CSE

The most thoroughly and widely used style guide for writers in the natural and applied sciences is Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 6th ed. (1994). Its sponsoring organization, the Council of Science Editors, was until 2000 called the Council of Biology Editors, so you will see the style abbreviated both CSE and CBE.

The CSE is working on a new edition of Scientific Style and Format, and until it is published they are making new content available on the Web. The site also refers Web visitors to the National Library of Medicine's site for Internet sources, which forms the basis of the CSE guidelines for citing online sources.

Writers in the sciences follow one of two systems of in-text documentation: one using author and date and one using numbers. Both types of text citation refer to a list of references at the end of the paper. Ask your instructor which style you should use.

This area of the Web site provides examples of the name-year and numbered text citations and reference list, and a sample student paper. CSE name-year text citations CSE numbered text citations CSE references list

Sample CSE references entries Sample student paper—CSE style

CSE name-year text citations

In the CSE name-year style, parenthetical text citations provide the last name of the author being cited and the source’s year of publication. At the end of the paper, a list of references, arranged alphabetically by authors’ last names, provides complete information on each source.

   

Provide the author’s name, the date, and the page number: (Baumrind 1968, p. 34). Separate two authors’ names with \"and\": (Pepinsky and DeStefano 1997). Use \"and others\" for three or more authors: (Rutter and others 1996).

List unnamed or anonymous authors as \"Anonymous,\" both in the citation and in the list of references: (Anonymous 1976).

CSE numbered text citations

In the CSE number style, raised numbers in the text refer to a numbered list of references at the end of the paper.

  

The number for each source is based on the order in which you cite the source in the text: the first source cited is 1, the second is 2, and so on. If you reuse any sources, use the original number again.

When you cite two or more sources at once, arrange their numbers in sequence and separate them with a comma and no space, as shown above.

CSE references list

For both the name-year and the number styles of all in-text citations, provide a list, titled \"References,\" of all the sources you have cited. The guidelines below note importance differences in name-year and number styles.

    

Single-space each entry, and double-space between entries. Arrangement

Name-year: Arrange entries alphabetically by authors’ last names.

Number: Arrange entries in numerical order—that is, in order of the citation in the text. Begin the first line of each entry at the left margin and indent subsequent lines.

Sample CSE references entries

Select the type of resource to review examples of CSE references entries. Books (models 1-11) Periodicals (models 12-16) Electronic resources (models 17-21) Other sources (models 22-27)

Sample student paper—CSE style

Cyr, Erin. “Wolf Reintroduction in the Adirondacks.” 2002. PDF document

Sample CSE references entries: Books

1. A book with one author 2. A book with two to ten authors 3. A book with more than ten authors 4. A book with an editor 5. A selection from a book 6. An anonymous work

7. Two or more cited works by the same author published in the same year Periodicals | Electronic sources | Other sources

1. A book with one author

2. A book with two to ten authors

3. A book with more than ten authors

4. A book with an editor

5. A selection from a book

6. An anonymous work

7. Two or more cited works by the same author published in the same year

(The number style does not require such forms.)

Periodicals: Journals, magazines, newspapers

8. An article in a journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume

9. An article in a journal that pages issues separately

10. An article in a newspaper

11. An article in a magazine

Electronic sources

Scientific Style and Format includes a few formats for citing electronic sources, derived from National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation. For additional formats, the CSE Web site recommends the NLM 2001 supplement for Internet sources. The following models adapt these NLM formats to CSE name-year and number styles.

Note Since neither the CSE nor the NLM specifies how to break electronic addresses at the ends of lines, follow MLA style: break only after slashes, and do not hyphenate. 12. A source on CD-ROM

13. An online journal article

Give the date of your access, preceded by \"cited,\" in brackets: [cited 2002 Dec 27] in the models above. If the article has no reference numbers (pages, paragraphs, and so on), estimate the length in brackets—for instance, [about 15 p.] or [about 6 screens]. 14. An online book

As with an online journal article, give the date of your access, preceded by \"cited,\" in brackets. If the source uses page or other reference numbers, provide the total as in model 1. If no reference numbers are provided, you may estimate them in brackets, as in the examples above. 15. A source retrieved from an online database

After \"In,\" provide information on the database: title, place of publication, and publisher. (If the database author is different from the publisher, give the author's name before the title.) If you see a date of publication or copyright date for the database, give it after the publisher's name. Add the date of

your access, preceded by \"cited,\" in brackets. After the availability statement, add any identifying number the database uses for the source. 16. A Web site

17. Electronic mail

18. A posting to a discussion list

19. Computer software

Sample CSE references entries: Other sources

20. A government publication 21. A nongovernment report

22. A sound recording, video recording, or film Books | Periodicals | Electronic sources

20. A government publication

21. A nongovernment report

22. A sound recording, video recording, or film

CSE IN-TEXT CITATIONS

In the text of a paper using the citation-sequence or citation-name system, the source is referenced by a superscript number.

