三种常用燃料（fossilfuels)有机化合物（chemicalcompound)汽油petroleum天然气naturalgas煤coal
17.2refiningpetroleum
分馏fractionaldistillationKeyword:volatile,flammable.
boilingpointrangeiincreases，ruunytoviscous。Volatiletoleastvolatile,burneasilytonoteasilytoburn.Sizeofmoleculesincrease.分馏的产物:馏分：
Refinerygas
于烧制和加热
Gasoline(petrol)汽油fuelforcars汽车燃料Naphtha石脑油/粗汽油startingpointorfeedstockformany
chemicalsandplastics许多化学品或塑料的原料
Paraffin(kerosene)煤油/火油fuelforaircraft,oilstovesandlamps汽车
油炉和灯的燃料
Dieseloil(gasoil)柴油fuelfordieselengine用于柴油引擎Fueloil燃油fuelforpowerstation,ships,andforhome
heatingsystems用于发电站船只和家用加热系统的燃料
Lubricatingfraction润滑油馏分oilforcarenginesandmachinery,
waxesandpolished.用于汽车引擎，机械，打蜡和抛光的油
Bitumen沥青forroadsurfacesandroofs用于路面和屋顶.
17.3crackinghydrocarbons
Definision:
Crack:Crackingbeakesmoleculesdownintosmallerones.
Thermaldecomposition:Heatingcausesthehydrocarbontobreakdown.Noteofthermaldecomposition：
1.Thereactanthadahighboilingpointandwasnotfalmmable-whichmeansithadlargemolecules,withlongchainsofcarbonatoms.反应物拥有一个高的沸点并且不易燃，这表示它拥有一个碳长链的大分子
2.Theproducthasalowboilingpointandisveryvolitile-soitmusthavesmallmolecules,withshortcarbonchains.产物是低沸点并且具有强挥发性，这表示它是一个短的碳链的小分子。3.Theproductmustalsobeahydrocarbon,sincenothingnewwasadded.产物也同样是碳氢化合物，并没有他物的增加。
Example.:CrackingnaphthaC10H22==540`C==catalyst==C5H12+C3H6+C2H4
CrackingethaneC2H6==steam==>800`C==C2H4+H2
17.4
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天然气bottledgasforcookingandheating瓶装用
fraction,decane,
Afunctionalgroupisthepartofamoleculethatlargelydictateshowthemoleculewillreact.一个分子的官能团决定了这个分子会怎样反应。Keyword:homologousseries.同源系列1.meth-甲2.Eth-乙3.Prop-丙4.But-丁5.Pent-戊6.Hex-己7.Hept-庚8.Oct-辛
17.5Alkane烷烃
烷烃，即饱和烃（saturatedgroup)，是只有碳碳单键和碳氢键的链烃，是最简单的一类有机化合物。烷烃分子里的碳原子之间以单键结合成链状（直链或含支链）外，其余化合价全部为氢原子所饱和。烷烃分子中，氢原子的数目达到最大值。烷烃的通式为CnH2n+2。分子中每个碳原子都是sp3杂化。烷烃的作用主要是做燃料。天然气和沼气（主要成分为甲烷）是近来广泛使用的清洁能源。石油分馏得到的各种馏分适用于各种发动机。Beasfuel:CH4+2CO2--->CO2+2H2O+HEATENERGY
Incompletecombustion;2CH4+3O2--->2CO+4H2O+LESSHEATENERGYPhotochemicalreaction:substitution:CH4+CL2---lgiht--->CH3Cl+HCL
同分异构体：isomer:isomersarecompoundswiththesameformula,butdifferentstructures.17.6烯烃Alkene
烯烃是指含有C=C键（碳-碳双键）（烯键）的碳氢化合物。属于不饱和烃，分为链烯烃与环烯烃。按含双键的多少分别称单烯烃、二烯烃等。双键中有一根易断，所以会发生加成反应。单链烯烃分子通式为CnH2n，常温下C2—C4为气体，是非极性分子，不溶或微溶于水。双键基团是烯烃分子中的官能团，具有反应活性，可发生氢化、卤化、水合、卤氢化、次卤酸化、硫酸酯化、环氧化、聚合等加成反应，还可氧化发生双键的断裂，生成醛、羧酸等。
C2H6---steam--->800`C--->C2H4+H2ethaneetheneC2H4+H2----heat,presssure,acatalyst--->C2H6
