情态动词should

1. (shall的过去式,表示过去将来)将会

We hoped that we should be able to do that. 我们希望我们能这样做。 2. should 作为情态动词，可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作“万一”，这时也可将 should 置于从句之首，即将 should 放在主语前面，而省略从属连词 if .例如： ◆If you should fail to come， ask Mrs Chen to work in your place. （= Should you fail to come， ask Mrs Chen to work in your place. ） 万一你来不了，就叫陈夫人代替你。

◆If anyone should come， say I am not at home. （= Should anyone come， say I am not at home. ） 万一有人来访，就说我不在家。

◆ If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go.

（= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go.）

◆If the car should break down on the way, you would have to walk back.

◆Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 万一汽车中途抛锚,你就得走回来。

3. (表示可能性、推测、推论或期待)可能;（按理）应该

She should be here any minute.

她该马上就到。 Dinner should be ready by now.

此刻晚饭应该做好了。 4. (表示义务、责任)应该,应当

You should do as she says. 你应当照她说的去做。 He should work harder. 他应该更加努力。

You should help your mother with the housework. 你应该帮你母亲做家务。

5. should 作为情态动词，可以表示谦逊、客气、委婉之意，译为“可……”、“倒……”。例如： ◆I should say that it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。

◆You are mistaken， I should say.

据我看，你搞错了。 ◆He should expect their basketball team to win the match.

他倒是希望他们的篮球队赢得这场比赛的胜利。

◆Should you like some tea ？ 你可喜欢喝茶？

6. (表示惊讶、责备、不满等)竟然会；居然

I'm sorry it should be this way. 很遗憾,事情竟会是这个样子。 It's strange that he should be absent.

真奇怪,他竟会缺席。 How should I know it ？ 我怎么会知道这件事？

Why should you be so late

today ？ 你今天怎么来得这么晚？ I don't see any reason why he shouldn't be happy.

我不明白为什么他居然不愉快。

Shall的用法:

助词 v.aux.

1. (用于第一人称,表示将来)将,会

I shall be thirty next year. 明年我就三十岁了。

2. (用在问句中表示征求对方意见,主要用于第一、第三人称)...好吗?要不要...?

Shall we begin now? 我们现在开始好吗? Shall I wait outside? 我在外面等好吗?

Shall I turn on the lights? 我开灯好吗?

3. (用于陈述句中的第二、第三人称,

表示说话人的意图、允诺、警告、命令、决心等)必须,应该;一定

You shall have it back next week. （允诺）

下星期一定还你。

He shall stay in bed. （命令） 他必须躺在床上。

You must listen to me, or you shall be punished. (威胁) 4. (用在条约、规章、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,一般用于第三人称)应,必须

Intruders shall be punished. 非法闯入者将遭处罚。 No readers shall remove a book from the library.

Students shall not go out at night.

Will:

1. (表示单纯的将来)将

He will be home at six. 他六点回家。

2. (表示意志决心、意愿)愿,要；一定

You will come, won't you? 你会来的,是不是?

I will never do that again.

3. (表示经常性、习惯性或者规律性)经常,惯于,总是

These things will happen. 这种事总是要发生的。

The car won’t start. 车就是打不开。

The door won’t open. 门就是打不开

名词 n.

1. 意志,毅力;自制力

Jim has a strong will. (坚强的意志)

He had a strong will to beat his opponent.

他有击败对手的强烈欲望。

2. 遗嘱[C]

In her will she left all her money to socirty.

would

助词 v.aux.

1. (will的过去式,表示过去将来时)将

She said she would come. 她说过她会来的。 2. (表示意志)愿,要;偏要

I told her to stop nagging, but she just wouldn't listen. (我叫她别再唠叨,可她就是不听。) 3. (表示过去的习惯)总是,总会 He would sit silent for hours.

他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。 4. (表示推测语气),会 I think he would accept the

invitation.

我想他会接受邀请的。 5. (表示喜欢、意愿)愿意,要,想 I would like to have a word with you.

我想同你说句话。

6. (表示虚拟、假设、条件等)要,将要;会,就会

If I were younger, I would join you in the expedition to the Antarctic. 如果我年轻些,我就会跟你们一起去南极探险。

7. (表示婉转的请求)请

Would it be convenient for you to leave tomorrow? 明天走你方便吗?

Would you please come tonight? 你今晚来一下好吗?

