习题讲4【段中位置题的思考点二--因果、转折、例证关系】
四、
[典例](2017·北京高考片段)...
根据因果关系解题
Oneideaisthatsleephelpsusstrengthennewmemories.72Weknowthat,whileawake,freshmemoriesarerecordedbyreinforcing(加强)connectionsbetweenbraincells,butthememoryprocessesthattakeplacewhilewesleephavebeenunclear.
...
A．Weshouldalsotrytosleepwellthenightbefore.
E．That’swhystudentsdobetterintestsiftheygetachancetosleepafterlearning.
[解析]选E此题从行文逻辑上判断属因果关系。空前一句的意思是，有一种观点认为，睡眠有助于增强新的记忆，选项E(那就是为什么学生如果能在学习之后有机会睡觉的话，他们就会在考试中发挥更好)是上文产生的结果。该项中的That指代的就是前面的观点，因此正确答案为E。
[增分技巧]表示因果关系的词有：so/therefore,thus,consequently(结果),asaresult(of),so/such...that...,sothat...等。
五、
[典例](2018·全国卷Ⅰ片段)...
根据转折关系解题
Overtheyears,therehavebeenanumberofdifferenttechniquestohelpdesignersapproachthisimportantpoint.37，theycangetalittlecomplex.Butgoodnewsisthatthere’rereallyonlythreekindsofdecisionsyouneedtomakeaboutcolorinyourhome:thesmallones,themediumones,andthelargeones.
...
A．Whileallofthemareuseful
C．Ifyou’reexperimentingwithacolor
[解析]选A此题属转折关系，前句讲的是“有几种技巧帮助设计者”，空后句意为“它们会有一点复杂”，显然前后句意有“转折”，故A项符合语境。
1[增分技巧]表示转折或对比关系的词有：but,however,yet,while/though,or/otherwise,onthecontrary,instead,nevertheless(然而),still,yet,onthecontrary,incontrast/comparison等。
六、
[典例](2016·全国卷Ⅰ片段)...
根据例证关系解题
Therearethreemaintypesofcryptography.37Forexample,thefirstlettersof“Myelephanteatstoomanyeels”spelloutthehiddenmessage“Meetme.”
...
B．Inanylanguage,somelettersareusedmorethanothers.
E．Youcanhideamessagebyhavingthefirstlettersofeachwordspellitout.[解析]选E本题采用的思维方式是演绎(从观点到例子)，空格后的句子是例子，即“Forexample,thefirstlettersof‘Myelephanteatstoomanyeels’spelloutthehiddenmessage‘Meetme.’”。故选E项。
[增分技巧]例证关系表示前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的表示例证关系的标志词有：forexample,forinstance,infact/asamatteroffact,actually,inotherwords/thatistosay等。
[小结]
上下文逻辑关系语句是对段落中的细节信息的考查，属于句子与句子间的逻辑顺序的排列。做此类试题要注意文章的语句间的组合，一是要判断语句间的逻辑意义关系：并列、顺承、递进、因果、转折、例证等关系。二是借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握，因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系。
铺阴影的题目为段中逻辑关系题
A
Canwebereallyhappyandcontentwithourlife?Actually,werarelycomeacrossapersonwhocanclaimtobeperfectlycontentwithwhathehas.Weallwish
1tohavemorethanwhatwealreadyhave.Soonwewouldwantsomething
moreorsomethingdifferent.
Whyarehumansneversatisfied?Oneofthereasonsiscomparingwithothers.Whencomparingourselveswithothers,wetendtorarelyfocusonourownuniquetalentsandabilities,orwhatwealreadyhave.2Curiositycanalsomakeusnotsatisfiedwithourlifebecauseitmakesuspay
2moreattentiontothingswedon’tknowaboutordon’thave.feelcompletelycontent.
3Thus,wenever
4Weenjoyanythingthat’sunexplored.Agoodchangeinourlifedoeskeepuphappyforsometime,butsoontheunavoidableboredomjumpsin,andonceagainwewishforsomemorechangesinlife,whichkeepsusdissatisfiedwithourlife.
Thoughhumanscanneverreallybecompletelycontent,wecanbemuchmoresatisfiedwithourselvesifwetrytodeterminehowmuchisenoughtokeepourselveshappy,andlimitourselvestothepursuit(追求)ofonlythatmuch.5Asaresult,wecanfinallymakeourselvesmorecontent.Inaddition,it’sbettertoliveinthepresentmomentanddothingswereallywanttodo.
A．Humancuriosityisadouble-edgedsword.
B．Weneverfeelcontentalsobecausewewanttochange.
C．Wedosomanythingsjusttoimproveothers’opinionsaboutus.D．Wealwayswanttofindoutmoreaboutwhatwearen’tfamiliarwith.E．Butevenifallourwishescametrue,thesatisfactionwouldn’tlastaverylongtime.
F．Sowetendtobecomeunhappy,thinkingaboutwhatothershavebutwedonothave.
