介入放射学杂志2011年12月第2O卷第12期J[ntervent Radiol 2011,Vo1.20,No.12 ——925—— ・神经介入Neurointervention・ 球囊辅助弹簧圈在血管内栓塞颅内动脉瘤中的 应用和中长期随访 张锋, 王 武, 顾斌贤,~李明华 【摘要】 目的探讨球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞(balloon—assisted coiling embolization,BACE)颅内动脉瘤 的应用价值和中长期随访结果。方法 回顾性分析2006年至2011年48例使用新一代BACE治疗的颅 内动脉瘤患者,其中38例破裂出血。42例宽颈动脉瘤,7例瘤颈>4 mm,37例体颈比≤1.5,16例最大 径为5~7 mm,25例3—5 mm,7例小于3 mm。术后3、12、24个月复查脑血管造影。结果BACE成功 栓塞颅内动脉瘤44例,其余4例使用了支架;完全栓塞39例,次全栓塞9例,术后48 h内2例出现缺血 事件,随访发现3例无症状性脑梗死。43例至少造影随访1次,36例造影随访超过24个月,完全栓塞病 例中无一例再通,次全栓塞9例中2例稳定,2例进行性血栓形成,5例再通,其中3例进行了支架辅助 下弹簧圈栓塞。无再出血病例。结论BACE治疗最大径小于7 mm的颅内动脉瘤有效、安全,但宽颈动 脉瘤有时需要支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞。 【关键词】颅内动脉瘤;球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞;血管内治疗;支架 中图分类号:R743.4文献标志码:A文章编号:1008.794X(2011)一12-0925—06 The balloon・assisted coiling embolization in performing endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms:its clinical application and mid-to-long term effectiveness ZHANG ,WANG Wu,GU Bin—xian,LI Ming-huca Department ofRadiology,Fire Control General Hospital ofPeople Armed Police, Shanghai 200443,China Corresponding author:WA NG Wu 【Abstract】Objective To discuss the application of balloon—assisted coiling embolization(BACE)in performing endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms and to analyze its mid—to—long term effectiveness. Methods A total of 48 patients with intracranial aneurysms,encountered in the hospital during the period from 2006 to 201 1,were enrolled in this study.Most up・to—date BACE technique was employed in performing endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms in all the patients.Of the t0tal 48 cases.acute subarachnoid hemorrhage was found in 38.Of the total 48 patients,wide-neck aneurysm was seen in 42,neck size>4 mm in 7,dome—to—neck ratio≤1.5 in 37.The maximum dimension of the aneurysm was 5—7 mm in 16 cases. 3—5 mm in 25 cases and<3 mm in 7 cases.Cerebral angiography re—examination was carried out at 3,12 and 24 months after the treatment.The results were analyzed.Results BACE was successfully accomplished iN 44 cases, and neurofom1 stent—assisted coiling embolization was adopted irl the remaining 4 cases. Complete occlusion of the aneurysm was obtained in 