高中英语语法之动名词
一、含义
动名词兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词形式。基本形式为v-ing, 动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
动名词有时态和语态的变化。
动名词的时态和语态的基本形式:(以write为例) 时态 语态 主动语态 被动语态 writing being written having written having been written 一般时 完成时 注意:动名词的否定形式是:not writing 二、动名词的基本用法
1.用作主语---常表抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作。
Smoking is bad for your health. Playing with fire is dangerous.
Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 注意:
① 不定式也可以做主语。不定式与动名词作主语的区别:
不定式作主语时经常表示具体的、一次性动作,而动名词作主语时经常表示抽.......象动作或习惯性动作。 Getting up early is a good habit.
To get up early this morning made me sleepy.
② 动名词作主语,有时用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句末。 It is no use/ good doing...(做。。。没有用);
It is fun doing... (做。。。很有趣);
It is a waste of time doing... (做。。。是浪费时间) 等句型中。 例如:It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收)
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
1
语法其实只是一些约定俗成的规则,多看几遍,记住就可以。就这么简单!
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 说服这样一个人加入我们当中来是浪费时间。
2. 作宾语
① 作某些及物动词的宾语
常见的动词有:advise,avoid,delay,escape,excuse,enjoy,consider,finish,deny,fancy,keep,mind(在乎)postpone,pardon,practise,suggest,imagine等。 need,want,require后接动名词,表示被动意义。
如: Would you mind opening the door?请你把门打开好吗?
Fancy meeting you here. 真想不到在这里遇见你。
② 作介词的宾语
He left without saying good-bye to us. 他没有和我们道别就离开了。
On arriving at the airport,I saw my mother standing in the crowd,waving to me. 一到机场,我就看见我母亲站在人群中,向我招手。 ③ 作某些词组的宾语 常见的词组有:
give up,go on,put off,can't help,can't stand,be worth,be devoted to,be accustomed to,be used to,object to; insist on,look forward to,be sure of,be keen on,be fond of,be good at,be tired of,be interested in,be afraid of, cannot help 情不自禁 be tired of 厌烦做某事 insist on 坚持 depend on/upon 指望,依赖 set about着手做get down to着手做 feel like 想要 lead to 导致等。pay attention to 例: I'm looking forward to having the summer holiday in Kun-ming.
我盼望去昆明度暑假。
He gave up smoking several months ago. 几个月前,他戒烟了。
④ 某些词组后接动名词作宾语时,可省略词组中的介词。常见的词组如下: He spends hours(in)reading newspapers everyday. 他每天花数小时阅读报纸。 We mustn't waste time(in)arguing.我们不能浪费时间争论。 The young doctor lacks experience(in)doing such kind of operation. 那年轻的医生在动这种手术上缺乏经验。 We must stop/prevent the teens (from) smoking.
2
语法其实只是一些约定俗成的规则,多看几遍,记住就可以。就这么简单!
我们必须阻止这些十多岁的孩子吸烟。
We had a hard time(in)finding jobs. 我们一度找工作找得很苦。 They earn a living(by)doing housework for other families. 他们为别的家庭做家务来谋生计。
trouble(in)Theyhave(no)speakingEnglish.
difficulty他们讲英语(没)有困难。 注意:
⑤ 不定式也可以做宾语
I want to study English. I hope to have a chance to go abroad.
⑥ 有些动词后即可加动名词也可加不定式,区别不大
★在begin,start,continue后接动名词和不定式都可以,一般情况下意义相同。
playingbasketballlastyear.如:Theystarted去年他们开始打篮球。
toplaybasketballlastyear.但如果碰到以下情况,begin和start后须用动词不定式: (a)主语是物:
The milk began to boil. 牛奶开始煮沸了。 (b)后接心理活动或状态的动词:
They began to know the danger ahead of them. 他们开始意识到他们有危险。 (c)begin和start用于进行时态:
They were starting to have dinner when 1 went in. 我进去时他们刚要吃饭。 (d)后接被动式:
The TV tower started to be built several years ago. 电视塔是在几年前开始建造的。
★ 在need,want,require后接动名词和动词不定式的被动式,意义相同,都表示被动,
表示需要被……的意思。如:
repairing.TheTVsetneeds这电视机需要修理。
toberepaired.