IN-TEXT CITATION

Scientists are beginning to question the validity of linking genes to a number of human traits and disorders 1.

At the end of the paper, on a page titled References or Cited References, the source is fully identified according to CSE style.

ENTRY IN THE REFERENCE LIST

1. Horgan J. Eugenics revisited. Sci Am. 1993;268(6):122-130.

If the author or publication date of a particular work is important to your discussion, add this information to the sentence.

Smith 11, studying three species of tree frogs in South Carolina, was the first to observe. . . .

This species was not listed in early floras of New York; how- ever, in 1985 it was reported in a botanical survey of Chenango County 13 and has since been verified 14.

In the name-year system, the author's name and the date are given in parentheses in the text of the paper. Alternatively, the author's name can be given in a signal phrase and the date in parentheses.

This species was not listed in early floras of New York; however, it was reported in a botanical survey of Chenango County (Osiecki and Smith 1985).

Smith (2003), studying three species of tree frogs in South Carolina, was the first to observe. . . .

Sometimes you will refer to a specific part of a source (such as a figure or a table) or will quote the exact words of a source. CSE does not provide guidelines for citing a specific part of a source, but your instructor will probably expect you to include an exact reference. The following style is consistent with CSE's other guidelines.

My data thus differ markedly from Markam's study on the same species in New York 5(Figs. 2,7).

Researchers observed an immune response in \"19 of 20 peo- ple who ate a potato vaccine aimed at the Norwalk virus,\" according to Langridge 3(p. 68).

CSE REFERENCE LIST

BASIC FORMATCenter the title References (or Cited References) and then list the works you have cited in the paper; do not include other works you may have read. Double-space throughout.

ORGANIZATION OF THE LISTIn the citation-sequence system, number the entries in the order in which they appear in the text. In the citation-name system, first alphabetize all the entries by authors' last names (or by organization name or by title for a work with no author). Then number the entries in the order in which they appear in the list. In both systems, use the number in the reference list every time you refer to the corresponding source in the paper. Make the entire entry flush with the left margin.

In the name-year system, the entries in the reference list are not numbered. They are alphabetized by authors' last names (or by organization name or by title for a work with no author). The year is placed after the last author's name, followed by a period. To convert the models shown here to the name-year system, omit the number and move the date of publication after the last author's name. CSE provides no guidelines for formatting a reference list in the name-year system in a student paper, but you can use a hanging indent for readability: Type the first line of each entry flush left, and indent any additional lines one-half inch (or five spaces).

AUTHORS' NAMESList authors' names last name first. Use initials for first and middle names, with no periods after the initials and no space between them. Do not use a comma between the last name and the initials. Use all authors' names if a work has up to ten authors; for a work with eleven or more authors, list the first ten names followed by a comma and \"et al.\" (for \"and others\").

TITLES OF BOOKS AND ARTICLESCapitalize only the first word in the title of a book or article (and all proper nouns). Do not underline or italicize the titles of books; do not place titles of articles in quotation marks.

TITLES OF JOURNALSAbbreviate titles of journals that consist of more than one word. Capitalize all the words or abbreviated words in the title (for example, Science, Sci Am, J Clin Psychopharmacol). Do not underline or italicize the title.

PAGE RANGESDo not abbreviate page ranges for articles in journals or periodicals and for chapters in edited volumes. When an article appears on discontinuous pages, list all pages or page ranges separated by commas: 145-149, 162-174. For chapters in edited volumes, use the abbreviation \"p.\" before the numbers (p. 63-90).

CSE reference list Books

1. BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOKAfter the author(s) and title, give the place of publication, the name of the publisher, and the date of publication.

1. Melchias G. Biodiversity and conservation. Enfield (NH): Science; 2001.

up to directory menu

2. TWO OR MORE AUTHORSList the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page. For a work with two to ten authors, list all the authors. For eleven or more authors, list the first ten followed by \"et al.\" (for \"and others\").

2. Ennos R, Sheffield E. Plant life. Boston: Blackwell Scientific; 2000.

up to directory menu

3. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRSTInclude the number of the edition after the title. 3. Mai J, Paxinos G, Assheuer J. Atlas of the human brain. 2nd ed. Burlington (MA): Elsevier; 2004.

up to directory menu

4. ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED VOLUMEBegin with the name of the author and the title of the article or chapter. Then write \"In:\" and name the editor or editors, followed by a comma and the word \"editor\" or \"editors.\" Place the title of the book and publication information next. End with the page numbers on which the article or chapter appears.