氢化反应
C2H4+H2O<====570`C,60-70atm,phosphoricacid===>C2H5OHEtheneethanolC2H4+H-X--catalyst,heat,pressure-->C2H5X加质子酸反应Polymerisation,additionpolymerisation加聚反应n（C2H4)---->-(-C2H4-）-n
Atestforunsaturation
C2H4+Br2---->C2H4Br2加卤素反应
Etheneorange1,2-dibromoethane(colourless)
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17.7Alcohols醇
醇，有机化合物的一大类，是脂肪烃、脂环烃或芳香烃侧链中的氢原子被羟基取代而成的化合物。一般所指的醇，羟基是与一个饱和的，sp3杂化的碳原子相连。若羟基与苯环相连，则是酚；若羟基与sp2杂化的烯类碳相连，则是烯醇。酚与烯醇与一般的醇性质上有较大差异。
Functionalgroup:OxhydrylEthanol:goodsolvent,volatileWaystomakeethanol:
1.Fermentation:C6H12O6---enzyme,yeast->2C2H5OH+2CO2+energy
2.Hydrationofethene:C2H4+H2O<====570`C,60-70atm,phosphoricacid===>C2H5OHEthanolasafuel:C2H5OH+3O2-->2CO2+3H2O+heat.
17.8carboxylicacids羧酸羧酸[1]（RCOOH）（CarboxylicAcid)是最重要的一类有机酸。一类通式为RCOOH或R(COOH)n的化合物，官能团：－COOH。X射线衍射证明，甲酸中羰基的键长123pm长于正常的羰基122pm;C－O的键长131pm小于醇中的C－O的键长143pm；在甲酸晶体中，两个碳氧键键长均为127pmFunctionalgroup:carboxylgroup.Waystomakeethanoicacid:
1.Thebiologicalway:acidfermentation
2.Thechemicalway:ByusingK2MnO4(高锰酸钾）:MnO4-+8H-+5e----->Mn2++4H2O(frompurpletocolourless.)
ByusingK2Cr2O7(重铬酸钾）Cr2O72---->Cr3+(orangetogreen)C2H5OH---{O}--->CH3COOH
CH3COOHisaweakacidas
CH3COOH--somemolecules--->CH3COO-+H+EthanoicacidethanoateionCH3COOH+NaOH---->CH3COOH+H2O.
脂化反应esterification，condensationreaction.
CH3COOH+OHCH2CH2CH3<=concH2SO4==>CH3COOCH2CH2CH3+H2OEthanoicacidpropanolpropylethanoateSulfuricacidactsasacatalyst.
第十八章.Polymer
1.Verylargemoleculesarecalledmacromolecules2.Apolymerisasubstancemadeofmacromolecules.
3.Thepolymermadefrometheneiscalledpolyetheneorpolythene.Thereactioniscallledpolymerisation.
4.Inapolymerisationreaction,thousandsofsmallmoleculesjointogivamacromolecules.Thesmallmoleculesarecalledmonomers.Theproductiscalledapolymer.Keyword:glucose,cellulose,protein,aminoacids.Keratin,collagen.
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18.2Additionpolymerisation加聚反应
Inadditionpolymerisation,doublebondsinmoleculesbreakandthemoleculesaddontoeachother.在加聚反应中，分子的双键断裂之后相互递叠。
Foradditionpolymerisationtotakeplace,themonomersmusthaveC=Cdoublebonds.TYPES.....
1.C2H3Clchloroethene(vinylchloride)氯乙烯
-(-C2H4-)-n聚氯乙烯,polychloroetheneorpolyvinylchloride(PVC)
2.C2F4tetrafluoroethene四氟化碳---->聚合物-polytetrafluoroetheneorTeflon.3.C2H3C6H5苯乙烯,phenylethene(styrene).聚合物-聚苯乙烯
18.3Condensationpolymerisation1.Twodifferentmonomersjoin
2.Eachhastwofunctionalgroupsthattakepartinthereaction.
