限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、泛指、定量或不定量等限定作用的一类词。
一、英语限定词种类
1.定冠词,不定冠词,零冠词。如:the, a
2.名词属格。如:my friend’s, Tom’s…
3.物主限定词。如: my, your …
4.指示限定词。如:this, that, these, those, such…
5.疑问限定词。如:what, whose, which…
6.关系限定词。如:which, whose…
7.不定限定词。如:some, any, each, every, either, neither, all
8.数词(基数词、序数词、倍数词、分数词)
9.量词。如:a lot of, lots of , a great/good deal of ,
a great/large/good number of …
二、限定词与三类名词的搭配关系
限定词按它词汇意义可分为特指限定词、泛指限定词、定量限定词、不定量限定词四大类。这四类限定词有的能与单数、复数可数名词搭配,也可与不可数名词搭配
1)能与三类名词搭配的限定词主要有:
the; my, John’s, the old man’s…; some, any, no, all, other, such, what(ever), which (ever), whose…
eg. the book----the books----the money,
my book----my books----my money
John’s book--- John’s books---- John’s money
2) 能与单数名词搭配的限定词。如:
a (n) , each, every, another, either ,one, neither, many a, such a (n) …
eg. each worker,every student,either book,another book
3) 能与复数名词搭配的限定词。如:
both, two, another two (three), many,(a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of …如: two girls,(a)few words,several students
4) 能与不可数名词搭配的限定词,如:
a bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of, (a) little
much, less, (the) least…
a bit of water,a large amount of money,much noise
5) 能与单复数名词搭配的限定词。如:
the first, the second, the last, the next, the other…
the first rose,the first roses,the last man, the last men
the next meeting,the next meetings,many a ship,many
ships…
注意:用了many a +单数可数名词作主语,尽管是复数意义,其后的动词还是要用单数形式。
6) 能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词。如(the)least,this,that…
the least knowledge, this/that work, this/that job
7) 能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词。如:
a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, such, other…. 如:
a lot of books, a lot of money, lots of chairs, lots of food, such men, such bread…
Ex:下面的练习,要求注意限定词与三类名词的搭配关系。
1. Why is there___traffic on the streets in February than in May?
A. less
B. fewer
C. few
D. little
2. On account of the typhoon ____shipment will arrive
this week.
A. neither
B. all
C. both
D. these
3. They paid___money for the machine than I expected.
A. little
B. less
C. much
D. fewer
4.There are trees on ___side of the street.
A. such a
B. both
C. some
D. each
5.Have you got ___copies to go round?
A. the other
B. enough
C. a little
D. much
6.I saw ___cars outside the building .
A. a little
B. any
C. lots of
D. neither
7.Th ere’s____water in the bottle.
A. few
B. a number of
C. plenty of
D.any
8.I’d like ____paper.
A. a few
B. several
C. a bit of
D. these
9.There are ___mistakes in the paper.
A. the
B. a little
C. much
D. a few
10.Do they have____air-conditioners for cooling the rooms
in summer?
A. many a
B. enough
C. a great deal of
D. a bit of
11. Don’t worry about the seats. There are ___chairs in
the room.
A. plenty of
B. any
C. both
D. most
12. There is ___iron in this mine than in that one.
A. much
B. a great deal of
C. less
D. a lot of
___work has to be done before the plant goes into
operation.
A. Much
B. Double
C. A number of
D. Neither
14. He wrote___ essays on Victorian novels in his class.
A. the next
B. the most
C. the other
D. the more
15. The model worker had ___thought of his own interests.
A. the last
B. less
C. the least
D. another
16.There must be ___empty talk but more hard work .
