go on vacation去度假 be on vacation 度假 stay at home待在家里 go to the mountains去爬山
go to the beach去海滩 visit museums 参观博物馆 go to summer camp去参观夏令营 quite a few相当多 study for为……而学习 go out出去 most of the time大部分时间 taste good尝起来很好吃 have a good time玩得高兴 of course当然 feel like给……的感觉；感受到feel like doing sth
go shopping去购物 in the past在过去 walk around四处走走 because of因为 one bowl of… 一碗…… the next day第二天 drink tea喝茶 find out找出；查明 go on继续
take photos照相 something important重要的事 up and down上上下下 come up出来
不定代词有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, (a) few, (a) little, both, enough, every 等，以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。在这些不定代词中，多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语，但是代词 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语，不能作定语，而 no 和 every 则只用作定语。 复合不定代词：由some，any，no，every加上-body,-one,-thing构成的不定代词，叫做复合不定代词。
somebody = someone某人 something 某物，某事
anybody = anyone任何人 anything什么事物，任何事物，无论什么事物 nobody = no one没有人，不重要的人 nothing没有东西，什么也没有;不重要的人或事 everybody = everyone每人,人人,所有人 everything每一个事物，一切 词组：for nothing(徒劳，没有好结果，免费)，nothing but(仅仅，只不过)， It‘s nothing. (不用谢，不必在意) anybody else(别人)
（1）复合不定代词只相当于名词,在句子中作主语、宾语和表语，而不能作定语。 Everything is made of elements.任何东西都是元素构成的。（作主语） I have nothing to say toady.我今天没什么可讲的。（作宾语） That`s nothing.没什么。（作表语） （2）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
（3）代替与-thing构成的复合不定代词，用it；代替与-body, -one构成的复合不定代词，一般用they，在正式文体中可用he。
如：Everyone knows what they have to do, don‘t they ？
Everyone knows what he has to do, doesn‘t he ? 每个人都知道他必须做什么，不是吗？ （2）something和anything的区别与some和any的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中。
I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事情要告诉你。（肯定句） Someone is asking to see you.有人要见你。 （肯定句） Has anything happened ？出什么事了吗？ （疑问句）
We can`t decide anything now.我们现在不能作什么决定。 （否定句）
If you want anything, call me.你要是需要什么可以给我打电话。（条件状语从句）
（3）复合不定代词被定语所修饰时，形容词或不定式等其他定语则须放在它们的后面。 There is nothing wrong with the machine.这机器没出什么毛病。（形容词） This is something special. 这是种特别的东西。（形容词）
Is there anything important in today``s newspaper?今天报纸上有什么重要消息吗？（形容词）
Do you want anything to drink ?你想喝点什么吗？
If there is anything I can do for you , please tell me.如果有什么我能帮你的，请告诉我。 ④除与-thing构成的复合不定代词外，即everyone、everybody、someone，somebody都有所有格形式；当其后有else时，‘s要加在else后面。如： That must be somebody else‘s coat; it isn‘t mine. 那一定是别人的外衣，不是我的。
⑤everyone=everybody, anyone=anybody, 只指人，不能与of短语连用；every one, any one可指人也可指物，一定要与of连用才可以。如：Is anybody here? 有人吗？ You can take any one of these. 你可以随便拿一个。
⑥与some-，any-构成的复合不定代词的用法与some, any的用法相同。与any-构成的复合不定代词一般用于否定句或疑问句中，not…any-构成完全否定，但没有any-…not的说法；与some-构成的复合不定代词用于肯定句、预料作肯定回答的疑问句、建议或请求的疑问句中
【巧记复合代词分合】：分合皆能单独用，后加of合不成。
【巧学不定代词】：不定代词美名扬，修饰成分后边藏；单数动词作谓语，何时何地都一样。 buy sth. for sb. / buy sb. sth.为某人买某物
taste + adj. 尝起来…look+adj. 看起来…smell 闻起来 sound 听起来 feel 感觉起来 taste delicious…look beautiful…smell terrible … sound wonderful… feel comfortable /tired / bored/
nothing…but+动词原形 除了……之外什么都没有
seem+（to be）+ adj. 看起来…… No one seemed to be bored. seem to do sth.
arrive in+大地点 / arrive at+小地点 到达某地 decide to do sth.决定去做某事
try doing sth.尝试做某事 / try to do sth.尽力去做某事 forget doing sth.忘记做过某事/ forget to do sth.忘记做某事 enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事 dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事 want to do sth.想去做某事 start doing sth.开始做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事 stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 keep doing sth.继续做某事 keep on doing sth. 反复做某事有小停歇 Why not do. sth.?为什么不做……呢？ so+adj.+that+从句 如此……以至于……
it is + adj. + for sb. +to do sth对某人来说做…怎么样
tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事 ask sb. (not) to do sth. 要求某人（不要）做某事
want sb. (not) to do sth. 想要某人（不要）做某事 1. anywhere 与 somewhere 两者都是不定副词。
anywhere 在任何地方 ， 常用于否定句和疑问句中。I can‘t find it anywhere.
somewhere 在某处，到某处，常用于肯定句。 I lost my key somewhere near here. 2. seem + 形容词 看起来….. You seem happy today.
seem + to do sth. 似乎、好像做某事 I seem to have a cold
I seems / seemed + 从句 看起来好像…；似乎…. It seems that no one believe you. seem like ….好像，似乎….. It seems like a god idea.
3. decide to do sth.决定做某事 They decide to visit the museum. decide + 疑问词 + 动词不定式 He can not decide when to leave.
4. start doing sth = start to do sth. 开始，可与begin 互换 。He started doing his homework.
但以下几种情况不能用begin .
1) 创办，开办： He started a new bllkshop last month. 2) 机器开动： I can‘t start my car.
3) 出发，动身： I will start tomorrow morning.
5. over 介词，多于，超过，在…以上（表示数目、程度）= more than My father is over 40 years old.
在…之上，与物体垂直且不接触，与 under 相反。 There is a map over the blackboard. 超过： I hear the news over the radio. 遍及： I want to travel all over the world.
6. too many 太多，后接可数名词复数： Mother bought too many eggs yesterday. too much 太多，修饰不可数名词，修饰动词作状语。 We have too much work to do. Don‘t talk too much. Much too 太，修饰形容词或副词。
The hat is much too big for me. You‘re walking much too fast.
分辨三者的口诀： too much, much too, 用法区别看后头： much 后接不可数， too 后修饰形或副。
too many 要记住，后面名词必复数。
7. because of 介词短语，因为，由于，后接名词、代词或动名词，不能接句子。 He can‘t take a walk because of the rain.
because 连词，因为，引导状语从句，表示直接明确的原因或理由。 I don‘t buy the shirt because it was too expensive. Unit2 How often do you exercise?
help with housework帮助做家务 on weekends在周末 how often多久一次 hardly ever几乎从不
once a week每周一次 twice a month每月两次 every day每天 be free有空 go to the movies去看电影 use the Internet用互联网 swing dance摇摆舞 play tennis打网球
stay up late熬夜；睡得很晚 at least至少 have dance and piano lessons上舞蹈课和钢琴课
go to bed early早点睡觉 play sports进行体育活动
be good for对……有好处 sb. spend time with sb.和某人一起度过时光
be bad for对……有坏处 sb. spend time / money on sth.在某方面花费时间/金钱 be good with与……友好相处 sb. spend time /money in doing sth.在做某事上花费
时间/金钱
be good at sth./ doing sth 擅长某事/做某事 be friendly with sb. 与某人友好相处 be friendly to sb. 对某人友好 be kind to sb. 对某人友好 go camping去野营
not…at all一点儿也不…… in one‘s free time在某人的业余时间 the most popular最受欢迎的
such as比如；诸如 old habits die hard积习难改 go to the dentist去看牙医 morn than多于；超过 less than少于
help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事 How about…? ......怎么样？/ ……好不好？ want sb. to do sth.想让某人做某事 How many+可数名词复数+一般疑问句？ ……有多少……?
