新概念2语法知识点总结
一、一般现在时：
1.构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
(1)直接加“s”，works，takes
(2)以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”
carry → carries
(3)以“o,s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”
goes dresses watches brushes
2．功能：
(1)表现在的事实、状态或动作：
eg: . Birds fly.
.She loves music.
.Mary's parents get up very early.
(2)表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，everyweek，seldom，occasionally，frequently等时间副词连用。
eg:. I always take a walk after supper.
.She writes to me very often.
.Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally.
(3)表客观真理，格言警句或事实：
. The earth moves round the sun.
.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
.Two and two makes four.
.No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。
(4)表将来：
A.在由when，after,before，as，assoon as，although，because，if，evenif，incase，till，until，unless，
so long as，where，whatever，wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。
(黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它!)
例如：.I'll tell her when shecomes tomorrow.
.Even ifit rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
.Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. (不错的句型，背下!!). I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.(很感人的句型!)
B.按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。
.The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
.When does the plane take off?
.He leaves for that city next week.
. According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts atnine in the morning.
(按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。)
【测试精编】
1. The Browns ________ a nice car and Brown's brother ________ a nicejeep.
A.have / have B. has / has C. have / has D. has / have
2. If their house ________ not like ours, what ________ it look like?
A. is / is B. is / does C. does / does D. does / is
3. - ________ you think he will come? - If it ________ tomorrow, hewill not come.
A. Do / rains B. Are / rains C. Do / will rain D. Are / will rain
4. The little child ________ not even know that the moon ________around the earth.
A. do / move B. do / moves C. does / moves D. did / moved
5. Many a student ________ fond of films, but a good student seldom________ to the cinema
A. are / goes B. is / goes C. are / go D. is / go
【练习答案】
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B
二．现在进行时：is/ am / are + 现在分词
1．表示现在正在进行的动作。如
. The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea?
.Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight(体重增加)。.The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2．表现阶段正进行的动作。
.He is taking physics this semester(本学期)。
.Weare preparing for our final examination this week.
3．go,come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
.Look! The bus is coming.看!车来了!
.The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
.Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.
4．与always,forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感*彩：赞赏或厌恶。
. He is always thinking of others.(他总是想着别人。)
. The boy is continually making noises.(这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。)
beinglate.(老师一直在.The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for
批评她迟到。)
5．下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
(此条戒律请背10遍!!!)
believe(相信)，doubt(怀疑)，see(看见)，hear(听见)，know(知道)，understand(理解)，belong(属于)，think(认为)，consider(认为)，feel(觉得)，look(看起来)，seem(看上去)，show(显示)，mind(介意)，have(有)，sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来)，require(要求)，possess(拥有)，care(关心)，like(喜欢)，hate(讨厌)，love(喜爱)，detest(憎恨)，desire(意欲)
【简单记忆】
● 永远不要说I'mbelieving...或Heis seeing a house. 再简单一点说，这些动词后面不要随意加-ing.
● 可怕的是：我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错!
● 注意：havea party / think about 可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”;think意为“考虑”。
【测试精编】
1. How can you ________ If you are not ________ ?
A.listening / hearing B. hear / listening
C. be listening / heard D. be hearing / listening to
2.The girl even won't have her lunch before she ________ herhomework.
A.will finish B. is finishing
C. had finished D. finishes
3. Those who have applied for the post(职位)________in the office.(此题超前)A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing
C. interviewing D. to be interviewing
4. The old scientist ________ to do more for the country.
A.is wishing B. has been wishing
C. wishes D. has been wished
5. If he ________, don't wake him up.
A.still sleeps B. is still sleeping
C. still has been sleeping D. will be sleeping still
【练习答案】1.B2.D 3.A 4.C 5.B
三．一般过去时
1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。
.We visited the school last spring.
.I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
.China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
.She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day.. They would not leave until she came back.
. My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.