G．Settingupachievablegoalscankeepusawayfromdisappointmentsandregrets.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了人们不满足的原因，并提出了一些如何让我们保持快乐、满足的建议。
1．选E上一句说“我们都想拥有更多”，本空紧接着说“即使是所有的愿望都实现了，满足感也不会持续很长时间”，前后句之间是句意上的转折关系。2．选F“当我们与别人作比较时，就很少注意自己独特的才能”，这样的结果就是“我们变得沮丧，开始想别人拥有我们却没有的东西”。
3．选D
本空进一步阐述“好奇心会让我们对自己的生活不满意”。
4．选B从下一句的内容“我们都喜欢未探索过的事情”以及“Agoodchange...”可知，我们不满足还因为我们想要改变。
5．选G本空是对前面一句的总结：设立一个可以达到的目标，我们就不会有那么多的失望和懊悔。
B
Beingmindfulisthepracticeofactivelypayingattentionandmakingtheefforttobepurposelyawareofyoursurroundingsandthepeoplewithwhomyoucommunicate.Becomingmoremindfulneedsalotofpracticeanditisn’tsomethingthathappensovernight.63•Slowdown.Deadlinesareeverywhere,andmanyofusfeellikeweneedtohurrythrougheachthinginordertoexperiencethenext.Thetruthisthatmovingtoofastleavesusopentomistakes,bothpersonallyandprofessionally.7Slowdownandpayattentiontowhatyouaredoing.Youarelikelytobemoresuccessfulandalsofindmoreenjoyment.
8Considerthepeopleyouseeandwhattheyaredoing,the•Beaware.
smellsthatsurroundyou,andthesoundsthatyouhear.Itseemsbasic,butthisiswhereyouarerightnow.Haveyoureallynoticedalltheaspectsofyourpresentexperience?
•Thinkdeeplyinsilence.Theactofquietingyourmindisapowerfulwaytogaincontrolandfocus.9Afewminutesadayisenoughtoallowyoutofeelcenteredandcalm.
Wemovefasteachdayandfeelitnecessaryto“getitalldone”，somanyofusfindourselvesstressedandanxious.10Measuringeachdaybyhowmanythingsyouhavefinishedonyourlistisn’ttrulyliving.
A．Thisdoesn’thavetotakelong.
B．Checkoutthesetipsforwaystogetstarted.C．Theartofbeingmindfulisbeinglostquickly.
D．Atdifferentpointsinyourday,stopandjustlookaround.E．Wecan’tpossiblyfullyenjoythepresentmomentinthisway.F．Andexperiencesthathappeninarusharenotfullyexperienced.G．Bybeingmindful,wecanfocusonthethingsmakinglifeworthliving.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。每天人们似乎总是急于把事情做完，因此对当下周围的人和事不够专注。本文给出了几条建议帮助我们静下心来留意经历过的每件事情。
6．选B
本空引出下文的内容。下文介绍了如何在生活中做一个有心之人。
7．选F根据上一句中的“Thetruthisthatmovingtoofastleavesus...”可知，太匆忙会让我们出错，并且匆忙中得来的体验并不能被充分地感受到。这两句共同说明匆忙的不利之处。因此下一句内容告诉我们要慢下来，专注于当下做的事情。8．选D下一句内容举例说明我们要留意周围的事情，因此本空是说在一天中的不同时刻，停下来，向四周望望。
9．选A根据下一句“Afewminutesadayisenough”可知，冥想并不会花费我们很长时间，一天中只花几分钟的时间用来冥想就足以使我们保持集中和冷静。10．选GG项意为：保持留心使得我们能集中精力做那些让我们的生活更有意义的事。本空与下句构成对比，都提到了living。
C
4Competitionisallaroundus.It’sresponsibleforbringingthebestoutofpeople
11andenablingustosurviveafast-pacedworld.Sometimesweseeyoungboys
cryingbecausetheirteamslostininter-schooltournaments.Sometimeswefind
12youngteenagerslieandcheatjusttowin.Soit’simportanttodevelop
healthycompetitioninchildren.
Whenitcomestoencouraginghealthycompetitioninkids,thefirstthingtodoissetgoalsforthemtoworktowards.13Ifyouburdenthemwithtoohighagoaltheycan’tachieve;they’llloseconfidence.Inaddition,childrenmaybeeasilyaffectedbywrongideasfrompopularmedia.14Sportsmanshipandteamspiritwillhelpthemgrowintosoundhumanbeingswhoaren’teasilyannoyedbysmalllossesortooexcitedbyvietories.Theymayalsodislikecheatingorlying.Sogivetheexampleswhereoneofthefamilymembersrefusedtocheattowin.
15Aftertheytakeanexam,don’taskabouthowmuchtheyexpecttoscore;instead,askwhattheywroteabout.Ifyoursonplayedabasketballmatchatschool,don’taskhimwhetherhisteamwonorlost;askhimhowmanyscoreshegotandencouragehimtoscorehighernexttime.
A．Youmustn’tpushthemtoohard.
B．Thesearealleffectsofunhealthycompetition.C．Itmakesthestrongstrongerandtheweakweaker.D．However,childrencanbeworsthitbycompetition.
E．Sendingyourchildrentherightsignalsinlifeisalsoimportant.F．Therefore,it’suptoyoutodevelopinthem,therightkindofspirit.G．Letyourkidsknowthatyou’remoreinterestedinhowtheyperformed.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。父母应该如何引导孩子正确对待竞争呢？本文给出了几条建议。
11．选D本空前的内容说明了竞争的积极作用，而本空后的两个例子告诉我们有时候青少年不能用平常心对待竞争，因此本空内容承上启下，告诉我们竞争会对青少年有消极的影响。
12．选B本空是对空前两句话的总结：这些是不正当的竞争对青少年的消极影响。因此，良性竞争很重要，故作者在下文提出了几条建议来引导孩子正确对待竞争。
13．选A根据本空后的内容可知，如果给他们定太高的目标，他们就会失去信心。因此作者在本空给的建议是：不要太强逼孩子。
14．选F因为孩子们很容易被大众媒体传播的一些错误思想影响，所以你要教他们什么才是正确的精神。本空前的内容是原因，本空内容为结果。
15．选E
本空为本段的中心句：生活中给孩子传递正确的讯息也很重要。
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