3.Themonomersjoinattheirfunctionalgroups,bygettingridoforeliminatingsmallmolecules.Makingnylon尼龙
H2N(CH2)6NH2,1.6-diaminohexane己二胺
COCl(CH2)4COClhexan-1,6-dioylchloride己二酰氯
H2N(CH2)6NH2+COCl(CH2)4COCl----HCl--->H2N(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)6COCl+HCLNHCO---amidelinkage酰胺键Formingpolyamide.
Makingterylene涤纶
COOHC6H4COOH---benzene-1,4-dicarboxylicacid.精对苯二甲酸OHCH2CH2OH---ethane-1,2-diol二乙酸
COOHC6H4COOH+OHCH2CH2OH----H2Oislost---->COOHC6H4COOCH2CH2OHCOO-esterlinkage脂键Formingpolyester.
19.4Makinguseofsyntheticpolymers----------Plastics1.2.3.4.5.6.
ConductiveUnreactiveLightHardStrong
Donotcatchfireeasily
18.5
Keyword:biodegradeable\\photodegradeable\\bio-polymer18.6\\7Macromoleculesinfood
Examples:carbohydrates,protein,fats.Keyword:fibre,cellulose,glycogen,.
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Carbohydrate,glucose:OH-CH2-CHOH-CHOH-CHOH-CHCHO-OHWhichcanbesimplifiedtoOH-[]-OH
Complexcarbohydrates:-O-[]-O-[]-O-[]-OFormedbyacondensationpolymerisatio.
Proteinsarepolymers,builtupfrommoleculesofaminoacids.H2N-CHR-COOH
H2N-CHR-COOH+H2N-CHR-COOH+H2N-CHR-COOH---->NH-CHR-CONH-CHR-CONH-CHR-CONH-CHR-Condensationreaction,withamidelinkage.
3R-COOH+OH-CH2-CHOH-CH2-OH---3H2Olost-->R-COO-CH2-RCOOCH-CH2-COO-RFattyacidglycerolfat.18.8breakingdownthemacromolecules.
Hydrolysisisareactioninwhichmoleculesarebrokendownbyreactionwithwater.在水的反应下将分子断裂开，这样的反应叫做水解
R-COO-CH2-RCOOCH-CH2-COO-R+3H2O----anenzyme,acatalyst--->COOHC6H4COOH+OHCH2CH2OH
Hydrolysisinlab...
1.Starch----heatwithdilutehydrochloricacid--->glucose
2.Proteins---boilwith6Mhydrochloricacidfor24hours--->aminoacids
3.Fats----boilwithdilutesodiumhydroixde--->glycerolplusthesodiumsaltsofthefattyacids/Makingsoapfromfatsandoils
R-COO-CH2-RCOOCH-CH2-COO-R+3NaOH--->OHCH2CH2OH+3R-COONaEster+sodiumhydroixde--->glycerol+soap（thesodiumsaltofafattyacid)皂化反应
第十九章Chemistry:apracticalsubjectPhenolphthalein酚酞Methylorange甲基橙Conicalflask锥形瓶
Pipette移液管，精度在0.05
Butette滴定管，精度在0.02-0.03Typesofcollecting:
Upwarddisplacementofair\\downwarddisplacementofair\\overwater\\gassyringeTestforgases
1.Ammonia,NH3.Ammoniaisacolourlessalkalinegaswithastrongsharpsmell.Holddampindicatorpaperinit.Theindicatorpaperturnsblue.
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2.Carbondioxide,CO2,carbondioxideisacolourless,weaklyacidicgas,itreactswithlimewater(asolutionofcalciumhydroixdeinwater)togiveawhiteprecipitateofcalciumcarbonate.
Bubblethegasthroughlimewater,limewaterturnscloudyormilky3.Chlorine,Cl2,chlorineisagreenpoisonousgaswhichbleachesdyes.Holddampindicatorpaperinthegas,inafumecupboard.Indicatorpaperturnswhite.（bleached）
4.Hydrogen,h2,hydrogenisacolourlessgaswhichcombinesviolentlywithoxygenwhenlit.Collectthegasinatubeandholdalightedsplinttoit.Thegasburnswithasqueakypop.5.Oxygen,o2,oxygenisacolourlessgas.Fuelsburnmuchmorerapidlyinitthaninair.
Collectthegasinatest-tubeandholdaglowingsplinttoit.Thesplintimmediatelyburstsintoflame.
Testingforionsinthelab.
