In this argument, the author concludes that______. At first glance, the author’s reasoning seems to be appealing, while clearly examining the author’s reasoning, we may find that it is unconvincing. The argument contains several facets that are questionable. 调查：【证据不足】
First of all, the author’s evidences are insufficient to support the conclusion. Obviously, author does not provide enough information on the subjects of the survey/poll.
But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions
If the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group„]【小众；调查比例】
It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets. The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between
One specific example cannot generate the general conclusion. Therefore, facing such limited evidence, the conclusion is unwarranted. 他因：
Secondly, the author makes an oversimplified analogy between___ and___. In most instances, this is an unwarranted assumption for the simple reason that things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time/from place to place. As we know, many factors should be taken into the consideration, such as demographics of the population, geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. _______. 错误因果：
In addition, the author commits “after this, and therefore because of this” fallacy. The causal relationship between the cause of _____ and the effect _____ is unwarranted.
Even if „ has been proved as a result of „ , which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that „
This is a fallacious reasoning unless the author can provide persuasive evidences to rule out any other possibilities. 结尾：
To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility. Regardless of who the author is, he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore many aspects of his or her conclusion. To strengthen the conclusion, the author should give more evidences about the above-mentioned possibilities.
其他：
1\"If your premise前提 is established, your conclusions are easily deducible可推论的.\" 2。经济繁荣：The flourish of economy? 3。通货膨胀和贬值：Inflation & devaluation
4。消费水平/购买力：purchasing power 经济形势 economic situation 5。本地的优势劣势 superiority & inferiority 6。参与研究的人群的性别、年龄、职业等特征的分布
The distribution of the gender, the age, and the career of the participants in the study. 7。另外论者也没有告诉我们他们是否在采访中采取了措施以保证结果准确，比如采访话题是否会引导孩子谈论父母。
But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public
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opinions。 And whether it guarantees whether it will influence 8。师资情况，学生结构The overall level of the faculty and the students. 9。它涉及到新添设备、运作等环节，这些都会增加开销。论者没有提供资料证明这部分 开销的上涨会小于远程学位帮助降低的开支。
Other related factors such as facilities, .., all of which will contribute to a rise in costs„ 10。论者还是需要提供具体的文字记载或是科学研究。 Written document and scientific study 11。农民技术使用的熟练上、以及居民口味的喜爱 Be proficient in , skillful, the taste , favor 12。如果放弃耐用性endurance，我们就会失去竞争优势predominance
13。但这个常识general knowledge一来没有证据支持no evidence to support it，二来不具备科学性，仅是一种直觉intuition和猜测。 14。副作用 side effect
15.stream lining production流动线 get no profit but deficit赤字 投机取巧的opportunistic 16.实验结论：In this argument, the arguer concludes that „doing„will lead to „To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that„In addition, the arguer reasons that„ The argument suffers from several critical fallacies. 17.自己应该干吗 根据观察和现象 自己改正 根据因果
In this argument, the arguer recommends that „ should advise „ to „To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that„ Thus„ should follow the study’s recommendation and „ in order to „
自己尝试新方法 根据预测 和 假想
The conclusion in this argument is that „ can expect to „ by doing „ In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that „ Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has „ benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions. 18.换一个供应商
In this argument, the arguer advocates that „ should „ This recommendation is based on the observation that „ Meanwhile, the arguer assumes „ to be a better choice „ because „ This argument is problematic for „ reasons. 19.自己应该干吗 根据其他州的情况
In this analysis, the arguer claims that „ should „ To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of „ where „ In addition, the arguer assumes that „ This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws. 20.正文：
The major problem with this argument is that „ Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. „
In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument.„ the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence „ For instance „ since „ what’s more „ etc. 21.样本的问题：
When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization。 调查survey 的问题：
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The sample of the survey conducted by the „ is vague.
But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions..（民意测验） How many people participated?
The sample of the survey is not representative.