4. Underwood AJ, Chapman MG. Intertidal ecosystems. In: Levin SA, editor. Encyclopedia of biodiversity. Vol. 3. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000. p. 485-499.

up to directory menu

Articles

5. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINEProvide the year, month, and day (for weekly publications), followed by the page numbers of the article.

5. Stevens MH. Heavenly harbingers. Smithsonian. 2001 Nov:20, 22.

up to directory menu

6. ARTICLE IN A JOURNALAfter the author(s) and the title of the article, give the journal title, the year, the volume number, the issue number if there is one (in parentheses), and the page numbers on which the article appears.

6. Gulbins E, Lang F. Pathogens, host-cell invasion and disease. Am Sci. 2001;89(5):406-413.

up to directory menu

7. ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPERAfter the name of the newspaper, give the edition name in parentheses, the date of publication, the section letter (or number), the page number, and the column number. If the newspaper does not have section designations, use a colon between the date and the page number.

7. O'Neil J. A closer look at medical marijuana. New York Times (National Ed.) 2001 Jul 17;Sect. D:6 (col. 4).

up to directory menu

8. ARTICLE WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORSFor a work with up to ten authors, list the names of all authors. For a work with eleven or more authors, list the first ten names followed by a comma and \"et al.\" (for \"and others\").

8. Longini IM Jr, Halloran ME, Nizam A, Yang Y. Containing pandemic influenza with antiviral agents. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(7):623-633.

up to directory menu

9. ARTICLE WITH A CORPORATE AUTHORWhen a work has a corporate author, begin with the authoring organization, followed by the article title, journal title, and all other publication information. 9. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Clinical trial registration: a statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;292(11):1363-1364.

In the name-year system, a familiar abbreviation for an organization is given in brackets at the beginning of the entry: [NCI] National Cancer Institute. 2004. The abbreviation is used in the in-text citation: A study of women treated with tamoxifen (NCI 2004) found that. . . .

up to directory menu

Electronic sources

CSE guidelines for Web sites and subscription services require publication information as for books: city, publisher, and publication date. This information can usually be found on the home page of a Web site and in a copyright link in a subscription service. Ask a reference librarian if you have trouble locating the information. In addition, include an update date if one is available and your date of access. Do not use a period at the end of a URL unless the URL ends in a slash.

10. HOME PAGE OF A WEB SITEBegin with the author, whether an individual or an organization. Include the title of the home page (if it is different from the author's name), followed in brackets by the word \"Internet.\" Provide the place of publication, the publisher (or the site's sponsor), and the date of publication. Include the copyright date if no date of publication is given or if the publication date and the copyright date are different: 2004, c2002. Include in brackets the date the page was last modified or updated and the date you accessed the site: [modified 2005 Mar 14; cited 2005 Nov 3]. Use the phrase \"Available from:\" followed by the URL.

10. American Society of Gene Therapy [Internet]. Milwaukee (WI): The Society; c2000-2005 [modified 2005 Jun 8; cited 2005 Jun 16]. Available from: http://www.asgt.org/.

up to directory menu

11. SHORT WORK FROM A WEB SITEIf the short work does not have an author or if the author is the same as the author of the site, begin the citation as you would for a home page. After the publication information, give the title of the short work, followed by the date of publication or most recent update, if available, and the date of access. Indicate in brackets the number or estimated number of pages, screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes: about 5 p., about 3 screens, 12 paragraphs, 26 lines, 125K

bytes. End the citation with the phrase \"Available from:\" followed by the URL. 11. Cleveland Clinic. The Cleveland Clinic Health Information Center [Internet].

Cleveland (OH): The Clinic; c2006. Smoking and heart disease; 1 Aug 2006 [cited 2006 Aug 8]; [about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/0300/ 0384.asp?index=4585

If the short work has an author different from the author of the site, begin with the author and title of the short work, followed by the word \"In:\" and the home page information as in item 10. End with the URL for the short work.

up to directory menu

12. ONLINE BOOKTo cite an online book, follow the instructions for a home page, but include the description \"Internet\" in brackets following the title.