3．一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。）
● Her brother was a chemist.（已去世）
● Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在）
● That's all I had to say.（话已说完）
● That's all I have to say.（言之未尽）
● It was so nice to see you.（离别时用）
● It is so nice to see you.（见面时用）
● Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上）
●Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）［本句现在完成时，此乃后话！］
测试精编I：（用所给动词的正确进态填空）。
1.Yesterday I ________ (think) that you were not in Beijing.
2. Alice usually ________ (sit) in the front of the classroom, butshe ________ (sit) at the back this morning.
3.He ________ (tell) the news to us three days ago.
4.He________ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.
5.she would not telephone me if she ________ (have) no time.
测试精编II：
1. They ________ the trip until the rain stopped.
A. continued B. didn't continue
C. hadn't continued D. would continue
2. The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food withoutwhich they ________ of hunger and cold.（without在这里表条件，你知道吗？）
A. would die B. will die C. would be dead D. would have died
3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth ________around the sun.
A.moved B. has moved C. will move D. moves
4. When all those present（到场者）________he began his lecture.（重点题）A.sit B. set C. seated D. were seated
5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact I________ not.
A.have B. would have C. had D. had had
练习答案：
I
1.thought 2.sits,sat 3.told 4.began 5.had
II
1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.C
四.过去进行时
1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。.I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
.When I arrived, they were watching TV.
.They were doing housework this time last week.
2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。.She told me to wake him up if
shewas sleeping.
.I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving toofast.
3．过去某时将发生的事。可参考—2（4）.They told me that they were leaving for
NewYork.
.He was going out when I arrived.
练习题：
1.My brother ________ while he ________ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A.fell / was riding B. feel / were riding
C.had fallen / rode D. had fallen / was riding
2.He ________ his leg as he ________ in a football match.
A.broke / played B. was breaking / was playing
C.broke / was playing D. was breaking / played
3.-Myfather will be here tomorrow. -I thought that he ________ today.
A.was corning B. is coming
C.will come D. comes
4.Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who________
in.
A.come B. was coming C. had been coming D. had come
5.Michike couldn't come to the telephone when Mr. Smith called herbecause she
________in the lab.
A.had been working B. has been working
C.was working D. worked
练习答案：1.A 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C
五．现在完成时
1．表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently，lately(最近)，ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。
● Hehasn't seen her lately.
● Ihaven't finished the book yet.
2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：sofar(迄今为止)，uptill now(直到现在)，since,for a long time(很长时间)，upto present(直到现在)，inthe past / in the last few years(在过去的几年里)，thesedays(目前)……
. He has worked here for 15 years.
.I have studied English since I came here.
.The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
.So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。黄金要点：I.常见的非延续动词：die,arrive(到达)，join(加入)，leave(离开)，go,refuse(拒绝)，fail(失败)，finish，buy，marry，divorce(离婚)，awake(醒)，buy，borrow，lend...(背三遍!)
II.这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III.但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
● Shehas gone away for a month.(误)
● She has been away for a month (正)
● The man has died for two years.(误)
● The man has been dead for two years.(正)
● How long have youbought the book?(误)
● How long have you got the book.(正)
4．注意since的用法：
. They haven't had any troublesince they came here.
.It has been ten years since we met last time.
.He has been heresince 1980.
.He has been heresince ten years ago.
5．几组对比：Hehas gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。
Hehas been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
Shehas gone. 她已走了。
Sheis gone. 她缺席了。(or她死了。)
The door has been closed. 门关上了。(动作)
Thedoor is closed. 门是关着的。(状态)
练习题
1. The prices ________ going up all the time in the past few years.
A.keep B. kept C. have kept D. are keeping
2. For the whole period of two months, there ________ no rain in thisarea.
A.is B. will be C. has been D. have been
3. Today is Jane's wedding day. She ________ John.
A.have just married with B. was just married to
C. has just been married to D. just has been married to
4. No wonder the flower have withered, they ________ any water forages.
A. hadn't B. haven't C. haven't had D. hadn't had
5. Nowadays computer ________ a wide application with the developmentof production and science.
A.found B. has found C. finds D. had found
练习答案：1.C 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. B
六.精要：五种基本句型
1.主+谓(不及物动词)
Man can think. The fire is burning.
