. 木头是声音的不良导体。 【说明】不可数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。如： He sawed the wood into three pieces. 他把木头锯成三块。 3. 用于专有名词前
在通常情况下，专有名词前要用零冠词。如：
Mr Smith is our English teaches us English. 史密斯先生教我们英语。 【说明】在特殊情况下，若专有名词需要特指，也可加定冠词。如：
The Smith you’re looking for no longer lives here. 你找的那个史密斯不再住这里。 【随堂练习】
1. When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed. A. the breakfast in B. the breakfast in the C. breakfast in D. breakfast in the
2. Beyond ______ stars the astronaut saw nothing but ______ space. A. the, 不填 B. 不填，the C. 不填，不填 D. the, the 3. Alexander Graham Bell invented ________ telephone in 1876. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one
4. After watching ____ TV, she played _____ violin for an hour. A. 不填，不填 B. the, the C. the, 不填 D. 不填，the
5. Many people are still in ____ habit of writing silly things in ____ public places.
A. the, the B. 不填，不填 C. the, 不填 D. 不填，the
6. Paper money was in ____ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ____ thirteenth century.
A. the, 不填 B. the, the C. 不填，the D. 不填，不填
7. Have you seen ______ pen? I left it here this morning. Is it ____ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a, the B. the, the C. the, a D. a, a
8. She is _____ newcomer to ____ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.
A. the, the B. the, 不填 C. a, 不填 D. a, the
9. Many people agree that ___ knowledge of English is a must in ____ international trade today.
A. a, 不填 B. the, an C. the, the D. 不填，the 10． ______ usually go to church every Sunday. A. The Brown B. A Brown C. Browns D. The Browns 11. The train is running fifty miles ______. A. an hour B. one hour C. the hour D. a hour tob_id_2954
12. ___ earth we live on is bigger than___ moon. A. The, a B. The, the C. An, a D. An, the
13. — What’s the matter with you ? —I caught ___ bad cold and had to stay in ___bed.
A. a, / B. a, the C. a, a D. the, the
14. —Do you know ___ lady in blue? —Yes. She is a teacher of a university.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
15. —Where’s ___ nearest supermarket? —It’s over there, just around the corner.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
16. The young man will work in ___ school as a maths teacher. A. the B. a C. an D. /
17. Most of the representatives think that ______ the meeting was very successful.
A. on whole of B. on a whole C. on the whole D.on the whole that 18. The investigators found that more should be done for ______ in India. A. those poor B. a poor C. poor D. the poor
19. He grabbed me ______ and pulled me onto the bus. A. a arm B. an arm C. the arm D. by the arm
20. “How did you pay the workers?” “As a rule, they are paid ______.” A. by an your B. by the hour C. by a hour D. by hours
21. What _____ exciting football match! Our team beat Tom’s team at last.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
22. In the United States, Father’s Day falls on _____ third Sunday in _____ June.
A. the，不填 B. the, a C. 不填, the D. a, 不填
23. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old. A. A, a B. The, a C. The, the D. A. the
24. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River. A. The, a B. A, / C. A, the D. An, an
25. －What colour is ______ orange? －It’s _____ orange. A. an, an B. an, the C. an, / D. /, an 答案与解析（部分）
1. C 2. A。太空中的星体或世界上独一无二的东西前应加定冠词。Space作“宇宙空间”解时，也是抽象名词，通常不加冠词
3. C。作invent宾语的名词只能用“the+单数可数名词”，表示发明的某类东西。 4. D。watch TV是习惯搭配，不必用冠词。表示乐器的名词前应用定冠词。
5. C。in the habit of是习惯用语，正如in the morning, on the other hand一样，其中的定冠词不可或缺。Public places是复数名词短语，表示泛指概念，其前面不必用定冠词。
6. C。be in use是习语，在这习语中没有任何冠词。 Thirteenth是序数词，在序数词前应用定冠词。
7. D。问句和答语中的pen均非特指，而是泛指，故应用不定冠词。 8. C。newcomer是单数可数名词，泛指某类人中的一个，要用不定冠词。抽象名词或学科名称前不加任何冠词，chemistry是表示学科的抽象名词，因此前面不加the。
9. A。虽然knowledge是不可数名词，但有of English修饰，故用不定冠词。Trade是抽象名词，前面不应加the。
10. D 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. A。考查the 表示特指的用法。根据题意知道是特指“穿蓝色衣服的那个夫人”。
15. C。考查“the 用在形容词的最高级前”的用法。题意为“最近的超市在哪里？”
16－20 ADDDB 21－25 BACCC 【随堂练习】 一、对划线部分提问 1 Her name is Lucy. 2It is six thirty now. 3 He is in Class One. 4 His ruler is white. 5That boy is Li Lei. 6 I play with Jim.