12. Wilson DE, Reeder DM, editors. Mammal species of the world [Internet]. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution

Press; c1993 [cited 2005 Jun 16]; [about 200 screens]. Available from: http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw

If you are referring to a specific chapter or section in an online book, begin the citation with the author and the title of the specific part. Follow with the word \"In:\" and the author, editor, title, and publication information for the entire book. End with access information about the specific part. 12. Olson S. The path to a PhD. In: Jarmul D, editor. Beyond bio 101: the transformation of undergraduate biology education [Internet]. Chevy Chase (MD): Howard Hughes Medical Institute; c2001 [cited 2005 Jun 17]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.hhmi.org/beyondbio101/phdpath.htm

up to directory menu

13. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE PERIODICALBegin with the name of the author and the title of the article. Include the name of the journal, followed in brackets by the word \"Internet.\" Give the date of publication or the copyright date. Include in brackets the date the article was updated or modified, if

any, and the date you accessed it, followed by a colon. Then provide the volume, issue, and page numbers. If the article is unpaginated, include in brackets the number or an estimated number of pages, screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes. Write \"Available from:\" and the URL. 13. Isaacs FJ, Blake WJ, Collins JJ. Signal processing in single cells. Science [Internet]. 2005 Mar 25 [cited 2005 Jun 17];307(5717):1886-1888. Available from: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/307/5717/1886

up to directory menu

14. WORK FROM A SUBSCRIPTION SERVICECSE does not provide guidelines for an article accessed through a subscription service, such as InfoTrac or EBSCOhost. The guidelines presented here are based on CSE's models for an article in an online periodical and for a complete database.

Begin with information about the online article, as in item 13. Follow with the name of the database, the place of publication, the publisher, and the date of publication or the copyright date. End with the phrase \"Available from:\" followed by the URL for the database. Include an article or document number, if the database assigns one, after the URL.

14. Cantor RM, Kono N, Duvall JA, Alvarez-Retuerto A, Stone JL, Alarcon M, Nelson SF, Geschwind DH. Replication of autism linkage: fine-mapping peak at 17q21. Am J Hum Genet [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 17];76(6): 1050-1056. Expanded Academic ASAP. Farmington Hills (MI): Thomson Gale; c2005. Available from: http://web4.infotrac.galegroup.com/. Document No.:A133015879.

up to directory menu

15. E-MAILCSE recommends not including personal communications such as e-mail in the reference list. A parenthetical note in the text usually suffices: (2006 e-mail to the author; unreferenced).

up to directory menu

16. ONLINE POSTINGOnline postings include messages to e-mail discussion lists (often called LISTSERVs), Web forums, newsgroups, or bulletin boards. CSE does not provide guidelines for including postings in the reference list, but the following formatting is consistent with other CSE advice. Begin with the author initiating the message and the subject line of the message. Next use the word \"In:\" followed by the name of the host system and in brackets the phrase \"discussion list on the Internet.\" Give the place where the discussion list is issued and the individual or organization that hosts the discussion list. Provide the date and time the message was posted, the date you accessed it, and the total length of the message in screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes. End with the phrase \"Available from:\" followed by the e-mail address by which the list can be accessed or the URL at which the list is

archived.

16. Buxbaum E. Bradford protein assay in membrane cyrstals. In: BIOSCI/Bionet: protein-analysis [discussion list on the Internet]. Bloomington: Indiana University; 2005 Jan 26, 10:45 am [cited 2005 Jun 22]; [about 16 lines]. Available from: http://www.bio.net/ bionet/mm/proteins/2005-January/000010.html

up to directory menu

Other sources (print and electronic)

The advice in this section refers to the print versions of the following sources, but in each case an example is also given for an electronic version.

17. GOVERNMENT REPORTBegin with the name of the agency and, in parentheses, the country of origin if it is not part of the agency name. Next include the title of the report, a description of the report (if any), the place of publication, the publisher, and the date of publication. Give any relevant identifying information, such as a document number, and then the phrase \"Available from:\" followed by the name, city, and state of the organization that makes the report available or the URL for an online source.

17. National Institute on Drug Abuse (US). Inhalant abuse. Research Report Series. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2005 Mar. NIH Pub. No.: 00-3818. Available from: National Clearinghouse on Alcohol and Drug Information, Rockville, MD 20852.

17. National Institute on Drug Abuse (US). Inhalant abuse [Internet]. Research Report Series. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2005 Mar [cited 2005 Jun 23]; [about 13 screens]. NIH Pub. No.: 00-3818. Available from:

http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Inhalants/ Inhalants.html

In the name-year system, begin with the abbreviation of the organization, if any, in brackets. (You will use the abbreviation in your in-text citations.) Use the complete name of the organization when you alphabetize the reference list.

[NIDA] National Institute on Drug Abuse (US). 2005 Mar. Inhalant abuse. . . .

up to directory menu

18. REPORT FROM A PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONBegin with the name of the sponsoring organization. Next include the title of the report, a description of the report, the place of publication, the publisher, the year and month of publication, and the product number (if any). 18. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures for African Americans 2005-2006. Report. Atlanta (GA): The Society; 2005.

18. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures for African Americans 2005-2006 [report on the Internet]. Atlanta (GA): The Society; 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 23]; [535K bytes]. Available from:

http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2005AACorrPWSecured.pdf

up to directory menu

19. UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATION OR THESISAfter the author and title of the work, indicate the type of work in brackets. List the city and state of the institution granting the degree, followed by the name of the institution and the date of the degree. Include an availability statement if the work is archived somewhere other than the sponsoring university's library (for example: Available from: University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI).

19. Warner DA. Phenotypes and survival of hatchling lizards [master's thesis]. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2001 Jan 16.

19. Warner DA. Phenotypes and survival of hatchling lizards [master's thesis on the Internet]. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2001 Jan 16 [cited 2005 Jun 22]; [125 p.]. Available from: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01232001-123230/.

up to directory menu

20. CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONBegin with the author and title of the presentation. After the word \"In:\" give any editors and the name of the conference if it is not included in the title of the publication. Give the dates and location of the conference, followed by publication information and the inclusive page numbers for the presentation. Give an availability statement if appropriate. 20. Pendleton L. The cost of beach water monitoring errors in south- ern California. In: Proceedings of the 2004 National Beaches Conference; 2004 Oct 13-15; San Diego, CA. Washington (DC): Environmental Protection Agency (US); 2005 Mar. p. 104-110.

20. Pendleton L. The cost of beach water monitoring errors in south- ern California [conference presentation on the Internet]. In: Proceedings of the 2004 National Beaches Conference [Internet]; 2004 Oct 13-15; San Diego, CA. Washington (DC): Environmental Protection Agency (US); 2005 Mar [cited 2005 Jun 30]. p. 104-110. Available from:

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/beaches/meetings/2004/.

up to directory menu

21. MAPFirst name the cartographer, if any, followed by the area represented, the title of the map, and, in brackets, the type of map. Provide the place of publication, publisher, and date of publication. If it is relevant, include a brief physical description of the map: the number of sheets, size, color or black and white, and scale.

21. Northeastern United States. West Nile virus: wild bird cases [demo- graphic map]. Washington (DC): Department of the Interior (US); 2001 Jun 1. 1 sheet: color.

21. Northeastern United States. West Nile virus: wild bird cases [demo- graphic map on the Internet]. Washington (DC): Department of the Interior (US); 2001 Jun 1 [cited 2005 Jun 22]; [1 screen]; color. Available from: http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/wnv.html

up to directory menu

22. AUDIO OR VIDEO RECORDINGBegin with the title of the work, followed by the medium in brackets. Next include, if available, the author, editor, and producer. Provide the place of publication, the publisher, and the date of publication. Give a brief physical description of the work and, in parentheses, identifying information, if any. End the citation with \"Available from:\" followed by the name, city, and state of the organization that distributes the work or the URL for an online source. 22. NOVA: cancer warrior [videocassette]. Quade D, editor; WGBH Boston, producer. Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation; 2001 Feb 27. 1 videocassette: 60 min., sound, color. Available from: WGBH Boston Video, Boston, MA.

22. NOVA: cancer warrior [video on the Internet]. Quade D, editor; WGBH Boston, producer. Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation; 2001 Feb 27 [cited 2005 June 22]; 60 min., sound, color. Available from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/cancer/program.html

up to directory menu

CSE MANUSCRIPT FORMAT

Although the style manual of the Council of Science Editors does not include manuscript guidelines for student papers, most instructors will want you to format your manuscript in ways consistent with common scientific practice. The following guidelines for student writers have been adapted from CSE advice directed to professional authors. When in doubt, check with your instructor. For sample pages of a college biology paper, click here.

MATERIALSUse good-quality 8½\" × 11\" white paper. Secure the pages with a paper clip. TITLEBegin a college paper with an unnumbered title page. Center all information on the page: the title of your paper, your name, the name of the course, and the date. Click here for an example. PAGINATIONAlthough the title page is unnumbered, treat the first page of the paper as page 2. Type the number in the top right corner of the page. Many instructors will want you to use a shortened form of the title before the page number.

MARGINS, SPACING, AND INDENTATIONLeave margins of at least one inch on all sides of the page, and double-space throughout the paper. Indent the first line of each paragraph one-half inch (or five spaces). When a quotation is set off from the text, indent it one-half inch (or five spaces) from the left margin.