3
语法其实只是一些约定俗成的规则,多看几遍,记住就可以。就这么简单!
lookingafter.Thechildwants这小孩需要照顾。
tobelookedafter.checking.这台洗衣机需要检查。 Thewashingmachinerequirestobechecked.★ 在hate,like,love,prefer后可接动名词,也可接不定式,但意义不同,接动名词
表示经常发生的动作,而接动词不定式则表示某一具体的动作。如:
.Iliketravelling.我喜欢旅游IliketotraveltoSuzhouwithyou. 游玩.我喜欢和你一起去苏州Ihateswimming.我不喜欢游泳Ihatetoswiminthatswimmingpool. 我不喜欢在那个游泳池游泳★在remember,forget,regret后接动名词表示已做过的事,而接动词不定式表示动
作还未发生。如:
Istillrememberbeingtakentothepark.园我仍记得被带去那个公 Pleaseremembertotelephonemewhenyouhavearrived.当你到后,记得给我打个电话.Iregrettellinghimthetruth.我后悔告诉他事实真相 Iregrettotellyouthatyouhaven'tpassedtheexam.我很抱歉地告诉你,你没有通过考试.★ mean,try,go on,stop后接动名词和动词不定式,意义完全不同:
Mean doing意味着……
例如:His breaking the arm meant his doing things carelessly.
他摔坏了手臂意味着他做事粗心。 mean to do打算做……
例如:I meant to say I was sorry. 我想说声对不起。 try doing试试看(用某种方法)
例如:If you can't work out the problem this way,try doing it in that way.
如你用这种方法做不出这道题,试用那种方法。
4
语法其实只是一些约定俗成的规则,多看几遍,记住就可以。就这么简单!
try to do设法、试图
例如:I'm trying to open the door,but I don't think I can.
我正设法打开门,但我想我是徒劳的。
go on doing继续干某事
例如:He was reading when he beard the door bell. He opened the door and
went on reading. 他在看书时听到门铃响。他开了门又继续看书。
go on to do接着又去干另外一件事。 例如:
When he finished doing his homework,he went on to practise playing the piano. 他做完作业后,接着又练习弹钢琴了。 stop doing sth. 停止做某事。 例如:
Would you please stop talking?Let's listen to the story. 请你们停止说话,我们来听故事。 stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事。如:
例如:I'm tired. I want to stop to have a rest. 我很累。我想停下来休息一会。
3. 作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。 (Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
Teaching is my job.= My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。
★ 动名词作表语的时候,特别要注意:不要与正在进行时混淆。动名词作表语,表达的是
“某件事”等。例如:
his part-time job is promoting new products for the company. (动名词) 他的业余工作是为那家公司推销新产品。
Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent.(动名词)
5
语法其实只是一些约定俗成的规则,多看几遍,记住就可以。就这么简单!
读书当然是学习,然而运用在很大程度上更是学习。 Their task is exploring oil mines in the west. (动名词) 4、作定语
动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍,一般表示被修饰的词的用途和性能。例如: swimming pool 游泳池 reading material 阅读材料walking stick 手杖 a walking stick=a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading 三、动名词的逻辑主语
(1)动名词的逻辑主语(动作的发出者)一般用名词所有格(××’s)或物主代词(my,
your,his,her,our,their)充当。这种用名词所有格或物主代词+动名词构成的形式叫复合结构。如:
Would you mind my opening the door?我开门,你介意吗? Would you mind opening the door?请把门打开。 第一句是让你去开门,第二句是我来开门。)
(2)在口语中和非正式文体中常用人称代词宾格作动名词的逻辑主语。如:
The doctor suggested them having their health check-up once a year. 医生建议他们每年检查一次身体。
★所以:
你介意汤姆抽烟吗?Would you mind Tom/Tom’s smoking? 你介意我抽烟吗? Would you mind me/my smoking?
Tom’s coming is what we have expected. His coming is what we have expected. She didn’t mind Tom’s/ Tom coming here. She didn’t mind his/ him coming here. ★ 如果名词是表示无生命事物时,只用“名词的普通格(名词)+doing”,不用名词的所有格。
Can you hear the noise of the machine running? 你能听到机器运转的声音吗?
四、动名词的否定形式由not加doing形式构成。
6
语法其实只是一些约定俗成的规则,多看几遍,记住就可以。就这么简单!
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. 他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。
7
语法其实只是一些约定俗成的规则,多看几遍,记住就可以。就这么简单!
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