1.Ammonium,addalittledilutesodiumhydroxidesolution.Heatgently.Ammoniagasisgivenoff.Itturnslitmusred.NH4++OH---->NH3+H2O
2.Copper,adddilutesodiumhydroixdeorammoniasulotion.Apaleblueprecipitateforms.Butitdissolvesonaddingmoreammonia,givingadeepbluesolution.Theprecipitatedissolvesagaininammoniasolutionbecauseasolublecomplexionforms[Cu(NH3)4]2+
3.Iron2+,adddilutesodiumhydroxideorammoniasolution.Apalegreenprecipitateforms.4.Iron3+,adddilutesodiumhydroxideorammoniasolution.Ared-brownprecipitateforms.
5.Aluminium,adddilutesodiumhydroxideorammoniasolution.Awhiteprecipitateforms.Itdissolvesagainonaddingexcesssodiumhydroxide,givingacolourlesssolution.Butitwillnotdissolveifmoreammoniaisaddedinstead.Theprecipitatedissolvesinexcesssodiumhydroxidebecausealuminiumhydroxideisamphoteric.Thesolublealuminateionforms:[Al(OH)4-]
6.Zinc,adddilutesodiumhydroxideorammoniasolution.Awhiteprecipitateforms.Itdissolvesagainonaddingmoresodiumhydroxideorammonia,givingacolourlesssolution.Theprecipitatedissolvesagaininsodiumhydroixdebecausezinchydroixdeisamphoteric.Thesolublezincateionforms:[Zn(OH)42-].Itdissolvesagaininammoniasolutionbecauseasolublecomplexionforms:[Zn(Nh3)42+]
7.Calcium.1.Adddilutesodiumhydroixdesolution.Awhiteprecipitateforms.Itwillnotdissolveonaddingexcesssodiumhydroxide.2.Adddiluteammoniasolution.Noprecipitate,orveryslightwhiteprecipitate.
Testingforanions.
Cl-addwithsilvernitratesolution,whiteprecipitate.Br-addwithsilvernitratesolution,creamprecipitate.I-addwithsilvernitratesolution,yellowprecipitate.Nitrateinos.8Al+3NO3-+5OH-+2H2O--->3NH3+8AlO2-
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Errorrecovery
1.Whywasthetotalvolumeofsolutionisconstant
AS:volumeofsolutiondoesn'tcontaingasesandprecipitatesformed.2.Whywasthetotalvolumeofsolutionkeptconstant.AS:referencetofaircomparison.3.P2O5,Phosphorusoxide/ACIDIC
4.Giantstructures:NaBr,Zn(Br)2
5.除了钾和钠，其他的碳酸盐都不容e.g.ZnCO3
6.Fe2O3+3C--->2Fe+3CO
Explainhowtheequationshowthatiron(iii)oxideisreducedbycarbon.AS:Iron(iii)oxidelosesoxygen.
7.Howdrycrystalsofzincchloridecanbeobtainedfromasolutionofzincchloride.
AS:Heatitinevaporatingdish,heatsolutiontocrystallisationpoint.Coolittocrystalise.Thenfiltrate,heatanddryit.
8.Describeatestforcopper(ii）ions.
Addaqueoussodiumhydroxidesolutionintosolutionwhichcontainscopperion.Alightblueprecipitateforms.Insolubleinexcess.
9.Arateofreactionisameasureofhowfastitgoes.10.Enzyme:abiologicalcatalyst
11.Respiration:productionofenergybylivingthings.
12.Thereactionmixtureiscooled,suggestareasonwhyitisneccessary.AS:killyeast,denatureenzymes.C6H12O6-->2C2H5OH+2CO2
13.对于titration，要记得第二次时不要加indicator.Phenolphthalein.14.-COOH,carboxylicacidgroup.
15.检验CH2-CHCOOH因为其内有双键，所以addbrominewater.16.Nametworeagentsthatareneededtoshowthatanoxideisamphoteric.AS:HCL,NaOH.
17.为什么SO3不直接加入水而间接加入浓硫酸AS:Reactiontooviolet.
18.Howcouldyoushowthatbutanolmadefrompetroleumandbiobutanolarethesamechemical?
AS:Havethesameboilingpoint.
19.Polymerise:manysimplemoleculesformonelargemolecule.Addition:Polymeristheonlyproduct.