39 cases. and subtotal occlusion of the aneurysm in 9 cases.Two patients developed ischemic events within 48 hours after the procedure.During the follow—up period,asymptomatic cerebral infarction was detected in 3 patients.At least one angiographie reexamination was carried out in 43 patients.Thirty—six patients were followed up for over 24 months.No re—canalized aneurysm was seen in the 39 patients whose aneurysms had been completely obstructed.Of the nine patients whose aneurysms had been sub—totally occluded,stable condition was seen in 2,progressive thrombosis in 2 and reopen of the aneurysms in 5, among them neuroform stent—assisted coiling embolization had to be employed in 3.No re—bleeding occu ̄ed in all cases.Conclusion For the intraeranial aneurysms with the maximum dimension<7 mm, BACE is an 作者单位:200443上海武警上海市消防总队医院放射 effective and safe treatment, but sometimes 科(张锋);上海交通大学附属第六人民医院介入影像科 neuroform stent—assisted coiling embolization (王武、顾斌贤、李明华) may be needed for the wide.necked 通信作者:王武 介入放射学杂志2011年12月第20卷第12期J Intervent Radiol 2011.Vo1.20.No.12 2.1术后即刻结果 完全充盈球囊l0例,部分充盈球囊30例,未 充盈球囊8例,完全栓塞35例,次全栓塞9例,4例 术中使用了支架达到完全栓塞,其中1例ICA血流 受阻,1例弹簧圈移位,2例仍无法完全栓塞动脉 瘤,瘤颈填塞时弹簧圈突出到载瘤动脉。术中无一 例发生再出血事件,术中造影无一例出现血栓形成 或血管缺失,术后48 h内2例出现缺血事件,1例 短暂性脑缺血发作,1例症状性脑梗死,5例因出血 量较大或其他合并症死亡。 2.2中长期随访结果 生存的43例至少随访造影1次,术后3个月 随访35例,6个月随访16例,12个月随访40例。 36例随访造影超过24个月,并至少随访造影2次。 完全栓塞病例中无一例再通,次全栓塞9例中2例 稳定,2例进行性血栓形成,5例再通,该5例中3 例分别在第1次治疗后6个月和12个月进行了支 架辅助下弹簧圈栓塞。随访过程中无再出血病例。6 个月随访时发现3例无症状性脑梗死,其中1例分 布于动脉瘤的载瘤动脉供血区,另2例与动脉瘤的 载瘤动脉供血区无关。 3讨论 宽颈或不规则瘤颈动脉瘤一直是血管内弹簧 圈栓塞治疗的难题,由于瘤颈和载瘤动脉关系复 杂,单纯弹簧圈栓塞可能出现弹簧圈突出和移位, 从而无法完全填塞瘤颈,导致栓塞率远低于非宽颈 动脉瘤[3-4,6,24 3。自Moret等 首次报道BACE以来, 许多学者致力于宽颈动脉瘤的血管内球囊辅助治 疗的研究和探索,并且取得了一定的疗效和技术进 展[9,13-21,25-32 3。随着新一代高顺应性球囊的出现,其柔 顺性和可控性更好,应用越来越广泛,除重塑瘤颈 外,还体现在以下方面:①改善微导管头的稳定性; ②有效控制载瘤动脉血流;⑧更加致密填塞动脉 瘤;④保护动脉瘤破裂出血;⑤帮助微导管和支架 导向;⑥保护分支血管;⑦防止血管痉挛,总之不再 局限于宽颈或不合适体/颈比的动脉瘤,一些中心 已经列为常规操作[15-16,18,20]。在本组,使用BACE成 功栓塞91.7%的颅内动脉瘤。但是BACE仍然面临 以下问题有待解决:是否增加缺血事件,弹簧圈是 否长期稳定和动脉瘤是否复发。 理论上,血管内增加了一根球囊导管就增加了 缺血事件的概率。以往使用的非顺应性球囊存在技 术操作的难度,技术失败率高达11%;使用超过6 F 的导引导管,血管扭曲可能无法通过,存在球囊破 裂和损伤血管的风险,而且往往应用于宽颈动脉 瘤,后者又是缺血事件的独立因素。Pelz等 报道超 过50%的缺血事件见于宽颈动脉瘤,因此可能增加 了缺血事件的发生率 , ,尤其是Sluzewski等 报道球囊辅助技术的缺血事件高达9.9%,而单纯性 弹簧圈仅为2.2%(尸<0.000 1)。