ABSTRACTMany science instructors require an abstract, a single paragraph that summarizes your paper. If your paper reports on research you conducted, use the abstract to describe your research methods, findings, and conclusions. Do not include bibliographic references in the abstract. HEADINGSCSE encourages the use of headings to help readers follow the organization of a paper. Common headings for papers reporting research are Introduction, Methods (or Methods and Materials), Results, and Discussion. If you use both headings and subheadings for a long paper, make sure to distinguish clearly between them with your choice of typography.

VISUALSA visual should be placed as close as possible to the text that discusses it. In general, try to place visuals at the top of a page.

APPENDIXESAppendixes may be used for relevant information that is too long to include in the body of the paper. Label each appendix and give it a title (for example, Appendix 1: Methodologies Used by Previous Researchers).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSAn acknowledgments section is common in scientific writing because research is often conducted with help from others. For example, you might give credit to colleagues who reviewed your work, to organizations that funded your work, and to writers who allowed you to cite their unpublished work.

LIST OF REFERENCESFor advice on constructing a CSE reference list, click here.

III. Council of Science Editors (CSE) Style

 Book by a single author

 Book by two or more authors  Book with editors

 Book with author, editor, translator, and note  Article in an encyclopedia  Article in a scholarly journal  Monthly journal article  Newspaper article

 Article without an author  Videorecording Electronic Resources  Electronic book

 Article in an online journal

 Article from a subscription service / database  E-mail  Internet

Introduction

On January 1, 2000, the Council of Biology Editors (CBE) became known as the Council of

Science Editors (CSE). The name change reflects their expanding membership. Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers , 7 th edition (2006), lists three versions of documentation. They are citation-name (C-N), citation-sequence (C-S), and name-year (N-Y). In the CSE style, Works Cited are called “Cited References”; Works Consulted are listed under a heading such as “Additional References.”

For the citation-name (C-N) version, compile the reference list and sequence the references alphabetically by author; then number the references in that sequence and use those numbers for the in-text references. The number for the in-text reference is either a superscript in smaller size, or placed in parentheses on the line. Example:

In-text reference: … as Pavia stated 7. Or in-text reference: … as Pavia stated (7). Reference list example:

7. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS, Engel RG. Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: a small-scale approach. 2nd ed. Belmont (CA): Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning; 2005. 1019 p.

For the citation-sequence (C-S) version, use numbers in-text to represent references. Reuse the same number if a reference is cited more than once. After the paper is

complete, compile the reference list according to the sequence in which the references first appear in the paper. The number for the in-text reference is either a superscript in smaller size or placed in parentheses on the line. Example:

In-text reference: … as Pavia stated 1. Or in-text reference: … as Pavia stated (1). Reference list example:

1. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS, Engel RG. Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: a small-scale approach. 2nd ed. Belmont (CA): Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning; 2005. 1019 p.

The C-S version is illustrated in the sample paper (see end).

For the name-year (N-Y) version, the in-text citation includes the last name of

author(s) and year of publication enclosed in parentheses. In the reference list, works are listed alphabetically by the last name of author(s). Example:

In-text reference: (Pavia et al. 2005) Reference list example:

Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS, Engel RG. 2005. Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: a small-scale approach. 2nd ed. Belmont (CA): Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning. 1019 p.

For this guide, we have chosen to illustrate the citation-sequence (C-S). Ask your professor which CSE version he/she recommends for your paper. Citation-Sequence (C-S) Examples of Source listings

Book by single author

Note: Use the year of publication for the date. If no date of publication is given use the copyright date and precede it with a “c”.

The last element in the reference, which is the total number of pages (extent), is optional.

Reference list example:

Saferstein R. Criminalistics: an introduction to forensic science. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson/Prentice Hall; 2004. 588 p.

Book by two or more authors

Note: For two to ten authors list them all. If more than ten authors, list the first ten, followed by a comma, then et al. Reference list example:

Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS, Engel RG. Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: a small-scale approach. 2nd ed. Belmont (CA): Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning; 2005. 1019 p. Book with editors Reference list example:

Tatar MM, editor. The classic fairy tales: texts, criticism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company; 1998. 394 p.

Book with author, editor, translator, and note Reference list example:

Alexievich, S. Voices from Chernobyl. Gessen, R, translator. Normal (IL): Dalkey Archive Press; 2005. Article in encyclopedia Reference list example:

Genuth S. Metabolism. In: The new encylopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encylopædia Britannica; 2002. p. 893-928.