不可忽视：常用不及物动词有break,breathe, burn, smoke, swim, skate, appear, disappear, work, thinketc.
2.主+谓+表语(系动词)
He became a scientist.
Sheis getting more and more beautiful.
不可忽视：常用系动词：be,get, turn, feel, seem, appear, look taste, sound, smell, become, go,prove etc.
3.主+谓+宾(及物动词)
We love peace.
Theywill paint the door.
常用动词有：see,watch, need, love, like, study, answer, carry, etc.
4.主+谓+宾+宾补
Weelected him president.
Theypainted the door white.
Iadvised the students to recite the texts.
王牌重点：常用作宾补的形式：(请将每个例句大声朗读一遍)
(1)名词：Thecouple named their baby Johnson.
(2)形容词：Ikeep the door open.
(3)副词：Thenaughty boy knocked the bottle over.
(4)不定式：Heordered his men to fire.
(5)分词：Heheard me singing. I saw the vase broken.
(6)介词短语：Theylook on him as a teacher.
(7)名词性从句：Iasked him what he was doing.
5.(1)主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语
My friend bought me a gift.
Ipassed him the book.
(2)主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾
My friend bought a gift for me.
Ipassed the book to him.
七.过去完成时：had+ 过去分词
1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。●Theyhad got everything ready before I came.
● Theplay had begunbefore I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．过去完成时常用于hardly/ scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than等固定句型结构中。（此乃超级重点句型，意为：“一……就”）●Shehad hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
● Nosooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
(注意nosooner 在句首时句型倒装。)
3．intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。●Ihad intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see mejust when I was about to leave.
(……原想昨天去看你……)
● They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they hadto cancel it because the bad weather.
(……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……)
练习：
1. -Let's hurry! The president is coming. -Oh, I was afraid that we________.
A.already miss him B. had already missed him
C. will miss him already D. have already missed him
2. Your letter came just as I ________ my office.
A.was leaving B. would leave
C. had left D. left
3. I ________ my keys, I can't remember where I last sawthem.
A.was losing B. lost C. had lost D. have lost
4. Nobody knew where the teacher ________.
A. has gone B. would have gone
C. had gone D. would be gone
5. The sportsmen ________ training for 3 hours when the coach toldthem to break off for rest.
A. have been B. are
C. had been D. were
答案：1.B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. C
八.一般将来时：shall/ will + 动词原形
1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。●Hewill graduate from the college next year.
● Weshall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2．将来时的其它结构：（务必背下！）I.be going to do something. 打算做某事。
(美国口语中常读作begonna)
● I'm going to buy a new coat this fall.
[begoing to 与will的对比：下列情况须用will]
● I'll be sixteen years old next year.
● Itwill be the 20 th of August tomorrow.
● Whenhe comes, I will give him your message.
I. be + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。●AmI to take over his work?
● Weare to meet at the gate.
III.be about to do sth. 即将做某事。●Thetalk is about to begin.
3.重点补充：
beon the point of doing sth. 正要做某事
set out to do sth. 着手做某事
setabout doing sth. 开始做某事
练习：
1. - "The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 o'clock." -"But ________ a delay."
A. it will be B. there'd be
C. there will be D. there is
2. He'll leave for Paris before you ________ next week.
A.will come back B. will be back
C. come back D. came back
3. Our next meeting ________ on 1st December.
A.has been held B. will hold
C. is to be held D. is holding
4. Where ________ a will, there is a way.
A.there will have B. has been there
C. there is D. there has been
5. It ________ be Wednesday tomorrow.
A. is going to B. will C. is about to D. is to
答案：1.C 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. B
九.过去将来时：should/ would + 动词原形
1.表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。
● Hesaid that they would meet me at the station.
2.此用法常用于间接引语中。
练习：1.On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader________ on Saturday.
A.is arriving B. will arrive
C. would be arrived D. would arrive
2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we________ready.
