宾语从句

一、 什么是宾语？

宾语是谓语动词的一种连带成分，一般放在及物动词之后，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。除及物动词有宾语之外， 介词后面也有宾语。宾语可以由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称为宾语从句。一个句子中不一定只有一个宾语。 She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴。（名词作宾语） We all like him.（代词作宾语） Give me four.(数词作宾语) We all like to go to school.（不定式to go to school作like的宾语。school作to的宾语） We all like swimming.（动名词作宾语） I think that he is right.（句子作宾语） He asked me what I was thinking about at that time. (句子作宾语) The book is worth reading.(动名词做宾语) 二、 什么是双宾语和复合宾语？

有时候一个动词可以带两个宾语，如“教我们化学”的“我们”和“化学”。这两个词都是宾语，统称为\"双宾语，即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。

My parents bought me a computer. 我父母给我买了一台电脑。(me是间接宾语，computer是直接宾语) = My parents bought a computer for me.

He gave me a book last Sunday.= He gave a book to me last Sunday.

某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分用来补充说明第一部分的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足语。 宾语补足语有以下几类。

1.由动词不定式充当。多数是带to的不定式，也有不带to的不定式。

①.要求带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：tell，ask，invite，get，allow，wish，want，like，prefer， expect，encourage，advise，permit，order，warn等。 如： They encouraged me to try again．他们鼓励我再次尝试。

②.某些动词如make，have，let，see，hear，watch，notice，feel等后作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。

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如： He made us stay for dinner．他使我们留下来吃饭。 Let me introduce you to Miss Li．让我介绍你和李小姐认识。 2.由-ing形式或过去分词充当。

①.当宾语补足语的动作时由作宾语的名词或代词正在发出时，宾语补足语用-ing形式。 如. He can hear his heart beating fast． 他可以听见自己的心脏跳得很快。 I saw him running out of the room just now.

②.当宾语和宾语补足语是被动的关系时，宾语补足语用过去分词形式。 如.：You'd better have the desk cleaned．你最好请人把课桌擦一下。

3.由名词充当。 某些动词call, name, make, think, find, consider, 后接名词或代词作其语，再接名词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的身份。 如： I called this cat Mimi. 我把这只猫叫做咪咪。

4.由形容词充当。 某些动词如make，keep，find，like，等后接名词或代词作宾语，再接形容词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的状态、特征等。

You must keep the classroom clean．你应保持教室清洁。

We should keep our eyes closed when we do eye exercises. 做眼保健操时， 我们应该闭着眼睛。

The bad news made me very upset. 这个坏消息让我非常沮丧。 5. 由副词或者介词短语充当宾语补足语。

I like sleeping with the light on. 我喜欢开着灯睡觉。 You let me down. 你让我失望。 I know this teacher with a book in her hand. 我认识手里拿着书的老师。 三、什么是宾语从句？宾语从句是一种复合句，由一个句子作宾语，

A. .宾语从句的种类：根据引导宾语从句连词的不同，宾语从句可分为三类。

①. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。

如: He says (that) he is a student. He said（that）he wanted to stay at home.

②. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。if和whether在句中的意思是“是否”，不可以省略. 例如： I want to know if（whether）he lives there. He asked me whether（if）I could help him.

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下面五种情况只能用 whether, 不可以用 if.

1. 和动词不定式连用时， 只能用 whether. 如： I don’t know whether to leave here. 2. 和or not 连用时，只能用 whether, or not 可以放在句末。 如：She wanted to know whether she went there or not.

3. 用在介词后面时， 只能用whether. 如： I am worried about whether we can finish the work on time.

4. 放在句首时，只能用 whether, 不能用if。 如：Whether this is true or not，I can't say． 5. 在动词discuss后面的宾语从句.例：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting the next week.

③. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分，不可以省略。 如： Do you know who（whom）they are waiting for now? He asked whose handwriting was the best in their class. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I didn't know why the train was late again. B. 宾语从句的语序

无论哪种形式的宾语从句，从句都必须用陈述语序，即先主语后谓语动词。（把助动词will, have/has, would； 情态动词can ,may ,must ； be (am ,is ,are ,was ,were)动词放在主语之后；把助动词do, does ,did 都去掉，注意主句和从句的时态）

I hear (that) physics isn’t easy. I think (that) you will like this school soon.

Can you tell me how I can get to the zoo? Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting. He says that he went hiking last Sunday. He wonders if there were many people working here just now.

C. 宾语从句的时态

①. 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时的某种时态（一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的谓语动词可根据实际情况使用相应的时态。

如：I don’t think (that) you are right. Please tell us where he is.

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Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

②. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时， 过去将来时，过去完成时）。

如： He asked what time it was. He told me that he was preparing for the sports meeting. He asked if you had written to Peter. He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon. ③. 如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。

例如： Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year. Scientists said that the earth moves around the sun. He said that light travels much faster than sound. 注意：

宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。 如： Who will give us a talk? I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk. Do you know? Where does he live? →Do you know where he lives? D. 否定转移

在宾语从句中，当主句的主语是第一人称，谓语动词是 think ,believe , suppose 等时，要将从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定形式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定。改成反义疑问句时，要看从句。其他的宾语从句变反义疑问句时，要看主句。

I think you are right. I don’t think you are right.

I think you are right, aren’t you? I don’t think you are right, are you? She said that she went swimming yesterday, didn’t she？

E. 宾语从句的简化

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①当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如： She found that the wallet was lying on the ground. →She found the wallet lying on the ground. ②. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如： She agreed that she could help me with my math. →She agreed to help me with my math. ③. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构。如： Can you tell me how I can get to the station? →Can you tell me how to get to the station? I don’t know what I should do.= I don’t know what to do. I don’t know how I should do it. = I don’t know how to do it. F. if既能引导条件状语从句，又能引导宾语从句; when引导时间状语从句注意时态是不同的。 如： If it rains tomorrow, I won’t come.（时间状语从句） I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句） I want to know if you will come here if it rains tomorrow. I don’t know when you will finish the work next week. You can let me know when you finish the work next week. 宾语从句练习题 （二） 一、用合适的连接词填空。

1. Jim told me ____ he didn't go fishing yesterday afternoon.（how, why） 2. Do you know ______ else is going to be on duty today? （who, whom） 3. She said _____ it wouldn't matter much.（that, if） 4. He always thinks ______ he can do it better.（how, who）

5. I really don't know ________ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon） 6. They don't know _______ to go or wait. （if, whether）

7. We are talking about ______ we’ll go back tomorrow. （whether, if） 8. I was really surprised at ______ I saw. （where, what）

9. I don't know ____ so many people are looking at him. （how, why）

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10. Do you know ______ you are studying for? （why, what） 二、用所给动词的正确形式填空：

1.I won't return the book to the library because I _______（not finish）reading it. 2.As soon as he saw me, he _______to speak to me. （stop） 3.I hope he _______（come）back in a week.

4.It _______（rain）hard when I got to the factory this morning. 5.The old man told the children _______（not walk） in the rice fields. 6. He said that he _________（finish）his work already.

7.They thought they could _______（hike）to the top of the mountain. 8.If it_______（not rain）tomorrow，we _______（visit）the People's Museum. 9.John _______（write）something when I _______（go）to see him.

10.Our teacher told us that light_______（travel）much faster than sound. 11. The little boy tells us where his father _______（work）. 12.Mike asked me if we _______（ask）any questions the next class.

13.Will you stay with us for a while when you _______（finish）doing your homework？14.Mr Wang didn't know if there _______（be）an English party that day. 15.Please tell me if she _______（come）again next time 16. We are sure that he ______ __（go）to school tomorrow 17. Do you know who ______（be）the first man to walk on the moon? 18. Could you tell me where the post office ______（be）? 19. Our father said that he _______（will）buy a new computer. 20. I hear that he _______（swim）in the sea yesterday.