主语+find+that从句. ……发现…… It‘s+ adj.+ to do sth. 做某事的……的。 ask sb. about sth.向某人询问某事 ask sb. to do sth.要求某人做某事
by doing sth. 通过做某事 What‘s your favorite……?你最喜爱的……是什么？ the best way to do sth.做某事的最好方式 Which…do you like best? 你最喜欢 词语辨析：
1. how often 多久一次，用来提问动作发生的频率。回答用：once，twice, three times 等词语。
How often do you play sports? Three times a week. how long 多长，用来询问多长时间，也可询问某物有多长。
How long does it take to get to Shanghai from here? How long is the ruler?
how for 多远， 用来询问距离，指路程的远近。 How far is it from here to the park? It‘s about 2 kilometers.
1. free 空闲的，有空的， 反义词为 busy. be free 有空，闲着，相当于 have time. I‘ll be free next week. = I‘ll have time next week.
还可作―免费的、自由的‖解。be free to do sth. 自由地做某事。 The tickets are free. You‘re free to go or to stay.
2. How come？ 怎么会？ 怎么回事？表示某件事情很奇怪，有点想不通；可单独使用，也可引导一个问句， 相当于疑问句 why, 但 how come 开头的特殊疑问句使用的仍然是陈述语序。
How come Tom didn‘t come to the party? = Why didn‘t Tom come to the party? 3. stay up late 指―熬夜到很晚，迟睡‖。 Don‘t stay up late next time. stay up 指―熬夜，不睡觉‖。 He stayed up all night to write his story.
4. go to bed 强调―上床睡觉‖的动作及过程，但人不一定睡着。I went to bed at eleven last night.
go to sleep 强调―入睡，睡着，进入梦乡‖。 She was so tired that she went to sleep soon. 5. find + 宾语 +名词, 发现 ： We have found him (to be) a good boy. find + 宾语 + 形容词， 发现： He found the room dirty.
find + 宾语 + 现在分词， 发现 ： I found her standing at the door.
6. percent 百分数， 基数词 + percent： percent 没有复数形式，作主语时，根据所修饰
的名词来判断谓语的单复数。 Forty percent of the students in our class are girls. Thirty percent of time passed.
7. more than 超过，多于，不仅仅， 相当于 over. 在句型转换中考查两者的同义替换。反义词组为：less than. I lived in Shanghai for more than / over ten years. 9. afraid 形容词， 担心的，害怕的，在句中作表语，不用在名词前作定语。 I‘m afraid we can‘t come here on time.
be afraid of sb / sth 害怕某人 / 某事； be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事。 Some children are afraid of the dark. Don‘t be afraid of asking question. I‘m afraid + 从句， 恐怕， 担心： I‘m afraid I have to go now. be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事
10. sometimes , sometime, some times , some time 的区别：
sometimes 频度副词， 有时。表示动作发生的不经常性，多与一般现在时连用，可位于句首、句中或句末。
Sometimes I get up very early. ------How often do you get up?
sometime 副词，某个时候。 表示不确切或不具体的时间，常用于过去时或将来时，对它用疑问词when.
I will go to Shanghai sometime next week. ------When will you go to Shanghai next week? some times 名词词组， 几次，几倍。其中time 是可数名词，对它提问用how many times. I have read the story some times. -------How many times have you read the story? some time 名词短语， 一段时间. 表示―一段时间‖时，句中谓语动词常为延续性动词，提问时用 How long.
I ‗ll stay here for some time. -----How long will you stay here? Unit3 I‘m more outgoing than my sister.
Both Sam and Tom can play the drums, but Sam plays them better than Tom. That‘s Tara, isn‘t it?
Are you as friendly as your sister?
I‘m shy so it‘s not easy for me to make friends.
more outgoing更外向 as…as…与……一样…… the singing competition唱歌比赛 be similar to与……相像的/类似的 be the same as和……相同；与……一致 be different from与……不同
care about关心；介意 look after 照顾 take care of 照顾 be like a mirror像一面镜子 the most important最重要的
as long as只要；既然 bring out使显现；使表现出 get better grades取得更好的成绩
reach for伸手取 in fact事实上；实际上 make friends交朋友 the other其他的
touch one‘s heart感动某人 be talented in music有音乐天赋 be good at擅长…… be good with善于与……相处
have fun doing sth.享受做某事的乐趣 be good at doing sth擅长做某事 make sb. do sth.让某人做某事
want to do sth.想要做某事 as+adj./adv.的原级+as 与……一样…… It‘s+ adj.+for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说，做某事……的。
词语辨析： laugh v. & n. 笑
We all laughed loudly when she made a joke. 她说了个笑话，我们都大声笑起来。 We all laughed at his joke. 听了他的笑话我们都笑起来。
He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。/不要高兴得太早。 （与at连用）嘲笑
Don‘t laugh at him. 别嘲笑他。
People have often laughed at stories told by seamen. 人们常常嘲笑海员所讲的故事。 Everyone laughed at his foolish antics. 大家都笑他那种愚蠢的滑稽动作。 笑；笑声 We had a good laugh at his joke. 我们被他的笑话逗得哈哈大笑。 though conj. 虽然；纵然；即使；尽管 = although
Though it was raining，he went there. 虽然当时正下着雨，他还是到那里去了。 Though he was poor he was happy. 虽然他很穷却很快乐。 注意：不能受汉语的影响，在though引导的从句后使用but。如： Though he was poor，but he was happy.（误）
though adv.. 不过，可是，然而，常用于句末，用逗号隔开。 Jim said that he would come, he didn‘t , though. 形容词和副词的比较级、最高级
大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：1）原级（不作比较），修饰词very,so,too,pretty,really；2）比较级，表示―较……‖或―更……‖的意思（两者之间进行比较）, 标志词than,A or B,of the two, 修饰词much,a lot,a little；3）最高级，表示―最……‖的意思（三者或三者以上作比较），形容词最高级前面一般要加定冠词the，后面可带in（of）短语来什么比较的范围。 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级规则变化： 构 成 方 法 原 级 比 较 级 最 高 级 单音 节词 和部 分双 音节
词 一般在词尾加-er或-est high short higher shorter highest shortest
以字母e词尾的词，加-r或-st late fine later finest latest finest
重读闭音节词词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-est hot big thin fat hotter bigger
thinner fatter hottest biggest thinnest fattest
以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的双音节词，先把―y‖改为―i‖，再加 -er或-est funny easy early funnier easier earlier funniest easiest earliest
多音节词和部分双音节词 在词前加more或most beautiful athletic
outgoing more beautiful more athletic
more outgoing most beautiful most athletic most outgoing
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级不规则变化： 原 级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far
farther（更远）
further（更深远） farthest(最远) furthest（最深远）
as…(原级)as与……一样…… not as/so…as不如 Liming is as tall as Jim. Jack runs as fast as Tom. Lily is not as/so tall as Lucy. =Lily is shorter than Lucy. Unit4 What‘s the best movie theater? 1. It has the biggest screens.