A.will be B. would be
C.were D. are
3. My aunt ________ to see us, she would be here soon.
A.is corning B. was coming
C. came D. had came
4. They would be given a new house if more ________ the next year.
A.will be built B. would be built
C. are built D. were built
答案：1.D 2. C 3. B 4. D
十．过去完成进行时:hadbeen + 现在分词
表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
● Shesaid that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
比较：
. The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy.
.The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.
练习：
1. It ________ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were verymuddy.
A.was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained 2.He told us that he ________ there since 1982.
A. has been living B. had been living
C. would have lived D. was living
3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and________ now.
A.is still learning B. had been learning
C. was still learning D. has been learning
4. By the end of last week, he ________ in the company for 10 years.
A. had worked B. had been working
C. will have worked D. would have worked
5. Not until then did people know that he ________ important militaryinformation to the enemy for a long time.
A.sold B. would sell C. had sold D. had been selling
答案：1.C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D
十一．过去将来进行时：should/ would be + 现在分词
表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
.He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day.
练习：
1.Tomorrow, I ________ the book all morning.
A.am reading B. will be reading
C.will read D. have read
2.-"Can you attend the meeting tonight?" -"No, ________the manager about
somethingurgent."
A.I see B. I'll have seen
C.I'll be seeing D. I can see
3.Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people________ long
enoughto see it return in the twenty-first century?
A.will they live B. they will be living
C.will live D. living
4.He told us that he ________ visiting Japan by this time next year.
A.will be B. would be
C.was D. is
5.It ________ when you wake up tomorrow morning.
A.is snowing B. will snow C. will be snowing D. snows
答案：1.B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C
状语从句
语法中时间状语是个重点，也是难点。一般由when、as、while、before
和after等连词所引导，每个引导词所表示的意思不同，相对应的时间关系，以及它在具
体句子中时态、语态都不同。下面小编为大家总结了一些如何区分由不同连词所引导的时间
状语从句的技巧。
一、when、as、while引导的时间状语从句区分
When、as、while皆有表示“当……的时候”。When既可以指时间段也可指时间点，
从句中既可用延续性动词又可用非延续性动词，且动作既可和主句的动作同时发生又可在
主句的动作之前或之后发生。While强调主句的动作与从句的动作同时持续地进行，谓语动
词必须是延续性动词。As侧重表示两个动作同时发生，或者一种动作随着另一种动作的变
化而变化。
例句：
1、Whenmy husband was going into the dining room this morning, he droppedsome
coinson the floor. 今早当我丈夫走进饭厅时，把一些硬币掉到地上了。
2、Whilewe were having breakfast, our little boy found two coins on thefloor.
当我们正吃早饭的时候，我们的小男孩在地上找到两枚硬币。
3、Hejumps as he goes along. 他边走边跳
二、before和after引导的时间状语从句区分
Before引导时间状语从句时表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前，而after引导时间
状语从句正好相反，它表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之后。
例句：
1、Itwas some time before we realized the truth. 过了一段时间我们才意识到真相。
2、Hegave us our exercise books after he had corrected them. 他修改完以后才把练
习本给我们。
宾语从句
语法中宾语从句是一个重点和难点，小编为大家总结了8条that不省略的
宾语从句：
引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略：
1.宾语从句前有插入语。如：
Wehope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反，我们希望他
和我们呆在家里。
2.有间接宾语时。如：
Hetold me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。
3.that 在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如：
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略)all the children like to read it.
他说那本书很有趣，所有小孩都喜欢读。
4.在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如：
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。
5.that 从句单独回答问题时。如：
—What did he hear? 他听说了什么事?
—ThatKate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。
6. 在except等介词后。如：
He has no special fault except that he smokes toomuch.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。
7.位于句首时。如：
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。
8.在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply,object)后。如：
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。
表示强调的方式
1.用形容词“very”，“single”等表示强调
e.g.Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.
红军就在此地打过一仗。
Nota single person has been in the office this afternoon.
今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。
2.用反身代词表示强调
e.g.I myself will see her off at the station.