三.选择（ ）1. The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. will take （ ）2. Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.

A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been （ ）3. The students want to know whether they___ a P.E lesson tomorrow. A. had B. has C. will have D. are （ ）4. She asked Linda if___ go and get some.

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A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may （ ）5. Linda said the moon___ round the earth.

A. traveled B. has traveled C. travels D. had traveled （ ）6. Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty? A. if B. what C. when D. that （ ）7. I don't know ___ they have passed the exam. A. what B. if C. whether D. who （ ）8. I hardly understand ___ he has told me. A. that B. what C. which D. who

（ ）9. I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years. A . whether B where C. what D. when

（ ）10. Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening? A. what B when C why D how （ ）11. He asked me _____told me the accident. A whom B that C who D whose

（ ）12. I don't know _____ he will come tomorrow. _______ he comes, I'll tell you． A. if; Whether B. whether; Whether C. if; That D. if; If （ ）13. I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow.

A. when does he come B. how will he come C. if he comes D. whether he'll come （ ）14. Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is? A. what B. how C. whether D. where （ ）15. Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help?

A. how did he mend B. what did he mend C. how he mended D. what he mended （ ）16. I want to know _________.

A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is looking C. whom is she looking D. whom she is looking after （ ）17. Do you know where _________ now?

A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived in D. did he live （ ）18. Do you know what time _________ tomorrow?

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A. the train leave B. does the train leave C. will the train leave D. the train leaves

（ ）19. I don't know _________. Can you tell me, please?

A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players C. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are （ ）20. The small children don't know _________.

A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockings C. where is their stockings in D. what in their stockings （ ）21. I can't understand _________.

A. what does Christmas mean B. what Christmas does mean C. what mean Christmas does D. what Christmas means （ ）22. Please tell me ______ last year.

A. where does your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked （ ）23. She asked me if I knew ______.

A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it （ ）24. You must remember ________.

A. what your mother said B. what did your mother say C. your mother said what D. what has your mother said （ ）25.He asked his father _______.

A. where it happens B. where did it happen C. how it happened D. how did it happen （ ）26 Could you please tell me ___?

A. when will they leave Beijing B. when they would leave Beijing C. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing

（ ）27. —Where do you think _____ he _____ the computer? —Sorry, I have no idea. A. ／; bought B. has; bought C. did; buy D. does; buy （ ）28. I don't feel very well. Mum asked me _____ this morning.

A. what the matter is B. what is wrong C. what the matter was D. what wrong was （ ）29. I can't understand ______the boy alone.

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A. why she left B. why did she leave C. why she had left D. why had she left （ ）30. I don't know ________ up so early last Sunday.

A. why did he get B. why he gets C. why does he get D. why he got 四、句型转换。

1. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us?（改写句子） Could you tell us _________ Mr. Brown _________ living in China? 2. I don’t believe they will come, _______ ______? （改为反义疑问句） 3. Jim is not a student. Tom is not a student, either.（合并为一个句子） _________ Jim _________Tom is a student.

4. When does the train leave? I want to know.（改为宾语从句） I want to know _________ the train _________.

5. They went home after they had finished their homework. (用not„until改写) They _________ go home _________ they had finished their homework． 6. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. (改为宾语从句) Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday. 7. “Do you want to try it?” Tom's mother asked him.（同义句） Tom's mother asked him _______ _______ ______ to try it. 8. I think this is a good idea.（改为否定句） I _______ ________ this ________ a good idea.

9. Lucy hasn't decided which trousers to buy.（改为复合句） Lucy hasn't decided ________ _________ ________ _______ buy. 10. I don't know how I can get to the hospital.（改为简单句） I don't know ________ ________ ________ to the hospital.

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