2. The DJs choose songs the most carefuuly.
3. How do you like it so far? 到目前为止，你认为它怎么样？ 4. Thanks forget telling me. 5. Can I ask you some questions?
movie theater电影院 close to…离……近 clothes store服装店 in town在镇上 so far到目前为止 10 minutes by bus坐公共汽车10分钟的路程 talent show才艺表演
in common共同；共有 around the world世界各地；全世界 more and more……越来越……
and so on等等 all kinds of……各种各样的 be up to是……的职责；由……决定
not everybody并不是每个人 make up编造（故事、谎言等） play a role in…在……方面发挥作用/有影响
for example例如 take…seriously认真对待 give sb. sth.给某人某物 come true（梦想、希望）实现；达到
Can I ask you some…?我能问你一些……吗？ How do you like…?你认为……怎么样？ Thanks for doing sth.因做某事而感谢。 What do you think of…?你认为……怎么样? much+ adj./adv.的比较级 ……得多 watch sb. do sth.观看某人做某事
play a role in doing sth.发挥做某事是作用/在做某事方面扮演重要的角色 one of+可数名词的复数 ……之一 形容词和副词的最高级
比较级有变化，一般词尾加-er， 最高级有变化，词尾加上-est， 词尾若是哑音e, 直接加r就可以， 词尾若是哑音e, 直接加上-st， 辅音字母加y, 记得把y变i加-er, 辅音字母加y, y变i再加-est, 一辅重读闭音节，末尾双写加-er， 一辅重读闭音节，末尾双写加-est， 形副音节123，比较等级more在前。 形副单词多音节，最高级前the most。 1.表示由动词加-ing或-ed构成的形容词。 2.表示由形容词加后缀-ly构成的副词。 3.表示部分双音节及多音节词。
tall-- taller short-- shorter long-- longer fat-- fatter heavy-- heavier thin -- thinner cute -- cuter clever-- cleverest
strict -- stricter kind -- kinder nice -- nicer calm -- calmer wild -- wilder smart -- smarter quiet -- quieter loud-louder shy -- shier lovely -- lovelier pretty-- prettier ugly-uglier funny -- funnier friendly --friendlier / less friendly happy--happier lazy -- lazier
popular -- more popular outgoing – more outgoing talented -- more talented serious –more/less serious active -- more active athletic --more athletic handsome --more handsome beautiful -- more beautiful hardworking – more/ less hardworking
( jump) high -- higher ( run ) fast -- faster ( work ) hard -- harder ( get up ) early -- earlier ( sing ) well -- sing better late -- later ( dance ) well -- dance better
( play basketball ) well -- (play basketball ) better
be good at -- be better at ( feel )good -- ( feel )better
(sing) clearly -- (sing) more clearly (speak) loudly -- (speak) more loudly calmly -- more calmly wildly -- more wildly quietly -- more quietly seriously --more seriously actively -- more actively
Unit5 Do you want to watch a game show?
think of认为 learn from从……获得；向……学习 find out查明；弄清楚 talk show谈话节目
game show游戏节目 soap opera肥皂剧 go on发生 watch a movie看电影 a pair of一双；一对
try one‘s best尽某人最大努力 as famous as与……一样有名 have a discussion about就……讨论
one day有一天 such as例如 dress up打扮；梳理 take sb.‘s place代替；替换 do a good job干得好 something enjoyable令人愉快的东西 interesting information有趣的资料
one of……之一 look like看起来像 around the world全世界 a symbol of……的象征
let sb. do sth.让某人做某事 plan to do sth.计划/打算做某事 hope to do sth.希望做某事
happen to do sth.碰巧做某事 expect to do sth.盼望做某事 How about doing…?做……怎么样？
be ready to do sth.乐于做某事 try one‘s best to do sth.尽力做某事 1.the other, the others, other, others,another 辨析
the other 表示特指两个或者两部份中的另一个或另一部分，可直接单数名词或复数名词。表示两个中的一个……另一个……时，常用one …the other…。例： He has two brothers, one is a teacher, the other is a doctor.
There are forty students in our class. twenty-one are girls, the other nineteen are boys. the others 特指某一范围内的其他的（人或物），是the other的复数形式，相当于the other+复数名词。the other + 复数名词 = any other + 名词单数。例： You two stay here, the others go with me.
I‘m different from Jeff because I‘m louder than the other kids (any other kid) in my class. other 作代词或形容词，可修饰可数名词单数或复数。例： We learn Chinese, Maths, English and other subjects. others 作代词，泛指―其他的人或物‖。 例：
Some students are doing homework,others are talking loudly. another 泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的―另一个‖，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。例： I don‘t like this one. Please show me another one.
3.find out 查明，弄清楚，find 找到
Please find out when Mrs Green will go to Beijing. 4. go on 发生，与 take place 同义
I wonder what was going on.
翻译：隔壁发生了什么？ ？ 1. happen v.发生，一般指偶然发生，主语为事，不能为人。
Sth + happens to sb. A traffic accident happened to his elder brother yesterday. Sth + happens + 地点/时间，意为：某地/某时发生了某事 An accident happened on Park Street.
happen v，表示―碰巧‖，主语可以是人，后常跟动词不定式to,表示―碰巧……‖. Sb + happens to do sth.
I happened to see my uncle on the street.
* take place 意为―发生，举行，举办‖，一般指非偶然性事件的―发生‖，即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排。例： Great changes have taken place in China. The meeting will take place next Friday.
2. expect v. 期待，盼望，预期，后常接四种结构：
1)expect + 名词/代词，期待某事/某人，预计……可能发生。 I‘m expecting Li Lin‘s letter. 2)expect to do sth. 预计做某事 Lily expects to come back next week. 3)expect sb. to do sth.期望某人做某事 I expect my mother to come back early. 4)expect + 从句 预计……
I expected that I‘ll come back next Monday.
7. serious a. 严肃的，认真的。 He is a serious man. be serious about sb/sth. 对某人/某事当真
Peter is serious about Jenny. He wants to get married to her.
be serious about doing sth. 对某事当真 ____He‘s serious about selling his house. take sth. seriously 认真对待某事 动词不定式做宾语
Unit6 I‘m going to study computer science. grow up成长；长大 every day每天 be sure about对……有把握 make sure确信；务必
send…to…把……送到…… be able to能 the meaning of……的意思 different kinds of不同种类的
write down写下；记下 have to do with关于；与……有关系 take up开始做；学着做
hardly ever几乎不；很少 too…to…太……而不能……/太……以至于不能
be going to+动词原形 打算做某事 practice doing练习做某事 keep on doing sth.不断地做某事
learn to do sth.学会做某事 finish doing sth.做完某事 promise to do sth.许诺去做
某事
help sb. to do sth.帮助某人做某事 remember to do sth.记住做某事 agree to do sth.同意做某事
love to do sth.喜爱做某事 want to do sth.想要做某事 1 promise vt. 保证，许诺。有三种结构：
1)promise to do sth. _____My mother promised to buy a piano for me. 2)promise sb. sth. _____ My aunt promised me a bike.
3)promise + that 从句_____ Tom promises that he can return on time. promise n. 允诺， 诺言 make a promise
Lily is a dishonest girl. She never keeps a promise. 2.when 与 while 的区别：
when 表示―当…时候‖，既指时间点，又指一段时间，when 引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性的也可以是延续性的。When the teacher came in, the students were talking. When she arrives, I‘ll call you.
while 表示―当…时候‖，仅指一段时间，从句中的动作必须是延续性的，一般强调主从句的动作同时发生， while 还可以作并列连词，意为― 而、却‖，表示对比关系。 Lisa was singing while her mother was playing piano. Tom is strong while his younger brother is week.