我将亲自到车站为她送行。
Youcan do it well yourself.
你自己能做好这件事情。
3.用助词“do”表示强调
e.g.The baby is generally healthy，butevery now and then she does catch a cold. 那孩子的健康状况尚好，但就是偶尔患感冒。
Dobe quiet.I told you I had a headache.
务必安静，我告诉过你，我头疼。
4.用副词“very”，“only”，“even”，“too”等表示强调e.g.Hedrank it to the very last drop.
他把它喝得一干二净。
Onlyin this way can we wipe out the enemy troops.
只有用这样的方法我们才能消灭敌军。
Hedidn't answer even my letter.
他甚至连我的信都未回。
Iwill too go!我要去的!
5.用“...andthat”，“...andthose”，“not...toomuch”，“否定加否定”等结构表示强调
e.g.They fulfilled the task，andthat in a few days.
他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。
Igave her some presents，andthose the day before yesterday.
前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。
Ican't thank you too much.我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。
Iam not unfaithful to you.我对你无比忠诚。
6.用短语“inevery way”，“inno way”，“byall means”，“byno means”，“onlytoo”，“alltoo”，“buttoo”，“inheaven”，“inthe world”，“inhell”，“onearth”，“underthe sun”等表示强调
e.g.His behaviour was in every way perfect.
他的举止确实无可挑剔。
Byall means take your son with you.
你一定要把儿子带来。
Thenews was only too true.
这消息确实是事实。
Itwas over all too soon!
此事的确了结得很快!
Wherein heaven were you then?
当时你到底在哪里?
Nobodyunder the sun would buy that car.
确实没有人会买那辆车。
7.用倒装句表示强调
e.g.Dishonest he is!他的确不诚实!
Inwine is the truth. 酒后吐真言。
8.用强调句型表示强调
e.g.It was the headmaster who opened the door for me.
正是校长为我开的门。
Itwas yesterday that we carried out that experiment.
就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。
比较级
一、比较级前可用abit, a little, rather, some(肯定句及请求或建议的问句中),any(否定句或疑问句中)表示“稍稍，一点”;用much,far, a great/good deal, a lot, lots, a good bit等表示“……得多”;用still(只用于肯定句),even, yet 等表示“更加”。
如：
Can you move a little farther?你可以站稍远一点吗?
Doyou feel any better today?你今天觉得好一点了吗?
Let’sgo by car. It’s much cheaper. 咱们开车去。这样便宜得多。
Thereare far more people than we expected. 人比我们预计的多得多。
Heis fat，buthis brother is still fatter. 他很胖，但他哥哥更胖。
注：
在作定语的比较级形容词前一般只用far或much。如：
That was a much/far easier job. 这是件容易得多的工作。
在修饰或代替复数可数名词的more前不可用much，而要用many。如：I’vemade many more mistakes than you have.我出的错比你多得多。
二、表示确定程度的修饰语，如分数、倍数或有关长度、时间、重量等名词词组通常放在比较级前，也可由by引出而置于比较级之后。如：
China is one-sixth larger than the United States.中国比美国大六分之一。
Their house is about three times bigger than ours.他们的房子大约有我们房子三倍大。
Heis three years older than his brother.他比他兄弟大三岁。
三、最高级前可用thesecond, the very, much the, (by) far the, not quite the, nearly the,almost the 等修饰。如：
She is by far the most active member in our group. 她是我们组最最活跃的成员。 Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
Thishat is nearly/almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意：very和much修饰最高级时的不同位置。
Thisis the very best. =This is much the best.这是最最好(难)的。
四、倍数可以放在as…as的第一个as前作修饰语。如：
Their house is about three times as big as ours. 他们的房子大约有我们房子三倍大。
一.不定式
1.定义：具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。2.形式：(以do为例)
主动语态被动语态
一般时todo to be done
进行时tobe doing
完成时tohave done to have been done
完成进行时tohave been doing
3.用法：
(1)用作主语：
To speak good English is not easy.
or:It is not easy to speak good English.