Condensation:Polymerandsimplermoleculesformed.20.N2+3H2<==>2NH3
Equilibrium:Condensationstaysthesame.
Increasepressureproportionaltothepercantageofammoniaatequilibrium.
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Increasethepressurefavoursthesidewithlowervolumeormoleculesormoles,thatistheproductside.
21.Cr2O72-orange22.CrO42-yellow23.Cr3+green,
24.铜能做catalystformagnesiumandacid。25.液溴Br2red-brownliquid.26.溴水orange,brown.
27.Givetheelectronstructureofanatomofnitrogen.Nitrogen2+5
28.Usetheelectronicstructure,ratherthanthevalencyofnitrogen,toexplainwhytheformulaofammoniaisNH3notNH4.
AS:need3electronstocompleteenergylevel.
29.Nameahydroixdewhichdoesnotdecomposewhenheated,AS:AnygroupImetal:LiOH
30.Suggestwhytwohydroixdesbehavedifferently(Ca(OH)2,LiOH)AS:Metalshavedifferentreactivity.
31.Metalnitrate,excepttheGroupImetals,formthreeproductswhenheated,nametheproductsformedwhenzincnitrateisheated.
AS:Zincoxide,nitrogendioxide,oxygen.32.XNO3---》XO+NO2+o2
33.Writeanequationofthethermaldecompositionofpotassiumnitrate.AS:2KNO3--->2KNO2+O2
∴2XNO3--->2XNO2+O2ForanymetalsinGroupI.34.Fe2+greenprecipitate,Fe3+brownprecipitate.
35.Exceptoxygen,whatreagentcanbeusedtooxidisebutan-1-oltoacarboxylicacidAS:KMnO4等强氧化剂36.Acetylene(C2H2).
37.GroupVIIthehalogens,downthegroup,colourgetsdeeper.Densityincreses,boilingpointincreases.
F2:ayellowgasreactwithmetal--->palegreensolidCl2:agreengasreactwithmetal--->yellowsolidBr2:aredliquidreactwithmetal--->red-brownsolidI2:Ablacksolid.reactwithmetal--->Blacksolid38.Group0:Down,theatomsincreaseinsizeandmass;thedensityofthegasesincreases;theboilingpointsincrease.
39.Silicon.Metalloid.Elementgofrommetaltonon-metal.Siliconisinbetween.40.1-chloropropane+water-->propanol+HCl
41.Group1metal.Meltingpointsdecreasedowngroup;densityincreasesdowngroup;softtnessincreases.
42.Lattice:regulararrangementofions.
43.Predict3physicalpropertiesofvanadiumwhicharetypicaloftransitionelement.
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AS:Highdensity;hard;highmeltingpoint(notconductelectricityasthepropertiesofallmetals)44.Cakcium>aluminium>CARBON>zinc>iron>copper
45.Isomer:compoundsthathavethesamemolecularformulabutdifferentstructualformula.46.NO2的生成:Hightemperatureincarengine(reactionofoxygenandnitrogen)
47.矿石：bauxite:aluminiumoxiide;rocksalt:sodiumchloride；Hematite(Fe2O3);LimestoneCaco3.Coke,madefromcoal,almostpurecarbon.
48.提纯的方法：Fe2O3-->reduction;Al2O3--->Electrolysis,Zns--->electrolysisorbycarbonmonoxide.
49.Slag:calciumsilicateCaSiO3byCaO+SiO2--->CaSiO3
50.Coppercanbeextractedbytheelectrolysisofanaqueoussolution.Suggestwhytheelectrolysisofanaqueoussolutioncannotbeusedtoextractaluminium.
AS:Aluminiumhigherinconductivity;hydrogenbutnotaluminiumformedatthecathode.51.为什么用铝做container，酸性FOOD不与aluminium反应。AS:Protectiveoxidelayer.52.Fe+H2SO4
Howwouldthestudentknowwhenallofthesufuricacidhadreacted?AS:Fizzstops,Nomoreirondissolves.
53.Suggesttheeffectofusingacoppercantocontainthewaterinsteadofaboilingtube.AS:Temperaturerisewouldbegreater,copperisagoodconductor.