数据的问题：（平均值）The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between （实验的数据不可靠）the data of the research is unconvincing （样本太小）the sample is too small to... （光数字没比例）the ratio of four to six
there is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio? 实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征 副作用 有的病人会对抗生素过敏 22。错误的类比：
But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction. 错误的比较：
The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that „ However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding „ respectively „ 别的因素：
Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that „ may „ Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing. It is very likely that „ and hence„ varies significantly. 没有因果：
Confusing causal relation with correlation
the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样
Finally, the arguer hints that „ but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because„ or because „ ? 其他：
The fact that „ does not necessarily imply that „
First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies „ which is understandable.
It is very likely that „ and hence„ varies significantly. 分析常用：
the actual amount of time for doing „ respectively „
The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.
What extent do this participators improve their „speed?
The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABC's performance. 循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that „ 结尾：
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their
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geographical distribution.
In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.
In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between „To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that „To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about „
As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that „ is the only condition that „Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the „ To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. 一．开头部分
1. In this Argument, the arguer concludes that„
2. To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer points out that„
3. In addition, the arguer assumes that / reasons that / cites the example of / cites the result of a recent study that„
4. A careful examination of this Argument would reveal how groundless it is. 二．论证驳斥部分
First of all, the Argument is based on a false analogy. / The arguer simply assumes that„ but he does not provide any evidence that „ are indeed comparable. / As we know, „ differ conspicuously. / It is true that both„ but even here exist fundamental differences:„ / Therefore, even though„proved effective in doing„ there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for„// As a result, A and B do not establish a warranted analogy. So we cannot safely assume that (两者无法比，错误类比)
** The author unfairly assumes that A bears some relation to B. / However, the author provides no evidence to support that this is the case, nor does the author establish a causal relationship between A and B. / It is highly possible that other factors might contribute to the B/change/progress. / For example, „ It is also likely B just resulted from „ / Lacking evidence that links A to B, it is presumptuous to suggest that A was responsible for B. （无法建立必然的因果关系）
** The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. / One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. / Based on a specific example of„ , it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all„ / In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. / Unless it can be shown that „ is representative of all„, the conclusion that„ is completely unwarranted. （单个事例不能说明整体问题）
** By concluding that sb must do A or must do B, the author commits a fallacy of “false dilemma”. / The author assumes that A and B are the only available solutions to the problem. / However, it is possible that other factors might also contribute to the problem. For example,„ / If so, just doing A and B would not solve the problem. （还有其他原因）
In addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. / Even if„ , which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that„ / It is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to B„ / For instance,„ / Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning„ / Unless„ , which is unknown from this Argument, there is no guarantee that„ // Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that„(结论得出过早，考虑不周到 )
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** The arguer assumes that just because one event follows another, the second event has been caused by the first. / However, no evidence is provided to support that this is the case. / The mere fact that A occurs before B does not necessarily establish a causal relationship between A and B. / It is highly possible that other factors might also bring about these same results. / For instance,„ In addition,„ / Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that„（事件先后不代表因果）
** The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of doing sth are available. / However, the arguer fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. It is highly possible that means other than this would better solve the problem. / Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of doing sth, the author cannot confidently conclude that„（他因）
** The arguer assumes the characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group. / The conclusion that„ is based on the assumption that „ / However, there is no guarantee that this is the case, nor does the author provide any evidence to substantiate this assumption. It is very likely that„ / Lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion. （整体规律不一定适用于个人）
** It is assumed without justification that background conditions have remained the same at different times / conditions. / The arguer unfairly infer from„ in the past that„ / However, he/she fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this inference. It is very likely that„, or that„ / Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that„ （从过去不能推知现在和将来）
Finally, the arguer provides no assurances that the survey on which the Argument depends is statistically reliable. / Lacking information about the number of „ surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the results. /For example, if„ were surveyed but only„ responded, the conclusion that„ would be highly suspected. / Another problem is the representativeness of the respondents. Were they representative of all the„? Were„ chosen for the survey chosen randomly or did they volunteer for the survey?„ / Lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion based on the study. （survey） 三．结尾部分
1. In summary, this Argument is not persuasive as it stands.
2. To make it more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning„ / provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of„
3. To better evaluate the Argument, we would need more information regarding„
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