7 The boy under the tree is Jim. 8 My ball is under the tree. 9 That is Li Lei’s bag. 10 Those books are hers. 11She is fine.
12 There is a bag on the desk. 13 There is some milk in the bottle. 14She will clean the room in two days. 15 She has been a student for ten years. 16 She was late because she was ill. 17 It was cloudy yesterday.
18 It is two kilometres from his home. 19 They bought a piano last week. 20 She watches TV at home. 二、单选
1. Finally he reached a lonely island ____ was completely cut off from the outside world.
A. when B. where C. which D. whom 2. Happiness and success often come to those ____ are good at recognizing their own strengths.
A. whom B. who C. what D. which
3. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those __ lives were affected.
A. whose B. that C. who D. which 4. What a pity! The book _____ is not in the library.
A. that I need it B. I need it C. which I need it D. which I need.
5. Can you tell me where the doctor ______ I am looking for is ? A. who whose
6. That tree, the branches _______ are almost bare, is an old one. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 7. Liu Xiang is an honor of our country, ________ name is known to us all.
A. her B. that C. which D. whose 8. Those _____ want to see the film, please hand in your money. A. that B. who
C. which D. whom
B. which
C. whom
D.
9. Have you ever seen a mountain, ________ is covered with snow all the year?
A. whose top B. of which the top C. the top of which D. all the above
10. Tom’s brother, _______ is in the States studying medicine, will graduate soon. A. who which
Keys: 1-5 CBADC 6-10 BDBDA 三、填空
1.在空格内填上a或an
1. _____ear 2.______actor 3. _____hen 4. ______toy 5.
______university 6. ______elephant 7. ______hat 8.______umbrella 9.______rabbit 10.______idea 11.______hour 12_______ honest boy 13.______interesting book 14.______easy question 15.______orange dress 16_______apple pie 17_______X-ray machine 18.______ice cream 2.用a,an,the或“/”填空
1.________Washington is _______capital of ________United States of America.
2.There is _________”A” on his paper. 3. I ate ______apple .It’s _______red apple.
B. whom C. that
D.
4._______tall man over there is my boss.5._______earth moves around sun.
6.No news is ________good news. 7.Have you visited Great Wall? 8.They often play football after school. 9.Children need love and attention.
10.Are there any birds in __sky? 11.student in the third row is __tallest in our class.
12.Did you have__ breakfast this morning?13.Mr.White will go to__Tokyo by air.
14.By __way,do you know__ old woman in glasses? 3.选择填空
1.Mom tells her little daughter _____old story every night. A. a B. / C. an D. the
2. ______computer on the table is Susan’s. A. A B. An C. The D. /
3.There is____ map of ___ world on wall.____map is mine. A. a, a, A B. a, the, The C. the, the, The D. the, the, A 4.___Whites live on ___floor. A. /, three B. A, third C. The, third D.The, the third
5. __Spring comes after ___winter. A. /, / B.The, / C.The, the D.A, the 6.I bought ____shoes yesterday. ____shoes are very beautiful.
A. a, The B. a pair of, The C. the, The D. a pair, The pair 7.He was __soldier in the Second World War. A. a B. an C. the D. /
8.She can play ___and____ .
A. the tennis, the guitar B. tennis, guitar C. the tennis, guitar D. tennis, the guitar
9.I can see___ moon and____ clouds in the sky.A. the, a B. a, a C. the, / D. the, the
10.___“c” is in “cat.” ____“s” is in “sat.” A. An, An B. An, A C. A, A D. A, An
11. ___Tian’anmen Square is in__ Beijing. A. /, / B. A, / C. The, / D. /, the
12.—Can you tell me ___nearest bookshop? —Go straight and turn right at_______third crossing, and you will see it.
A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. the, /
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