54.:crystallization:heattocrystallizingpoint,infumecupboard.(如果有刺鼻气味的气体挥发）55.Filterfunnnel;pestle,mortar;gasjar;droppingfunnel.主要看用途去鉴别，还有刻度和小嘴，burette有尖口和刻度。
56.Ammonia:NH3;Ammoniumcarbonate:(NH4)2CO357.如果检测晶体的纯度用checkingm.p.58.如果检测液体的纯度用checkingb.p.
59.CoCl2+6H2O-->CoCl·6H2O(frombluetopink)这种反应叫做rehydration.60.沉淀反应：precipitation.
61.Magnesiumoxideiswhite.氧化镁是白色的。
62.ZnSO4+NaOH/NH4OH--->whiteprecipitatedissolves
63.Al2(SO4)3+NaOH---->whiteprecipitatedissolves.Al2(SO4)3+NH4OH--->whiteprecipitatenotdissolve.
64.检验氢气:lightedsplingt,pop.65.Cl2issoluble.
66.Ethanoicacid等acid有：Vinegat/pungen/sour/sharp的Smell67.Fullbottle,universalpHindicator,gassyringe.68.Acidic,Covalentbond:VI,VII
69.I-----Pb2+---------diffuse,collide,react.
70.Mostionicsaltdissolvesinwater,mostcovalentorganiccompounddissolvesinethanol.71.NaCl熔化导电，因有离子存在。
72.Explainwhytwoisotopesofthesameelementhaveidenticalchemicalpreperties.AS:Sameelectrondistribution.
73.Explainwhysulfuranditscompoundsareremovedfromthesefuelsbeforetheyareburned.AS:BurnedtoformSO2,Acidrain.
74.Describehowsulfurdioxideischangedintosulfurtrioxide,writethereactionconditionsand
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anequation.
AS:2SO2+O2----V2O5--->2SO3，Temperature400`C-500`C.1to10atmosphere.75.Explainwhyaftersometimetheappearanceofthemixtureremiansunchanged.AS:Atequilibrium,rateofforwardreactionequalstothebackreaction.
76.Thealcoholsformahomologousseries.Twocharacteristicsofahomologousseriesarethatthephysicalprepertiesofthemenmbersvaryinapredicablewayandtheyhavesimilarchemicalpreperties.Givetwoothercharacteristicsofahomologousseries.AS:1.Samefunctionalgroup2.Samegeneralmolecularformula.77.Explainthetermfraction.
AS:Fractionisthedistillatecollectedbetween40`C-100`C.
78.C8H15+25/2O2---->8CO2+9H2O可以将氧气前的摩尔数除以二79.Explainhowtheemissionofthesegasesisreducedbyacatalyticconverter.AS:
1.Oxideofnitrogenchangecarbonmonoixdeintocarbondioxide.2.Oxideofnitrogenthenbecomesnitrogen.
3.Oxideofnitrogenchangehydrocarbonsintocarbondioxideandwater.2NO+2CO---->N2+2CO22NO--->N2+O2
80.实验室制取氯气:MnO2+４HCL===Δ====MnCl2+2H2O+Cl2↑81.硫酸银可溶于硝酸。
整书要点简要
Rfvalue= distancemovedbyaminoacid/distancemovedbysolvent1.Locatingagent:ninhydrin.2.Condenser.
3.Fractionatingcolumnpackedwithglassbeads.
4.Chromatogram色谱图.Paperchromatography色层分析
5.Apuresubstancehasnoparticlesofanyothersubstancemixedwithit;anunwantedsubstance,mixedwiththesubstanceyouwant,iscalledanimpurity.
6.Makinguseofradioisotopes:1.Tocheckforleaks(useGeigercounter.Tracers)2.Totreatcancer(radiotherapy)3.Tokillgermsandbacteria.
7.Theionicbondisthebondthatformsbetweenionsofoppositecharge.8.Ametalreactswithanon-metaltoformanioniccompound.Themetalatomsloseelectrons.Thenon-metalatomsgainthem.Theionsformalattice.Thecompoundhasnooverallcharge9.结构形式：linear,pyramid,tetrahedral
10.离子化合物的性质：a.Ioniccompoundshavehighmeltingandboilingpoint.
B.Ioniccompoundsareusuallysolubleinwater.
C.Ioniccompoundsconductelectricity,whenmeltedordissolvedinwater
11.共价化合物的性质：a.Melecularcovalentcompoundshavelowmeltingandboilingpoint.