(采用形式主语it以避免头重脚轻)
It took me an hour to do the work.
(2)用作宾语：
She decided to take the examination.
Ihope to meet him soon.
(3)宾语补足语：
They expected us to help them.
Hewantshis son to study hard.
金牌重点：
不定式作宾补，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词(see,hear, notice, watch, make, have, let...)，则不定式符号“to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。
Iheard them sing in the classroom.
Imade her clean the room.
Thegirl is heard to sing an English song.
(4)用作表语：Toteach is to learn.
Hisjob is to sell cars.
(5)用作状语，表示目的，结果。
Wecome to school to study English.(目的)
= in order to
I hurried to the store, only to find it closed.(结果)
(6)定语：不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。
Heasked for a piece of paper to write it on.
=to write it on the piece of paper.
Thepoor man has no house to live in.
=to live in the house.
Haveyou anything to do?
=to do anything
动名词：
1.动名词定义：具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语，宾语表语，定语，具有所有格作修饰语。
2.形式：以do为例
doing → being done
having done → having been done
3.用法：
(1)主语：
Saving is easier than doing.
Hiscoming here will be a great help.
Itis no use waiting here, he has left.
Itis no goodsmoking.
Thereis no getting along with him.(简直无法和他相处)……以上例句皆必须要背诵!……
(2)表语：Hisjob is keeping the hall clean as possible.
Seeingis believing.
(3)宾语：
a. 动词宾语：Headmitted taking the book.
Ido mind your smoking here.
重磅要点，请读20遍：下列动词须跟动名词作宾语：
admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, delay, deny, enjoy, fancy,finish, mind, practice, resent, risk, suggest, allow, permit...
特注：以allow为例：allow+ doing sth(动名词作宾语)。但可以：Allowsb to do sth(不定式作宾补)。
这类动词常见如advise,allow, permit, recommend, etc.
b.作介词宾语：
He left without saying goodbye to us.
I'mlooking forwardto meeting you.(to 在这里是介词)
分词
1.分词的性质：
具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行：过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。
2.分词的形式：
例：write(vt) rise (vi)
时态主动语态 被动语态 主动 过去分词
现在时writingbeing written rising risen /
完成时havingwritten having been written having risen / 3.分词的用法：
(1)定语分词置于被修饰名词前
分词短语于置于被修饰名词后
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
a running dog = a dog which is running
a broken glass = a glass which is broken
a beaten team = a team which is beaten(beaten 是被打败的意思)This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.
Theproblem being discussed is very important.
(2)表语：Thebook is interesting.
Heis interested in the book.
Thenews is exciting.
Hefeels excited.
(3)宾语补足语：
When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.
I'dlike to havethis package weighed.
掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示被动概念。
(4)状语：(以下例句值得一背!)
① If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.
→ Turningto the left, you'll find the station.
② AsI didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.
→ Notreceiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.
③ WhileI was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
→ Walkingto school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
Whenshe was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was aheavy ④
smoker.
→ Askedif she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.你知道吗?注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。
① Whenschoolwas over, the boys went home.
→ Beingover, the boys went home. ×
School being over, the boys went home. √
② Asmy homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.
→ Myhomework having been done, I have nothing else to do.
③ Ifweatherpermits, I'll start tomorrow.
→ Weatherpermitting, I'll start tomorrow.
④ Ifwe judge from his face, he must be ill.
→ Judgingfrom his face, he must be ill.(这里应该是wejudging ...，但若主语是we,
one,you 表示“一般人”，主语可省略)
实际上，这里涉及到独立主格结构问题，以后在作分解!
4.分词的时态：
现在分词一般时表示此动作与主句谓语动词同时发生。
现在分词完成时表示此动作在主句谓语动词之前发生。
Enteringthe room, hesaw he. (几乎同时)
Nothaving tried his best, he failed in the exam. (分词动作在前)
5.语态：现在分词一般时被动表动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先
被完成。
Theships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.
Havingbeen warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearestharbor.(渔民
先被告知而后驶向港口)
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