3. practice vt. 练习， 后接名词，代词或v-ing 作宾语。 Your elder sister is practicing playing the guitar in the room. 常跟v-ing 作宾语的动词有：
考虑建议盼原谅：consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon. 承认推迟没得想： admit, delay/put off, fancy. 避免错过继续练：avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice. 否认完成能欣赏： deny, finish, enjoy, appreciate. 不禁介意与逃亡： can‘t help , mind, escape. 不准冒险凭想象： forbid, risk, imagine. 4. everyday 与 every day 区别
everyday adj. 每天的 在句中作定语，位于名词前。 This is our everyday homework. every day 副词短语， 在句中作状语，位于句首或句末。 He reads books every day. be going to 的用法
1） be going to + 动词原形——表示将来的打算、计划或安排。常与表示将来的tomorrow, next year等时间状语或when 引导的时间状语从句连用。各种句式变换都借助be 动词完成，be随主语有am, is, are 的变换，going to 后接动词原形。http:// w ww.xkb1 . com 肯定句： 主语 + be going to + 动词原形 + 其他。He is going to take the bus there. 否定句： 主语 + be not going to + 动词原形 + 其他 I‘m not going to see my friends this weekend.
一般疑问句： Be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他
肯定回答： Yes, 主语 + be. 否定回答： No, 主语 + be not. Are you going to see your friends this weekend? Yes ,I am. / No, I‘m not. 特殊疑问句： 疑问词 + be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他？
What is he going to do this weekend? When are you going to see your friends?
2) 如果表示计划去某地，可直接用 be going to + 地点
We are going to Beijing for a holiday.
3) 表示位置移动的动词，如go , come, leave 等常用进行时表示将来。 The bus is coming. My aunt is leaving for Beijing next week. 4) be going to 与 will 的区别：
① 对未来事情的预测用― will + 动词原形‖表达，will 没有人称和数的变化，变否定句要在will 后面加not, 也可用will 后面加 not,或者缩略式won‘t, 变一般疑问句将will 提至 句首。
Will planes be large in the future? Yes, they will. / No, they won‘t.
②will 常表示说话人相信或希望要发生的事情，而be going to 指某事肯定发生，常表示事情很快就要发生。 I believe Lucy will be a great doctor. ③ 陈述将来的某个事实用will. I will ten years old next year.
④表示现在巨大将来要做的事情用 will. I‘m tired I will go to bed.
⑤ 表示意愿用will.I‘ll tell you the truth.
⑥ 表示计划、打算要做的事情用 be going to, 而不用 will. I‘m going to buy a computer this month.
---Let‘s discuss the plan, shall we? ----Not now. I ______ to an interview. A. go B. went C. am going D. was going
------Jack is busy packing luggage. ---Yes. He _________for America on vacation. A. leaves B. left C. is leaving D. has been away Unit 7 Will people have robots?
短语：on computers on paper live to be 200 years old free time be in danger on the earth play a part in sth/doing sth live on a space station look for computer programmer in the
future huandreds of the same…as over and over again get bored wake up look like = be like 像… fall down 用法： will + 动词原形 将要做 have to do sth 不得不做某事
fewer/more + 可数名词复数 更少/更多… less/more + 不可数名词 更少/更多 agree with sb. 同意某人的意见 try to do sth. 尽力做某事 disagree with sb. 不同意某人的意见 try doing sth. 尝试做某事 such + 名词（词组） 如此 play a part in doing sth 参与做某事 make sb do sth 让某人做某事 help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事 make sb +adj. 让某人怎么样 help sb (to)do sth 帮助某人做某事 make sb. sth. make me a better person 使我成为更好的人 There will be + 主语 + 其他 将会有…. There is/are + sb. + doing sth 有…正在做…
It is + 形容词 + for sb + to do sth 做某事对某人来说…的 词语辨析： 1. every 与 each 的区别：
every 用来表整体，each 用来表个别。each 最低需是两，every 最低需是三。every adj. every 作主用单数，each 可单也可复，作主、作定用单数，其他情况用复数。 each adj./
pron.
Every teacher knows her.
There are lots of trees on each side of the road.
Each of the road has a dictionary.
2. on the earth 在地球上，作地点状语，位于句首或句末。 on earth 究竟，到底。用于疑问句或副词后，加强语气。
All the living things on the earth depend on the sun. / What on earth do you mean? 3. human, 指包括男人女人孩子的―人，人类‖，有别于动物，自然景物，机器等的特殊群体，也可指具体的人。
person, 无性别之分，常用于数目不太大，而且数目比较精确的场合。 people, 泛指―人们‖，表示复数概念。
man,前不带冠词而且单独使用时，指―男人‖，a man 可指―一个人/ 一个男人‖，复数形式为men.
He was the only human on the island. There are only three persons in the room. There are many people there. Man is stronger than woman.
4. seem 连系动词，好像，似乎，看来。有下面几种用法： seem + 名词 看起来。He seems a nice man.
seem like 好像，似乎。 It seemed like a good idea at the time.
seem to do sth. 似乎/看起来/好像做某事。 I seem to have left my book at home. It seems/seemed that 看起来好像…, 似乎…. He was very happy.
seem to be + 形容词/名词 = seem + 形容词/名词。 She seems to be happy.= She seems happy.
5. probably ad. maybe 相当于 perhaps. 也许，大概，可能。作状语. probably 用于句中，可能性最大。 He will probably come tomorrow. maybe/perhaps 用于句首。 Maybe/Perhaps you are right.
1. during / for / in 介词，在……期间。说到某事是在某一段时间之间发生的用during; 说到某事持续多久则用for; 说到某事具体发生的时间用in. We visited many places of interest during the summer holiday. I‘ve been here for two weeks. They usually leave school in July. 一般将来时结构：
肯定式： 主语 + will/shall + 动词原形 + 其他 will 用于各种人称，shall 用于第一人称。
主语 + be going to + 动词原形 + 其他 be 随人称、数和时间的变化而变换。 否定式： 在will/shall/be 后面加 not. will not = won‘t . 一般疑问句： 将will/shall/be 提到主语前面。 There be 句型的一般将来时：
There will be + 主语 + 其他 ，意为 ：将会有。一般疑问句形式为： Will there be + 主语 + 其他。
肯定回答是： Yes, there will. 否定回答是： No, there won‘t.
否定形式是：There won‘t be + 主语 + 其他， 将不会有…… 特殊疑问句是: 疑问词/ 词组 + 一般疑问句？ When will there be a nice basketball match?
Traveling to space is no longer just a dream. Russia______the first hotel in space in the near future. A. builds B. will build C. built D. has built There ______ a football match on CCTV-5 at nine tomorrow evening. A. will have B. is going to be C . is having In 50 years there _______more robots in people‘s homes. A. were B. will have C. will be D. have --Will people live to be 300 years old? ---_________.
A. No, they aren‘t B. No, they won‘t C. No, they don‘t D. No, they can‘t. They ______any classes next week. A. will have B. won‘t have C. have D. had
Unit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake?
短语：milk shake turn on pour into a cup of yogurt
Sounds like a good idea/plan. on Saturday cut up put into one more thing=another thing a piece of bread at this time
a few/ few （几乎没有） fill…with… cover…with… one by one a long time
短语用法：How many + 可数名词复数 How much + 不可数名词 let sb. + do sth. want + to do sth. forget + to do sth. how + to do sth. There are many reasons for 一段时间 +ago by + doing sth. need + to do sth. make + 宾语 + 形容词 It‘s time(for sb) + to do sth First…Next…Then…Finally…
句型：Turn on the blender. How do you make a banana milk shake? How many bananas do we need? How much yogurt do we need? Now, it‘s time to enjoy the rice noodles! 语法：主谓一致判断法：
1. 不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2. 动名词或动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
3. either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also..连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与邻近的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
4. 在here, there 开头的倒装句中，谓语动词与后面的名词在数上保持一致。 词语辨析：
1. turn on 打开，接通（电源，气，水），反义词是turn off. turn up/turn down 调高/低音量。
2. pour…into… 将…倒入/灌入… into 是：进入… in 是：在…内。
在put, throw, break, lay, fall 等动词之后，既可用in，也可用into。但in可作副词，into不能。
He put all the books in/into the bag. Come in!