A. fewer
B. no C .the least D. less
17. He has published ____short stories in English.
A. a great amount of B .a number of
C. another
D. many a
18. We had___rainfalls last summer.
A. too much
B. little
C. a little
D. only several
三、限定词与限定词之间的先后顺序关系
在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时,就会产生限定词的先后顺序问题。按其不同的搭配位置,限定词可分为
前位限定词:all, both, half;double,twice, three times; one-third, two fifths; what, such (a /an) …
中位限定词:
(1) 定冠词和不定冠词;
(2) 物主限定词(my, your…
(3)指示限定词(this, that, these,those);
(4) ’s属格名词;
(5) 不定数量词(如some, enough ,no, any, every, each, either, neither);
(6) 疑问限定词what, which, whose;
(7) 关系限定词which, whose;
(8) 带ever的wh-词,如whatever, whichever, whoever。
后位限定词(1):
(1) 基数词;
(2) 序数词和一般序数词next, last, (an) other, additional, further;
(3) 封闭数量词(a) few, fewer, several, most, more, many, much, (a) little, less, least;
后位限定词(2):
plenty of, a bit of , a lot of , lots of, a great deal/quantity/amount /number of …
如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词,其搭配关系总是
按照“前位—中位—后位”的顺序排列。如:
all the four teachers
前中后
all your three books
前中后
all these last few days
前中后后
如果只有上述两类限定词,其搭配关系仍按照上述顺序
half his lecture
前中
those last few months
中后后
all other students
前后
such a misfortune
前中
some such alloy
中后
such既属于前位限定词,又可归纳后位限定词。在such a…和such an …搭配中属于前位限定词,而在与其他限定词some, any, no, all, one, many 等搭配时, such 则是后位限定词。由上述例子可以看出,中位限定词之间和前位限定词之间是互相排斥的,即一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词。所以“我的那本书”不是“my that book”而是that book of mine,因为my 和that 同是中位限定词,不可同时并列。但后位限定词的使用却不受此限制。如:
many more copies, three other girls, his last two books, the first two chapters等都是后位限定词重叠使用的实例。
Ex. Choose an appropriate combination of determiners to
fill in each black:
The additional work will take ____weeks.
A. the other
B. another five
C. other five
D. the more
He did it in ___time it took me .
A. the one-third
B. half a
C.the double
D. one-third the
I saw ___ boys at the cinema.
A. the both
B. many a
C. both the
D. the several
___candidates are girls.
A. Half the
B. The half
C. Their half
D. Half a
5. He was on leave ___ days.
A. the few last
B. few another
C. few other
D. the last few
6. ___friends usually speak highly of him.
A. His some
B.His many
C.Many his
D.Some his
7. Please serve me ___soup.
A. more some
B. the less
C. more the
D. some more
8. ____ alloy many be used to replace copper.
A. Such a
B. Some such
C.Such some
D.Several such
9. Please send __samples to London by air.
A. these enough
B.five these
C. enough these
D. these five
10. Are you going to buy ___rice?
A. all these
B. these all
C. all this
D. both these
11. They want at least ___salaries.
A. their double
B. double their
C. enough their
D. their enough
___dictionary is enough for me .
A. Such one
B. One such
C. Such a one
D. One such a
13. ___factors should be considered.
A. These all
B.Such all
C. All such
D. Some these
14. ___evenings he did enjoy himself immensely.
A. The first few
B.The few first
C. The first some
D. Some the first
四.疑问限定词
无论是做疑问代词还是疑问限定词,which (哪个,哪些)和what 所指的范围不同。what 所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
1.Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
2.What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
3.Which university do you like best?
4.What university do you like best?
五.关系限定词
关系代词whose既充当引导词的作用,又对先行词起限定作用,在定语从句中作先行词的定语。
eg. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
六. 不定代词
不定代词及其基本用法
1.all, each, both,either, neither, some, any, one, (a) little, (a) few, many, much, other(s), another, 主语,宾语,表语,定语(既可用作名词,也可用作形容词)
2. everyone, everybody,everything;
somebody, someone,something;
anyone ,anybody ,anything;
nobody,nothing, no one
主语,宾语,表语,可以后跟else ,而且可用作所有格(-’s形式)
3.none 主语、宾语,表语
4.every, no(这两个只是形容词)定语
不定限定词与各类名词的搭配
all, each, both,either, neither, some, any,
one, (a) little, (a) few,many, much, other(s),
another,
1.只与复数可敉名词搭配的不定限定词both, many, (a) few
2.只与不可敉名词搭配的不定限定词much, (a) little
3.只与单数可敉名词搭配的不定限定词each (every, one), either, neither, many a,
4.既可与复数可敉名词,又可与不可敉名词搭配的不定限定词all, some, any, many, other, another,
不定限定词的具体用法
some和any 既可用作限定词,也可用作不定代词,起名词词组的作用;但no只能用作限定词,不能单独使用。
1) some
a.some主要用于肯定句。但当说话人期待肯定回答时,
some也能用于疑问句。
Are there some letters for me ?
