考博英语强化阶段自测题

考博英语强化阶段自测题

PART 1 READING COMPREHENSION

Passage 1

Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme (酶) systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37ºC; a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.

For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they

regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded’ and “cold-blooded” species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds, whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana (鬣蜥)—each cold-blooded—usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature, called homo therms（同温动物）, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment, called poikilotherms(变温动物). But this classification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates(无脊椎动物) that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water, and their body temperatures remain constant.

The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic

processes and those whose temperature is regulated by, and who get most of their heat from, the environment. The former are called endotherms (恒温动物), and the latter are called ectotherms (外温动物). Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature, and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms (mainly mammals and birds) also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments, but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.

1. The passage mainly discusses _______.

A. body temperatures of various animals B. the newest research on measuring temperature C. methods of temperature reduction

D. the classification of animals by temperature regulation 2. Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?

A. Warm-blooded. C. Cold-blooded.

B. Ectothermic. D. Poikilothermic

3. In general, the temperature of endotherms is regulated _______.

A. consciously C. inadequately

B. internally

D. environmentally

4. According to the passage, the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by

_______.

A. seeking out appropriate locations B. hibernating part of the year C. staying in deep water

D. triggering certain metabolic processes

5. According to the passage, human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by _______.

A. choosing favorable environments C. eating more food

Passage One

这是一篇论说文。主要讨论了如何按照温度调节来对动物进行分类。作者提出，通常把所有的动物都分成“冷血动物”和“热血动物”的说法是不科学的，而那种按照动物是否保持身体的恒温的区分方法也有不足之处。他提出目前的区分方法是通过了解动物是根据体内新陈代谢过程还是环境来区分。

1. [D] 主旨题。问本文主要讨论了什么问题。从第二段和第三段的头一句可以看出，这两段都讨论的是如何划分动物的。而且这两段中出现频率最高的词都与differ或distinction有关。A只说到了主旨的一部分；B虽在文中提到有关体温测量的研究，但未说是最新研究；C说主旨是降温的诸多方法，似乎也不妥当。D的概括性最强，故选D。

2. [A] 细节辨认题。问下列哪个术语指的是哺乳动物和鸟类。答案很明显，在第一和第二段里都能找到。

B. internal metabolic processes D. doing physical exercises

故A为正确答案。

3. [B] 细节辨认题。问一般说来温血动物的体温是通过什么来调节的。这道题应该用“扫描法”来做，首先找到endotherms这个关键词，然后再在其前后句子中寻找相关的信息。第三段第二行中可以找到这样一个短语：by internal metabolic process…和The former are called endotherms。因此，B应该是正确答案。 4. [A] 细节辨认题。问外温动物调节体温的主要方法是什么。答案见第三段中的这么一句：they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat，答案显然应该是A了。其余选项与问题相去甚远。

5. [B] 细节推断题。问人类调节体温的主要方法是什么。文中没有直接提到人类是如何调节体温的，但通过对endotherms（温血动物）的描述可知人类应该是这样调节体温的。C和D与答案有关，但只讲了答案的一部分，与B相比都过于偏狭，D甚至有些风马牛不相及。故B为正确答案。

Passage Two

There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspapers classified columns.

It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.

“Contact us before writing your application,” or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your resume

or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the resume (or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.

There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address,

age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when they left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.

Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was

to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. “Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for”, was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.

There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all

points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the resume.

6. According to the passage, the new type of advertisements _____.

A. informs job hunters of the chances available B. promises useful advice to job-hunters C. divides available jobs into various types

D. informs employers that people are available for work

7. Now a demand for this type of service has been created because _____.

A. there is a lack of jobs available for artistic people B. there are so many top-level jobs available C. there are so many people out of work D. the job history is considered to be a work of art

8. It the past it was expected that first-job hunters would _____.

A. write an initial letter giving their life history B. pass some exams before applying for a job

C. have no qualifications other than being able to read and write D. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview

9. When applying for more important jobs, one had better include in the letter _____.

A. something attractive in one's application

B. a personal opinion about the organisation one wanted to join C. something that would offend its reader D. a lie that one could easily get away with telling

10. The resume has become so important because _____.

A. of an increase in the number of jobs advertised B. of an increase in the number of applicants which degrees C. of much more complicatedness of jobs today D. it is less complicated than other application processes

Passage Three

这篇短文是关于一种为求职者代写简历和求职信的新型业务的。其中讨论了两种类型的求职信。一是

过去那种只求职不写求职者详情（或简历）的求职。当时求职者本人的详情一般都留待以后面试时再说。这种做法在就业率比较高时比较奏效，但在现在就业不足的情况下，这种方法显然就不灵了。新型的代写简历和求职信的业务说明目前就业不足。而且要寻求更重要的工作求职信和简历中最好有些特色的东西，以使人感兴趣。总之，简历比以前重要多了。

全篇没有生僻的单词和表达方式，理解起来应该不成问题。

6. [B] 细节判断题。问这种新型广告的作用是什么。答案在这种广告通常的套话中寻找（见第二段）：利用我们的长期的经验，为您准备一份有用的简历。A、B和C未提及，与本题也无关。

7. [C] 细节题。问为什么对这种特殊服务的需求增加了。第二段第2句说是反应了目前的高失业率。A多了个artistic一词；B未提及；D也没有提及。

8. [D] 细节题。问过去人们觉得第一次求职者应该作什么。A违背原文；B在原文中只提到要写下是否通过了什么考试，而没有说应该通过某些考试才能求职；C没有提及。D可以在第三段的这个句子中推断出来：everything else could and should be saved for the interview。

9. [A] 推断题。问找更重要的职位或工作时，在信里写些什么最好。答案在倒数第二段有两处提到：1) some special feature，2) distinguish you from …。特殊的东西一般情况下应该是比较“吸引人的”。 10. [B] 细节推断题。问为什么简历变得如此这般的重要。这个题的答案应该在最后一段中轻而易举地找出来。A）容易被误选，因为它的前半部与B）相似，粗心时容易选它；C和D在文中多少提及，但与本题无关。故选B）为正确答案。

PART 2 TRANSLATION (English to Chinese)

1.The American economic system is. organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

[参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

2.If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

[参考译文]另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。

3.Do you see the glass as half-full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these cliches are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the

power of positive thinking. A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15000 people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. “If we could teach people to think more positively,” says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston, “it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.” “Your abilities count.” explains psychologist Michael F Scheier of Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, “ but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.” In part, that’s because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.

【参考译文】你看到的杯子是半满而不是半空的吧?你看炸面圈时，眼睛是盯着面圈，而不是中间的孔吧?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然之间都成了科学问题。迅速增长的大量研究工作(迄今为止已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15000人)证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致失望、疾病以及失败，并且悲观与沮丧、孤独、令人烦恼的腼腆密切相关。位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你能够成功这样一种信念会影响到你是否真的能成功。”从某种程度上讲，这是因为乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待相同的挑战和失望。