3. 有关make 的短语： make the bed 铺床 make tea 沏茶 make trouble 惹麻烦
make money 赚钱 make a decision 做决定 make a telephone call 打电话 make a visit 拜访 make a mistake 犯错误 make a noise 弄出噪音 make a living 谋生 make sure 务必
4. one more thing = another one thing 基数词 + more + 名词 = another + 基数词 + 名词
5. fill with 用…填充… be filled with = be full of 充满….
The boy filled the bottle with sand. / The bag was full of clothes.
6. cover…with… 用…把…覆盖 be covered with 被…所覆盖。 cover n. 封面，盖子。 Ann covered her face with her hands. / The cover of the magazine is nice. 7. It‘s time (for sb) to do sth. 到某人做某事的时候了。 It‘s time for sth. 到做某事的时候了。 Unit 9 Can you come to my party?
短语：on Saturday afternoon have to prepare for an exam
go to the doctor/dentist have the flu help my parents come to the party meet my friend go to the party too much homework
go to the movies another time last fall hang out after school on the weekend study for a test visit grandparents
the day before yesterday the day after tomorrow look after have a piano lesson accept an invitation turn down an invitation take a trip at the end of this month at the beginning of this month look forward to doing sth. the opening of go shopping too much homework go to the concert not…until reply in writing 书面回复 reply to sth/sb. 回复 短语用法：
invite sb. to do sth. What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 （+ 主语 + 谓语）！ help sb. (to) do sth What + 形容词 + 名词复数/不可数名词（+ 主语 + 谓语）！ be sad to do sth. see sb to do sth / see sb doing sth the best way to do sth. have a surprise party for sb
What‘s today? What‘s the date today? What day is it today? 句型：Can you come to my party on Saturday afternoon?
Sure, I‘d love to. / Sorry， I can‘t. I have to prepare for an exam.
1. prepare意为―准备‖，强调准备的动作与过程。宾语是这一动作的承受者。其后也可接双宾语，还可接不定式。 prepare for sth. 为…准备好。for的宾语不是动作的承受者，而是表示准备的目的，即所要应付的情况。 / prepare to do sth 准备做某事。
prepare 强调准备的动作与过程。宾语是这一动作的承受者。其后也可接双宾语，还可接不定式。
get/be ready意为―准备好‖，强调准备的结果。常见结构有：①be ready(for sth．)②get sth. ready ③be ready(for sth)④be get ready to do(准备干某事，乐于干某事) We _____ the mid-term examination.
Miss Li said, ―Everyone should ______before class.
2. have the flu 患感冒 have a cold 感冒 have a cough 咳嗽 have a fever 发烧 have a sore throat 喉咙痛 have a headache 头痛 have a toothache 牙痛
3. hang out 常去某处，泡在某处 hang on 紧紧抓住 hang about 闲荡 hang up 挂电话，悬挂，挂起
4. catch you = bye bye catch a cold 感冒 catch sb‘s eye 引起某人注意 catch the train 赶上火车
catch up with 赶上，，跟上 catch hold of 抓住
5.accept 接受 , 反义词为： refuse。 accept指主观上愿意接受，receive 收到，指客观上收到或拿到，但主观上不一定会接受。 I received his gift yesterday, but I wouldn‘t like to accept it.
1. turn down = refuse 拒绝 turn up 放大，调高 turn over 翻身 take turns 依次，轮流
2. help sb.(to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 help sb. with sth 在某方面帮助人 help oneself to sth 随便吃
3. at the end of 在…末尾，在…尽头， by the end of 到…末为止 in the end of 终于 4. surprised 形容词，感到意外的，主语是人be surprised to do sth 对做某事感到意外 surprising 形容词，令人惊讶的，主语是物 The news was surpring.
surprise 名词，惊奇、惊讶 to one‘s surprise 动词，使惊奇，使感到意外 It surprise sb to do sth.
5. look forward to 期待，盼望，to 是介词，后跟名词，代词或动名词作宾语。 hear from sb. 收到某人的来信 = receive a letter from sb. hear of = hear about 听说
6. make it 在约定的时间内到达，能够来 = arrive in time; Glad you could make it. 商量确定的时间，表示将来某项计划的安排，后接时间状语。 Let‘s make it at seven o‘clock on Tuesday.
成功办成某事 = succeed After years of hard work, he finally made it.
7. reply 回答，指用口头或书面形式回答，不及物动词 reply to sb/sth. 对…..作出回答。 作及物动词，意为 回答，回答说。作名词，意为：答道，回信，答复，后跟介词 to . answer 是最普通的用语，包括口头，书面或行动的回答，可作及物和不及物动词。 Unit 10 If you go to the party, you‘ll have a great time!
短语：go to the party have a great /good time stay at home take the bus tomorrow night have a class party have a class meeting half the class make some food at the party order food potato chips be angry with sb. give sb some advice travel around the world go to
college make（a lot of）money get an education work hard a soccer player keep…to oneself talk to sb.
in life in the end be angry at/about sth make mistakes in the future run away the first step in half solve a problem school clean-up
习惯用法： ask sb. to do sth give sb sth. tell sb. to do sth it‘s too…to do sth be afraid to do sth. advise sb to do sth It‘s best (not)to do sth. need to do sth
语法：I think I‘ll take the bus to the party. If you do, you‘ll be late. What will happen if they have the party today? If they have it today, half the class won‘t come.
Should we ask people to bring food? If we ask people to bring food, they‘ll just bring potato chips and chocolate.
八年级上册英语语法复习 全册
1) leave的用法
1.―leave+地点‖表示―离开某地‖。例如：
When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.―leave for+地点‖表示―动身去某地‖。例如：
Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.―leave+地点+for+地点‖表示―离开某地去某地‖。例如：
Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should―应该‖学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有―竟会‖的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？
Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点：
1. 用于表示―应该‖或―不应该‖的概念。常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2.用于提出意见劝导别人。例如：
You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...?
1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于：
What does your father do? What is your father's job?
Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如： ---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特？
---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。
2.What...? 是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制；而 Which...? 是特指，所指的事物有范围的限制。如：
What color do you like best?（所有颜色）你最喜爱什么颜色？ Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? 你最喜爱哪一种颜色？ （有特定的范围）
3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如： Which pictures are from China? 哪些图片来自中国？ 4) 频度副词的位置
1.常见的频度副词有以下这些： always（总是，一直） usually（通常） often（常常，经常） sometimes（有时候） never（从不） 2.频度副词的位置：
a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如：
David is often arrives late for school.大卫上学经常迟到。 b.放在行为动词前。如：
We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天经常在7:10去上学。 c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。如： Sometimes I walk home, sometime I ride a bike. 有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。 3.never放在句首时，主语、谓语动词要倒装。如： Never have I been there.我从没到过那儿。 5) every day 与 everyday
1. every day 作状语，译为―每一天‖。如： We go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天7：10去上学。
I decide to read English every day. 我决定每天读英语。
2. everyday 作定语，译为―日常的‖。
She watches everyday English on TV after dinner. 她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。
What's your everyday activity? 你的日常活动是什么？ 6) 什么是助动词
1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如： He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义） 2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来： a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。 He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗？ d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如： I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3.最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 7) forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do
1.forget to do忘记要去做某事(未做)；forget doing忘记做过某事(已做) The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作) Don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做) 典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh，I forgot___. A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。 2.remember to do记得去做某事(未做)； remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。 Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 8) It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如： easy, hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词。如： good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 3.for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。) 9) 对两个句子的提问
新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势，现在采取的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如：
句子：The boy in blue has three pens.