注意：

◆should have p.p/ shouldn’t have p.p

◆ought to have p.p/ oughtn’t to have p.p

◆need have p.p/ needn’t have p.p ◆could have p.p本来可能…; 本来可以…

◆would have p.p 本来会… ◆would like to have p.p= would have liked to do本想要做…

5)With all the work on hand, he____ to the cinema last night. A) mustn't go

B) shouldn't have gone C) could not go D) couldn't have gone

6) Eve was late for class again. She ____earlier.

A) should get up B) must get up C) need to get up D) should have got up

7) When I got to the cinema, the film had already started; I____ there earlier.

A) ought to get

B) ought to have got C) must have got D) must get

8) When we got to the cinema, the film hasn't started yet, so we ____. A) needn't hurry

B) didn't need hurry C) needn't to hurry D) needn't have hurried ★I would like to go with you.

I would like to have gone with you yesterday, but I have an unexpected visitor. ★ He would have survived if you know some first-aid tips.

◆◆ dare

1. dare作情态动词时，其后跟动词原形。如：

How dare you say I'm unfair.

He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he?

He dare not go out at night.

2. dare作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在

否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如： I dare to swim across this river. He does not dare (to) answer.

虚拟条件句：

一、对现在情况的虚拟

条件从句中谓语动词用一般过

去式，主句用

“would/should/might/could+动词原形”形式，表示对现在不可能实现情况的假想。

◆If I were you, I would choose to work in a small town. （事实上我不是你）

◆If I had a map now, we could

easily get out of the forest. （事实上是现在没有地图）

注意：在条件从句中，如果谓语动词是be的形式，不管主语是单数还是复数，书面语中用were,而口语中如果是单数，也可以用was,不过在if I were...中一般用were.

二、对过去情况的虚拟，条件从句中谓语动词用过去完成式，主句用

“would/could/should/might+have+动词的过去分词”形式。 ◆If it had not been for your help yesterday, I could not have caught the bus.

如果昨天没有你的帮助，我不会

赶上公交车。（事实是你昨天已经帮助了我，所以我赶上了车) 三、对将来情况的虚拟

在表示与将来事实相反的条件从句中，谓语动词可用should do / were to do或动词的过去式三种形式表示；主句用“would/ should/might/could+动词原形”。 ◆If things were to be twice，all would be wise.

假如凡是都可以重新做一次，人人皆可成为聪明人。（事实是并不是所有的事都可以重新做一次) 补充：如果虚拟条件句中有助动词had、were、 should时，可以把if省略, 这三个词移到主语之前： ①If I were you, I would change a job.

(=Were I you, …………….)

②If it should rain tomorrow, we would give up our plan.( ==Should it rain tomorrow, we…..)

③If I hadn’t been your help, I wouldn’t have…. (==Had I not been your help,….) ★★猜测语气：

猜测语气有两种，㈠是对现在事情的猜测：can/could/may/might/must+动词原形;

㈡是对过去事实的猜测：can/could/may/might/must+have p.p

①can表猜测语气多用于否定句和疑问句

◆Today is Sunday. He can’t/couldn’t be at school. ◆Mike can’t have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.

◆The bell is ringing. Who can it be?

◆Can the news be ture?

注意：

★有时can也用在肯定句中，表示“有时也会”,一种理论上的可能性.

It is usually warm in March here, but it can be rather cold sometimes.

★could have p.p本来可能…; 本来可以…

(1998 NMET）—I stayed at a hotel while in New York.

—Oh, did you? You _______ with Barbara.

A.could have stayed B.could stay

C.would stay D.must have stayed

②may / might表猜测语气多用于肯定句和否定句,may not意为“可能不”，

◆It may/might rain this afternoon.

◆You may/might have helped me when I asked you.

◆He may not come today, for

it’s raining.

③must表猜测语气多用于肯定句中，记住：mustn’t表示“一定不要”,禁止的意思. ◆You mustn't talk like that. ◆He must be ill. He looks so

pale.

◆The ground is wet. It must

have rained last night.

试一试：

1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he ＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture．  A． couldn’t have attended B． needn’t have attended C． mustn’t have attended D． shouldn’t have attended

2) Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me．

A． mustn’t have arrived B． shouldn’t have arrived C． can’t have arrived D． need not have arrived

3）John's score on the test is the highest in the class; he____ last night. A) should study B) should have studied C) must have studied D) must have to study

4) Nobody knows how people first came to these

islands. They ____ from South America on rafts. A) must have sailed B) can sail

C) might have sailed D) should have sailed