Article in scholarly journal

Note: If given, include issue number in parentheses. Place it after the volume number and follow it by a colon. Reference list example:

Pelter MW, McQuade J. Brewing science in the chemistry laboratory: a “mashing” investigation of starch and carbohydrates. J Chem Educ. 2005;82:1811-1812. Monthly journal article Reference list example:

Pelter MW, McQuade J. Brewing science in the chemistry laboratory: a “mashing” investigation of starch and carbohydrates. J Chem Educ. 2005 Dec; 82:1811-1812. Newspaper article with author Reference list example:

Wielaard R. Europe warns Iran on holocaust denial. Democrat and Chronicle. 2005 Dec 16;Sect. A:11 (col. 1). Article without author Reference list example:

Early walkers. Archaeology. 2004 Nov-Dec;58:14. Video recording Reference list example:

George T. Hotel Rwanda [film on DVD]. Santa Monica (CA): Home Entertainment; 2004.

Electronic Resources

Note: For Internet resources, it is recommended that a copy be made for future

reference. No ending period is used after a URL in a citation unless it concludes with a forward slash (/).

Electronic book Template

Author(s). Title of book [medium designator]. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date. Physical description. Reference list example:

Devesa SS, Grauman DJ, Blot WJ, Pennello G, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF Jr. Atlas of cancer mortality in the United States, 1950-94 [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 1999. Available from: http://www3.cancer.gov/atlasplus/new.html

Article in an online journal

Note: If page numbers are not given, estimate as best as possible the length of the article and place it within square brackets (such as [8 paragraphs] or [about 10 p.]). Template:

Author(s) of article. Title of article. Title of journal (edition) [medium designator]. Date of publication [date updated; date cited];volume(issue):location. Notes. Reference list example:

Gopinath, S. Ringtones, or the auditory logic of globalization. First Monday: Peer Reviewed Journal on the Internet [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2006 June 26];10(12):[about 49 p.]. Available from

http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue10_12/gopinath/index.html Article from a subscription service/database Template:

Author(s) of article. Title of article. Title of journal (edition) [medium designator]. Date;volume(issue):location. Physical description. Notes. Reference list example:

Wills, W., Backett-Milburn, K., Gregory, S. & Lawton, J. Young teenagers'

perceptions of their own and others' bodies: A qualitative study of obese, overweight and 'normal' weight young people in Scotland. Social Science & Medicine [database]. 2006;62(2):396-406. Available from: Elsevier ScienceDirect database by subscription, http://www.sciencedirect.com/

E-mail or online posting

Note: Include information on availability of the item. CSE recommends placing references to personal communications within the running text, not as formal end references. Note the nature and sources of the cited information within parentheses, using a term to indicate clearly that the citation is not represented in the reference list (568).

Make sure that you have permission from the cited person or organization and include that in a “notes” section that follows the text of the paper which may include additional information such as the reason for the communication.

In-text reference: (2006 e-mail from M DiSano to me; unreferenced, see “Notes”) Internet Template:

Author(s). Title of homepage [Internet]. Place of publication: publisher; date [modified date; cited date]. Available from: URL Reference list example:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Avian influenza infection in humans [Internet]. Atlanta , GA: CDC [updated 2006 Apr 24; cited 2006 Jun 26]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/avian-flu-humans.htm

Sample Student Paper Documented in CSE Style

The sample paper formatting is adapted from CSE recommendations for research reports.

The title page should include all information necessary to quickly identify the contents, author(s), and origin (professor's name, course, date).

Research reports generally have these sections which may or may not be indicated by headings in the text: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, References. If your instructor requests an abstract, that should precede the Introduction.

CSE Style Guide (Name-Year System)

A Beginning Guide

This guide is based on Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers 7th ed. (Rockefeller University Press, 2006).

Note: The CBE (Council of Biology Editors) has since changed its name to the CSE (Council of Science Editors).

         Books Articles in Newspapers and Periodicals Government Publications Conference Proceedings Technical Reports Online Subscription Sources Web Sites In-Text References For Further Guidance Books

Basic form

Last Name followed by Initials. Date of publication. Title of book. Place of

publication: Publisher.

I. A book by a single author

Davies PC. 1995. Are we alone?: philosophical implications of the discovery

of extraterrestrial life. New York: BasicBooks.

II. An anthology or edited volume

Griffen DR, editor. c1986. Physics and the ultimate significance of time:

Bohm Prigogine, and process philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Note: When date of publication is not available, use the copyright date and precede with a \"c\" as shown above. III. A book by two or more persons

Smith CM, Marks A, Lieberman M. 2004. Basic medical biochemistry: a

clinical approach. 2nd ed. [place unknown]: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Note: CSE style permits the use of up to 10 authors in the citation. If there are more than 10 authors, list the first 10, followed by \"et al.\". IV. An anonymous book

A guide to the World Bank. 2003. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. V. A book by a corporate or organization author

American Chemical Society. 1951. Chemistry, key to better living; a record

of chemical progress during the first 75 years of the American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society.