提问：1. Who has three pens? 2. Which boy has three pens? 3. What does the boy in blue have?
4. How many pens does the boy in blue have?
很显然，学生多了更多的回答角度，也体现了考试的灵活性。再如： 句子：He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday. 提问：1. Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 2. Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 3. What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 4. With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday? 5. What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday? 6. When does he usually go to the park with his friends? 10) so、such与不定冠词的使用
1.so与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为―so+形容词+a/an+名词‖。如： He is so funny a boy.
Jim has so big a house.
2.such与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为―such+a/an+形容词+名词‖。如： It is such a nice day.
That was such an interesting story. 11) 使用-ing分词的几种情况 1.在进行时态中。如：
He is watching TV in the room.
They were dancing at nine o'clock last night. 2.在there be结构中。如：
There is a boy swimming in the river. 3.在have fun/problems结构中。如： We have fun learning English this term.
They had problems getting to the top of the mountain. 4.在介词后面。如：
Thanks for helping me.
Are you good at playing basketball？ 5.在以下结构中： enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事 finish doing sth 完成做某事 feel like doing sth 想要做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 go on doing sth 继续做某事 remember doing sth 记得做过某事 like doing sth 喜欢做某事
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事 find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事
see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/听到/观看某人做某事 try doing sth 试图做某事 need doing sth 需要做某事 prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事 mind doing sth 介意做某事 miss doing sth 错过做某事 practice doing sth 练习做某事 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事 12) 英语中的―单数‖
1.主语的第三人称单数形式，即可用―he, she, it‖代替的。如： he,she, it，my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle 2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如：
man（单数）---men（复数） banana（单数）---bananas（复数） 3.动词有原形，第三人称单数形式，-ing分词，过去式，过去分词。如： go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
当主语为第三人称单数的时候，谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如： The boy wants to be a sales assistant. Our English teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself. 13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式
名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。 I 名词复数的规则变化
1.一般在名词词尾加-s。如：
pear---pears hamburger---hamburgers desk---desks tree---trees 2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词，词尾加-es。如： class---classes dish---dishes watch---watches box---boxes 3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词，词尾加-es。如： potato---potatoes tomato---tomatoes Negro---Negroes hero---heroes
4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，将-y变为-i,再加-es。如： family---families dictionary---dictionaries
city---cities country---countries
5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词，将-f或-fe变为-v，再加-es。如： half---halves leaf---leaves thief---thieves knife---knives self---selves wife---wives
life---lives wolf---wolves shelf---shelves loaf---loaves 但是：
scarf---scarves(fes) roof---roofs serf---serfs gulf---gulfs chief---chiefs proof---proofs belief---beliefs II 名词复数的不规则变化 1.将-oo改为--ee。如：
foot---feet tooth---teeth 2.将-man改为-men。如：
man---men woman---women policeman---policemen postman---postmen 3.添加词尾。如： child---children 4.单复数同形。如：
sheep---sheep deer---deer
fish---fish people---people
5.表示―某国人‖的单、复数变化。即―中日瑞不变英法变，其它国把-s加后面‖。如： Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese Swiss---Swiss Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen American---Americans Australian---Australians Canadian---Canadians Korean---Koreans Russian---Russians Indian---Indians 6.其它。如： mouse---mice
apple tree---apple trees man teacher---men teachers 14) 双写最后一个字母的-ing分词 初中阶段常见的有以下这些：
1.let→letting 让 hit→hitting 打、撞
cut→cutting 切、割 get→getting 取、得到 sit→sitting 坐 forget→forgetting 忘记 put→putting 放 set→setting 设置 babysit→babysitting 临时受雇照顾婴儿
2.shop→shopping 购物 trip→tripping 绊
stop→stopping 停止 drop→dropping 放弃 3.travel→travel(l)ing 旅游 swim→swimming 游泳 run→running 跑步 dig→digging 挖、掘 begin→beginning 开始 prefer→preferring 宁愿 plan→planning 计划
15) 肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词
1.some变为any。如：
There are some birds in the tree.→There aren't any birds in the tree. 但是，若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中，some可以不变。如：
Would you like some orange juice?
与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。 2.and变为or。如：
I have a knife and a ruler.→I don't have a knife or a ruler. 3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much。如：
They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）→They don't have many friends. There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可数名词） →There isn't much orange in the bottle. 4.already变为yet。如：
I have been there already.→I haven't been there yet. 16) in与after
in 与 after 都可以表示时间，但二者有所区别。
1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中，以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间。如： He will leave for Beijing in a week. 一周后他会动身去北京。
2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中，以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间。如： He left for Beijing after a week. 一周后他动身去了北京。 不过，如果after后跟的是具体的时刻，它也可用于将来时。如： We will finish the work after ten o'clock.十点后我们会完成工作的。 3.注意区分以下的in的用法。
I'll visit him in a week. 一周后我会去拜访他。
I'll visit him twice in a week. 一周内我会去拜访他两次。 17) 不定冠词a与an的使用
1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如：
There is a \"b\" in the word \"book\". 单词book中有个字母b。 类似的字母还有：c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。 She has a small knife. 她有一把小刀。 2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如：
There is an \"i\" in the word \"onion\". 单词onion中有个字母i。 类似的字母还有：a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。 Do you have an umbrella? 你有一把雨伞吗？
3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用an；以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用a。如：
a useful book a universe a one-letter word an hour an uncle an umbrella an honest person
18) 如何表达英语中的―穿、戴‖？
英语中表示―穿、戴‖的表达方法有好几种，常见的有以下这些： 1.put on 主要表达―穿‖的动作。如：
He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。
You'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。 2.wear 主要表示―穿、戴‖的状态。如：
The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。 The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。
3.dress 可作及物动词，有―给......穿衣‖的意思，后接―人‖，而不是―衣服‖。如： Please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。 dress 也可作不及物动词，表示衣着的习惯。如：
The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。 4.be in 表示穿着的状态。如：
John is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。 The man in black is a football coach. 19) a little, a few 与 a bit (of)
a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有―一些、少量‖的意义。他们的区别: 1.a little 意为―一些、少量‖，后接不可数名词。如： There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水。 还可以接形容词。如：
He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。
2.a few 意为―一些、少数‖，后接复数的可数名词。如： There are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人。 3.a bit 意为―一点儿‖，后接形容词。如： It's a bit cold. 有点冷。 a bit of 后接不可数名词。如：
He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱。