I’m expecting some.
b. 当购物时向售货员提问或主人询问客人表示款待时,也可
在疑问句中用some。
Could I have some letters for me
Would you like some chocolate cake?
c.当some与单数可数名词连用时,相当于a certain某(一)个”的意思。
Some boy has broken a window
d.当some修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词,表“几个”,“一些”的意思。如
some questions , some children ,
some water , some ink
2) any
a.any主要用于否定句、疑问句、条件句、if 或whether引导的宾语从句,或用于带有半否定词或具有否定含义的动词、形容词或介词的句子。如:
1. Are they any stamps in the drawer?
2.You haven’t any work to do
3. He never had any luck
4.Let me know if you hear any news
5. If you have any news, call me up right away.
b. any也用于肯定句,意味“任何”。通常重读,修饰单数可
可数名词和不可数名词。如:
1.Come any day you like.
2.Any time you want me, just send for me .
c. any+ 复数可数名词/不可数名词,表“一些”
any books, any water
d. any+单数可数名词,表示“every”的含义
Any child could answer that question.
3)no可修饰单复数可数名词和不可数名词。用法如下:
a)用于there is (are), have (has), have(has) got 之后, 等于not any
1.There are no letters for you today.
2.He has no books I’v got no home.
b) 用于连系动词之后,等于not a ,但语气很强.
1.The girl was no beauty.
2.He is no friend of mine.
c) 用于其他动词之后
1.I took no part in these negotiations.
2.He could expect no sympathy from Joan.
d) 用于修饰其他句子成分
1.No boy at school had ever seen the sea.
2.I’m in no mood for jokes.
e)用于警告、命令等标识
No smoking!
f)用于表示程度,not any,用作状语,修饰形容词原级、
比较级和副词比较级
1.But this is no unimportant question, my dear John
2.She was no older than Li Ping.
g) 用于固定习语
1.Men are no longer at the mercy of nature.
2.There’s no such thing as ghosts.
not与no的区别:
a) not 可用于否定动词,no则没有这种功能。
b) no是具有形容词性质的不定代词,只能与名词或相当于
名词的词连用,如no time, no telephone, No spitting!
c) no等于not any,因此不能用于a,the,all, both,
every等词之前;在这些词之前必修用not ,如not a chance ,not the least, not all of us, not everyone, not enough。
d) no也不与姓名、副词、介词等连用。但not可与这些词
连用,如me ,not George;not wisely;not on Sundays.
e) some ,any,no 以及它们的合成词。这些复合词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
something(-body,-one,-where)
anything(-body,-one,-where)
nothing(-body,-where),后者不是限定词
all, both, none, no one, neither ,either, every, each
1) all “全体”的意思。Both : 俩
1.All students went to the classroom.
2.Both his parents are teachers.
2)none
如果要表示“全体都不”的意思,就用none(指“物或人”,
三个以上)。none后常跟of短语, 作主语时谓语动词可用单数
或复数。可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。
1.None of the dogs was (were) there.
2.None of the money was ever recovered.
3)no one=nobody
no one只指人,不指物,作主语时,谓语用单数。跟none有相同之处。如:No one was here.
4)neither
如果要表示两个人或物“都不”,通常要用neither。可作主语、宾语、定语。作主语时.谓语用单数可跟of 短语。
1.Neither of my friends has come yet.
2.Neither brother has been abroad.
5)either
跟neither意义相反,意思是“两者之中任何一个”,在句子中作主语、宾语,表示单数概念,作主语时谓语动词须用单数形式。
1.Either of the plans is equally dangerous.
2.The news did not shock either of them.
6)every
表示全体中的“每个”,如果这个“全体”包含三个或更多
的人或物,通常用every,与单数名词连用。
1.Every student in the class took part in the performance
2.Every time I ring you up, I find you engaged.
7) each
两个或两个以上的人或物就用each。与单数可数名词和
单数动词连用
1.Each side of the street was crowded with people.
2.Each/ Every side of the square was crowded with people.
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