B.CovalentcompoundstendtobeinsolubleinwaterC.Covalentcompoundsdonotconductelectricity.
12.金属性质：h.m.p/malleable,ductile/goodconductorofheatandelectricity.
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13.Againofoxygeniscalledoxidation.Thesubstancehasbeenoxidised.14.Alossofoxygeniscalledreduction.Thesubstanceisreduced.
15.Oxidationandreductionalwaystakeplacetogether.Sothereactioniscalledaredoxreaction.16.Anionicequationshowstheionsthattakepartinthereaction
17.Ifasubstanceloseselectronsduringareaction,ithasbeenoxidised.Ifitgainselectrons,ithasbeenreduced.Thereactionisaredoxreaction.
18.Ifoxidaionstateschangeduringareaction,itisaredoxreaction.
19.Anoxidisingagentoxidisesanothersubstance-andisitselfreduced;areducingagentreducesanothersubstance-andisitselfoxidised.
20.Anode:F-,SO4-,NO3-,Cl-,(OH),Br-,I-,S2-----------------------reactivityincreases------------------------------------->
且其中CL和OH谁在正极被放出取决于谁的浓度大因为这两个离子的活性相差无几。21.Forrefining,electroplating.
22.Exothermic:inenergyleveldiagram,theenergyofreactantsishigherthanttheproducts.Theenergyintobreakeachmoleofbondsofreactantsislowerthantheenergyouttoformthebondsofproducts.
23.Breakingbondstakesinenergy.Makingbondsreleasesenergy.24.氢氧燃料电池：atthenegaivepole:2H2+4OH--->4H2O+4e-Atthepositivepole:O2+2H2O+4e---->4OH-Theoverallreactionformula:2H2+O2--->2H2O.
25.Equilibriummeansthereisnooverallchange.Inaclosedsystem,areversiblereactionreachesastateofdynamicequilibrium,wheretheforwardandbackreactionstakeplaceatthesamerate.Sothereisnooverallchange.Thetermdynamicequilibriumisusuallyshortenedtoequilibrium..
26.LeChatelier'sprinciple:whenareversiblereactionisinequilibriumandyoumakeachange,thesystemactstoopposethechange,andrestoreequilibrium.Anewequilibriummixtureforms.27.Acatalystspeedsuptheforwardreactionandbackreactionsqually.28.Sacrificialprotection;galvanising.
29.Asimplecellconsistsoftwodifferentmetalsinanelectrolyte.Electronsflowfromthemorereactivemetal,soitiscalledthenegativepole.Theothermetalisthepositivepole.30.Thefurtherapartthemetalsareinreactivity,thehigherthevoltagewillbe.31.Extractingiron:blastfurnace:a.Thecokeburns,givingoffheat.
B.CarbonmonoxideismadeC.Theironoxideisreduced.D.Slagformed
e.Wastegas:hotcarbondioxideandnitrogen.Theheatis
transferedfromthemtoheattheincomingblastofair.Formingpigiron.Castiron:hardbutbrittle,highcarboncontent.Soitisusedonlyforthingslikecanistersforbottledgasanddraincovers.Stainlesssteel:铁，铬，镍
Mildsteel:99.7%ironand0.3%carbon.32.Thepropertiesofammonia.
A.Itisacolorlessgaswithastrong,chokingsmell.B.Itislessdensethanair.
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C.Itreactswithhydrogenchloridegastoformawhitesmoke,thesmokeismadeoftinyparticlesofsolidammoniumchloride.Thereactioncanbeusedtotestwhetheragasusammonia.D.Itisverysolubleinwater.(itshowsthefountaineffect.)E.Thesolutioninwaterisalkaline-itturnsredlitmusblue.
F.Sinceammoniasolutionisalkaline,itreactswithacidstoformsalt.NH3+HNO3--->NH4NO3.
33.Makingammoniainindustry.Haberprocess。450`C,200个大气压，生成液氨。铁作为催化剂
34.Extractingthesulfur:2H2S+O2--->2S+2H2O
35.Sulfuricacid.Contactprocess....Sulfur--->sulfurdioxide--->sulfurtrioxide.V2O5,450`C作为催化剂...Thickfumingliquidcalledoleum.(mixedcarefullywithwater.)concentratedsulfuricacid.H2SO4.
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