4.a little和a few表肯定意义，little和few表否定意义。如： There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水。 There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了。 I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中国朋友。 Few people like him. 几乎没有人喜欢他。 5.a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词；
a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词，意为―有点儿‖。 20) 关于like的用法
like 可以作动词，也可以作介词。
1.like 作动词，表示一般性的―爱好、喜欢‖，有泛指的含义。如： Do you like the color? 你喜爱这种颜色吗？
like 后可接不定式（like to do sth），也可接动词的-ing分词（like doing sth），有时意思不尽相同。如：
She likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果。（习惯）
She likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。（平常不喜欢吃） like 与 would 连用，后接不定式，表示愿望或客气的请求。如： Would you like a cup of tea? 您愿意喝杯茶吗？
―喜欢某人做某事‖可以用结构―like sb to do sth/doing sth‖。如：
They all like me to sing/singing English songs. 他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。 2.like 作介词，可译成―像......‖。如：
She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好，就像母亲一样。 It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。 3.区分以下句子：
A. What does he look like? 他长相如何？(指一个人的外貌特征) B. What is he like? 他人怎么样？ (指人的性格特点) C. The boy like Peter is over there. (句指外貌相似) D. A boy like Peter can't do it. (指性格相似) 21) stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth
1.stop to do sth 意为―停下来去做某事‖。如：
The students stop to listen to their teacher. 生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。 2.stop doing sth 意为―停止做某事‖。如：
The students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话。
与它们相反的句式是：go on to do sth ―继续做某事（与刚才一事不同）‖和 go on doing sth ―继续做某事（与刚才同一件事）‖。如：
He finishes his homework and goes on to study English. 他完成了作业，接着继续去念英语。
They went on playing games. 他们继续玩游戏。 22) tell, speak, say 与 talk
1.tell 意为―告诉、讲述‖，指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。如： He tells me that he wants to be a teacher. 他告诉我说他想成为一位教师。 Father always tells interesting stories to us.爸爸总是给我们讲有趣的故事。 tell sb sth 意为―告知某人某事‖。如：
He told me something about his past. 他告诉我一些他的往事。 tell sb to do sth 意为―告诉某人去做某事‖。如：
David told his son to do the homework. 大卫要他的儿子去做作业。 2.speak 意为―说话、讲话‖，后面主要接语言。如：
He can speak English and a little Chinese. 他能讲英语和一点汉语。 speak to 意为―和.....讲话、谈话‖。如：
Can I speak to Mr Zhang? 我能和张先生讲话吗？ speak of 意为―提到、说起‖。如：
The book speaks of my hometown. 那本书提到我的家乡。
3.talk 意为―谈话、讲话‖，如果只有一方对另一方说话时，一般用 talk to；如果双方或多方交谈，多用 with。如：
Please talk to him right now. 请立即同他谈话。 He is talking with his friend. 他在和朋友交谈。 talk about 意为―谈论......‖。如：
They are talking about the movie. 他们在谈论那部电影。 have a talk with 意为―与......交谈‖。如：
Can I have a talk with you? 我可以和你交谈吗？ 4.say 意为―说‖。如：
Can you say it in English once more? 你能用英语再说一遍吗？ say to 意为―对......说‖。如：
He said to his students that they would have a test. 他对他的学生说他们将有一个测试。 It is said that... 意为―据说‖。如：
It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time. 据说他能呆在水里很长时间。 23) Excuse me! 与 I'm sorry!
1. Excuse me! 意为―打搅了！对不起！‖，一般是为了与陌生人搭话，或者要打断对方所说（做）的事。如：
Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood? 请问，附近有旅馆吗？ Excuse me, could I say something? 打搅一下，我能说一些吗？ 2. I'm sorry! 意为―对不起！‖，表示道歉。如：
I'm sorry, Mr Zhang. I won't do it again. 对不起，张先生。我不会这么做了。 24) 表示时间的 in、on 与 at
in, on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词（组）连用。 1.in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间。如：
in the morning 在上午 in May, 2004 在2004年五月 in a week 在一周之内（后）
It's Sunday, I can finish it in two days.
现在是星期天，我能在两天后完成。（星期二）
Rome was not built in a day. 罗马不是在一天内建起来的。 2. n 主要指在具体的一天。如：
on Sunday 在星期天 on May Day 在―五一‖节 on a hot afternoon 在一个炎热的下午
He arrived in Beijing on April 26,2004. 他于2004年4月26日到达北京。 3.at 表示时间的一点或比较短的时间。如： at 8:00 在八点 at noon 在中午
I always get up at 6:00 every morning. 我总是每天早晨六点起床。 It's always warm at this time of year. 每年的这个时候总是暖和的。 25) Other及其用法
Other 及其相近的词（组），如 others, the other, the others, another, any other 等，一直是中学生朋友们比较困扰的问题，平常的考试、作业中经常出错。下面是它们的一些用法： 1.other 指其余的人或物，所有格是 other's，复数形式是 others;the other 指―两个人或物中的另一个‖，其复数形式是 the others;others相当于―other + 名词‖，所以不能充当定语，修饰名词。others指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分，但不是全部的，即 some...others （一些...其余的人...）;the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部，即some...the others.
2.another泛指三个以上的不定数目中的―另外一个‖。由 an 和 other 合并构成，所以不能和冠词连用。another 修饰单数名词，比如：another pencil.
3.any other 指除去本身以外的―任何其他的人或物‖，后面要用名词的单 数形式。
26) look 短语
常见的look短语有以下这些：
1.look at 朝......看 (look at=have a look at) Please look at the map of China.请看中国地图。 2.look for 寻找
The old man is looking for his dog. 老人在寻找他的狗。 3.look like 看起来像
Nancy looks like her mother. 南希看起来像她母亲。 4.look the same 看上去一样
Li Ping and Li Jing look the same. 李萍和李晶看上去一样。 5.look up 查找
Please look up the word in the dictionary.请在词典中查找这个单词。 6.look over 仔细检查
The doctor looked over Mary carefully. 医生仔细检查了玛丽。 7.look after 照顾，照看
You must look after your old father. 你必须照顾你的老父亲。 8.look around 到处寻找、查看
We looked around, but we found nothing strange. 我们四处查看，但是我们没有发现奇怪的东西。 27) too，also与either
1.too用于肯定句和疑问句，一般放在句尾，其前常加逗号。如： We are in the same school, too. 我们也在相同的学校。 Do you play soccer every day, too? 你也每天踢足球吗？ 2.also用于肯定句和疑问句，一般位于实义动词前、be动词后。如： Sandra is also a Korean student. Sandra 也是一个韩国学生。 3.either用于否定句，一般放在句末。如：
They don't know the answer, either. 她们也不知道答案。 4.as well as也有―也‖的意思。如：
We have great mushroom pizza as well as soda. He is a happy boy as well. 28) hard与hardly
1.hard既可作形容词，也可作副词。如：
It's a hard (adj.) question. (=difficult) 这是一个难的问题。 The boy studies very hard (adv.). 那男孩学习非常努力。 句子结构：It's hard for sb to do sth 做某事对某人来说是难的。如： It's hard for him to finish the work. 完成那项工作对他来说很难。 注意区分：hard work 困难的工作 work hard 努力工作
2.hardly是频度副词，表示否定的意思。（=almost not）通常用在形容词、副词和动词之前。如：
I can hardly see it. 我几乎看不到它。 29) sometime,sometimes,some time与some times
记忆：sometimes(有时)some times(好几次)sometime(某一次)some time(一段) 口诀：有s是有时，有时分开好几次，无s是某时，某时分开是一段。
1.sometime是时间副词，指不确定的将来或过去某一点时间（某时候或任何时候），不指一段时间。如：
We'll go to Beijing sometime next month. 我们下个月某一时候会去北京。 2.sometimes是频度副词，指―有时‖、―不时‖的意思（=at times）。如： Sometimes I get up very late on Sunday morning. 有时候我在星期天早晨起得很晚。
3.some time是名词词组，指一段时间（一些时间或若干时间）。如： It took him some time to finish the book.她花了一些时间去完成作业。 4.some times指―几次‖。如：
He met the woman some times last month. 上个月他见过那妇女几次。 30) exercise的一些用法
1.作不及物动词，译为―运动，锻炼‖。如：
David exercises every morning. 大卫每天早晨进行锻炼。 2.作及物动词，译为―训练‖。如：
Swimming exercises the whole body. 游泳能使身体得到全面的锻炼。 3.作名词，译为―体育锻炼、运动、体操、练习题‖等。如：
It's good to do eye exercises every day. 每天做眼保键操对眼睛有好处。 Please do more exercise from now on. 从今以后请多做运动吧。 I have lots of homework to do tonight. 今晚我有很多的作业要做。
4.注意：exercise指具体运动或体操时是可数名词，复数形式为exercises；泛指运动时是不可数名词。 31) maybe与may be
1.maybe是副词，译为―也许、可能‖，相当于―perhaps‖。如： Maybe he can answer the question. 也许他能回答那个问题。 He maybe is from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。 2.may be中的may为情态动词，译为―可能是......‖。如： He may be from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。 She may be our English teacher. 她可能是我们的英语老师。 32) same与different
1.same指―相同的‖，前面通常要有一个定冠词the，但是如果same前面已经有this，those等词，就不能再与the连用了。如：
We are in the same class. 我们在同一个班级。 结构：the same as 与......一样 如：
His mark is the same as mine. 他的分数和我的分数一样。 2.different译为―不同的‖，其后的可数名词应为复数形式。如： We are in different classes. 我们在不同的班级。 结构：be different from 与......不同 如：
This sweater is different from that one. 这件毛衣与那一件不同。 different的名词形式为difference, 复数形式为differences。 33) 动词want的用法
1. want sth. 想要某物
They want some help. 他们需要一些帮助。 2. want sb. to do sth. 想要某人去做某事
My father wants me to help him on the farm. 我父亲要我在农场上帮他。 3. want to do sth. 想要做某事
I want to study English in England. 我想要在英国学习英语。 4.want doing 需要...