Articles in Newspapers and Periodicals

Basic form

Last Name followed by Initials. Date. Title of article. Publication

Information (Varies depending on type of publication).

I. Newspaper article A. With an author

Greenberg J. 2007 Jun 23. The garage: focus on autos; robotic cars could

take pressure off nation's highways; engineers say driverless vehicles they are developing may be the way of the future. Los Angeles Times: (Home Ed.). Sect. C:3. (col. 1).

B. Without an author

In study, salmon become surrogates to endangered trout. 2007 Sep 15. Los

Angeles Times (Home Ed.). Sect. A:17.

II. An article in a scholarly journal

Gillman G, Noble A. 2005. Environmentally manageable fertilizers: a new

approach. Environ Qual Manag. 15(2):59-70. Note: Journal titles are abbreviated when using CSE style. Consult the Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers 7th ed. for examples on how to abbreviate journal titles (Appendix 29.1).

Government Publications

Because reference to government documents vary in required elements, please see the Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers 7th ed. (sections

29.3.7.10)

Conference Proceedings

Claude JP, editor. 1994. Advanced information processing techniques for

LAN and MAN management. Proceedings of the IFIP TC6/WG6.4 International Conference on Advanced Information Processing Techniques for LAN and MAN Management; 1993 Apr 7-9; Versailles, France. New York (NY): North-Holland.

Technical Reports

Reilly MH. 1979. Equations of powered rocket ascent and orbit trajectory.

Washington (DC): Naval Research Laboratory (US). Report No: 8237.

Online Subscription Sources

Online subscription sources are journal, magazine, and newspaper articles found using the library's databases. CSE recommends the use of the National Library of Medicine Internet Formats supplement, (available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/formats/internet.pdf), for citing online subscription sources. Suggested Form

Last name followed by Initials. Title of article. Source publication

information (varies according to source). In: Title of the database [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of revision; Date of citation]. [Extent]. Available from: URL; Accession Number (if available).

I. A newspaper article from Lexis Nexis

Appel, A. Poor nations and U.S. states offer huge financial breaks to

biotechnology; Development: Poor nations, states dream of a biotech boom. IPS (Latin America). 2007 May 16. In: LexisNexis Academic [Internet]. New York (NY): LexisNexis; c2007 [modified 2007 Jun 1; cited 2007 Oct 13]. [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.lexisnexis.com.

II. A scholarly article from EBSCO

Tripp S, London T, Spend DT. Greeting the protein. J Growth 2005;10

(9):2022-2030. In: EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier [Internet]. Birmingham (AL): EBSCO Industries; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://www.ebsco.com/; Accession No.: 23886517.

Web Sites

For original content from online sources accessed via search engines (i.e. Google and Yahoo), include as much of the following as can be determined. Suggested form

Title of Web site [Internet]. Date of publication. Edition. Place of

publication: publisher; [date updated; date cited]. Available from: URL.

I. A Web page

MedlinePLUS: Drugs and Supplements [Internet]. 2007. Bethesda (MD):

National Library of Medicine (US) and National Institutes of Health (US); [updated 2007 Jan 31; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html.

II. An entire Web site

APSnet: plant pathology online [Internet]. c1994-2005. St. Paul (MN):

American Phytopathological Association; [cited 2005 Jun 20]. Available from: http://www.apsnet.org/.

In-Text References

In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, in parentheses, by the author's last name and the year of publication. The list of references contains the full bibliographic information. I. Work with one author

In 1992, NASA launched a project called the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, or SETI, in order to detect \"radio signals of artificial origi\" (Davies, 1995). II. Works with two authors

The consumption of oil in the United States reached 3,439,000,000 barrels in 1959 (Schackne and Drake 1960). III. Works with three or more authors

One function of the liver is to detoxify the body by breaking down harmful substances in the bloodstream (Smith et al. 2004). IV. Work without an author

Begin the reference with the first word or first few words of the title followed by an ellipsis. In the field of conservation biology, scientists have been injecting newly hatched salmon with rainbow trout sperm-growing cells so that the salmon give birth to trout (In study...2007).

For Further Guidance

For further guidance please consult:

The Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers 7th ed. (Rockefeller University Press, 2006). This style manual is located at call number T11 .S386 2006 in the Armacost Library in the reference collection.

Hacker D. Sciences: Documenting Sources. Research and Documentation

Online [Internet]. c2006. Bedford/St. Martin's; [cited 2007 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c11_o.html

Please ask a librarian for assistance! Updated October 22, 2007