更有学者报道 1999年到2001年间使用MRI弥散加权图像评价 79例无症状性颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗的缺血事件, 其中49%的动脉瘤使用BACE,缺血事件高达73%, 单纯弹簧圈栓塞为50%E ,但Albayram等 认为并 不明显增加缺血事件,其原因是多因素的,与微导 管和弹簧圈的反复操作相关,但2项报道同时指出 与动脉瘤瘤颈和大小密切相关,宽颈动脉瘤和大动 脉瘤的缺血事件可高达100%。Derdeyn等 报道并 没有发现BACE和弹簧圈团块与载瘤动脉的血栓 形成有密切关系(P=0.18)。本组3例无症状性脑 梗死中仅l例与动脉瘤所在的载瘤动脉供血区相 关,其余2例均无关。 新一代高顺应性球囊能很好克服以往的缺点, 更能顺应血管结构,低压低张充盈,适应血管形态, 有效降低不良事件的发生。回顾文献,近来有报道 表明新一代球囊BACE颅内动脉瘤的缺血事件并 发症与单纯性弹簧圈的缺血事件差异无统计学意 义。Layton等 。 报道3年间共计221例动脉瘤,33% 的病例使用球囊辅助技术,他们认为球囊辅助技术 并未增加缺血事件,但是宽颈动脉瘤的缺血事件增 加。Lubicz等n 报道4年间对25.8%的患者使用球 囊辅助弹簧圈技术,其缺血事件发生率为3.8%,而 单纯性弹簧圈栓塞的缺血事件为4.6%,两者间差异 无统计学意义。回顾9项报道,合计球囊辅助技术 的致残率和致死率分别为0%和7%。最近,Pierot 等 比较最大样本未破裂动脉瘤使用球囊辅助技 术(222例)和单纯性弹簧圈裸栓(325例)的结果, 显示缺血事件、术中破裂和其他不良事件分别为 5.4%比6.2%、3-2%比2.2%和3.2%比2.5%,其致残 率和致死率分别为2.3%比2.2%和1.4%比0.9%,两 者间差异无统计学意义。Ross等 报道66.7%的颅 内动脉瘤常规使用新一代高顺应性球囊辅助技术, 其弹簧圈填塞率达到35.7%,无一例发生缺血事件。 Mu等 报道42例使用HyperForm球囊治疗宽颈 动脉瘤,技术成功率达95.2%,其余2例使用支架辅 助技术,术中1例破裂出血,无缺血事件。而Ihn等 伽 主张球囊和支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞前可以选择性尝试 介入放射学杂志2011年12月第20卷第12期J lntervent Radiol 2011,Vo1.20,No.12 ——929—— 微导管辅助技术,但并不总是有效,其成功率仅为 52.6%,其余病例仍需球囊辅助进行栓塞,这样延长 了手术时间,间接增加了风险。本组8例在弹簧圈 栓塞过程中没有充盈球囊,类似于微导管和微导丝 辅助技术。过度充盈球囊可导致动脉瘤破裂或载瘤 动脉损伤出血[13,15-16,18 3,我们使用lml螺口注射器缓 慢充盈球囊可降低这一事件。2008年Shapiro等 : 文献复习发现不使用球囊辅助和使用球囊辅助的 缺血事件分别为7.9%比10.5%,两者间差异无统计 学意义。总之,大多数学者认为BACE并不增加弹 簧圈栓塞治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的缺血事件,本组结 果进一步证实了这一观点,但是围手术期需要使用 抗血小板聚集药物治疗。 弹簧圈移位或突出到载瘤动脉,延迟性移位常 见于个案报道l6],本组存在1例弹簧圈突出到载瘤 动脉,使用支架后改善了载瘤动脉血流。虽然球囊 的应用越来越广泛,而且Gil等 使用球囊辅助微 导管囊外弹簧圈填塞4例小于2 Inn的前交通动脉 瘤,Fiorela等 在支架内使用球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞 超宽颈的颅内梭形动脉瘤,并重建载瘤动脉,但回 顾文献,球囊栓塞的长期结果仍不确定,而且与动 脉瘤的稳定性无相关性,仍需进一步研究和观察。 我们的体会有以下几点:充分肝素化,尽可能 部分充盈球囊,避免完全阻断载瘤动脉血流;球囊 部分覆盖瘤颈,保留动脉瘤的流出道;微导管头端 存在一定的活动空间,缩短球囊的充盈时间,小于 3 min;尽量减少反复充盈球囊和微导管头、弹簧圈 调整位置;微导管头端进入动脉瘤不超过1/2;选择 柔软的合适大小的3D或者复杂弹簧圈,弹簧圈的 选择宁小勿大,宁长勿短;第1枚弹簧圈是关键,必 须有效地重建瘤颈;缓慢充盈球囊和自然抽吸球 囊,配合使用三通和螺口注射器,先撤微导管,再松 懈球囊后回收球囊导管,必要时引入支架辅助避免 弹簧圈危急事件[6,19,23,34]。 [参考文献] Molyneux A,Kerr R,Stratton I,et a1.International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgieal clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intraeranial aneurysms:a randomised tiral[J].Lancet,2002,360:1267— 1274. 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