Your sweater wants washing. 你的运动衣该洗了。 34) be good(bad) for、be good at的相关用法 1.be good for 对......有益
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.做早操对你们的建康有益。 2.be good at 擅长于......
Li Ping is good at basketball. 李平擅长于篮球。
= Li Ping is good at playing basketball. 李平擅长于打篮球。 be good at = do well in 如：
I'm good at math. = I do well in math. 我擅长于数学。 3.be good to 对......好
Parents are always good to their children. 父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。 35) how many与how much
1.how many表示―多少‖，对数量提问，后面接可数名词的复数形式。如： There are four people in my family.
---How many people are in your family? 你家里有几个人？ We have seven classes every day.
---How many classes do you have every day? 你们每天上几节课？ 2.how much也是表示―多少‖，但它对不可数名词进行提问。如： There is some milk in the bottle.
---How much milk is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少牛奶？ 3.how much还可以对价格提问，表示―多少钱‖的意思。如： The yellow T-shirt is only 35 yuan.
---How much is the yellow T-shirt? 那件黄色的T恤衫多少钱？ 36) with的几个用法
1.with表―和、同、与‖。如：
Can you go to the park with me? 你能和我一起去公园吗？ 2.with表―用、以、被‖。如：
Don't write with the red pen. 不要用那支红色的钢笔写字。 3.with表―随着‖。如：
Climate varies with the time of the year. 气候随着时令的不同而不同。 4.with表―带有、有......的‖。如：
The girl with long hair is my classmate. 长头发的女孩是我的同学。 5.with表―因为、由于‖。如：
They were angry with hard work. 他们因为艰难的工作而生气。 6.一些with结构：
play with 与......一起玩
be angry with 对......生气 talk with 与......交谈 get on well with与......相处融洽 37) a lot of(lots of)与many,much
1.a lot of意为―许多、大量‖,相当于lots of.它既可以修饰可数名词，又 可以修饰不可数名词。如：
I have a lot of friends in China. 我在中国有很多朋友。 The old man has lots of money. 那位老人有很多的钱。 2.many意为―许多‖.它用来修饰可数名词。如：
Do you have many beautiful skirts? 你有很多漂亮的裙子吗？ 3.much意为―大量‖.它用来修饰不可数名词。如：
There is much water in the lake. 湖里有大量的水。
4.a lot of（=lots of）用在肯定句中，而many，much不受限制。如果将一个含有a lot of（=lots of）的肯定句改为否定句或疑问句，要将它们改为many或much。如： We can see a lot of birds in the tree.
---We can't see many birds in the tree. 我们在树上看不到很多鸟儿。 He wants lots of soda.
---Does he want much soda? 他需要许多汽水吗？ 38) help用法举例
help既可以作名词，也可以作动词。 1.help作名词，意为―帮助‖。如：
He needs some help. 他需要一些帮助。 2.help作动词，也是―帮助‖的意思。如： Can you help me? 你能帮帮我吗？ 3.help的结构：
help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 =help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事 如：They want to help the boy carry the heavy box. =They want to help the boy with the heavy box. 他们想要帮助那位男孩搬那个重箱子。 39) well的用法
well可以作副词，也可以作形容词。 1.well作副词，意为―（某事干得）好‖。如： The boy draws very well. 男孩画得很好。 2.well作形容词，意为―健康、安好‖。如： I'm not feeling well. 我觉得不舒服。 40) ago与before
ago与before都表示―......以前‖，但用法有所区别。
1.ago意为―以前‖，表示从此刻算起的若干时间之前，常用于过去时的句子中。如： He took a photo a week ago. 他一周前照了一张相片。 2.before作为副词时表示：
a.从过去某一时刻算起的若干时间以前，用于过去完成时的句子中。如： The boy had already seen the comedy before. 那男孩以前已经看过那部喜剧片了。
b.笼统的―以前‖，用于一般过去时或现在完成时的句子中，一般单独使用，而ago不可以单独使用。如：
He's read this novel before. 他以前读过这部小说。 41) need的用法
1.need作实义动词，意为―需要‖。如：
Do you need to stay at home? 你要呆在家里吗？ 2.need作情态动词，一般用于对must的否定回答。如： ---Must he leave now? 他必须离开吗？ ---No, he needn't. 不，他不必。 3.区分：
a.need作实义动词。 He needs to go. He doesn't need to go. Does he need to go?
Yes, he does./No, he doesn't.
b.need作情态动词，一般不用于肯定句。 He needn't go. Need he go?
Yes, he need./No, he needn't. 42) decide的几种句式
1.decide to do sth 决定去做某事
They decide to fly kite on weekend. 他们决定在周末去放风筝。 2.decide on doing sth 决定做某事
They decide on flying kites. 他们决定放风筝。 3.decide on sth 就某事决定......
Betty decided on the red skirt. 贝蒂选定了那条红裙子。
4.decide的名词形式为decision，结构：make a decision，意为―做决定‖。如： He has made a decision. 他已经做一个决定了。 43) too many,too much与much too
1.too many意为―太多‖，用于修饰可数名词的复数。如：
There are too many students in our class. 我们班上有太多的学生。 2.too much意为―太多‖，用于修饰不可数名词。如：
We have too much work to do. 我们有太多的工作要做。 3.much too表示―太‖，用来修饰形容词或副词。如： The box is much too heavy, so I can't carry it. 箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。 44) can的用法 1.表示能力。如：
We can carry the heavy box. 我们可以搬得动箱子。
Who can sing an English song? 谁会唱英文歌？ 2.表示惊讶、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。如： Can it be true? 这会是真的吗？ You can't be serious? 你不会当真吧？ 3.表示允许，意思与may相近，主要用于口语中。如： Can I smoke here? 我可以在这儿吸烟吗？ Can I go with him? 我可以跟他一起去吗？
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