Module 5 Public speaking
I Theory and skills
演讲的技巧（一）口头表述
一名优秀的译员必须同时是一位杰出的演讲者。译员作为次级讲话人(secondary speaker)，与发言人同时出现在听众面前，必须要将发言人的发言效果（impact）体现出来，这不仅仅指语言内容要准确，也指译员要合理运用声音、姿势、动作、眼神等。出色的译员能通过良好的演讲表现增加听众对其翻译能力和译作质量的信任度。
但是，译员与一般演讲者有所不同。译员对于发言的题目、内容和发言目的没有决定权，也不能随意更改发言内容，只能通过翻译尽量达到讲者要传达的发言效果。
因此，口译训练中的演讲技巧注重表述能力，它包含口头表述（vocal rendering）和体态语言(body language) 两个方面，指的是译员借助有声和无声的手段达到良好的演讲效果的能力。表述训练是为了增强听众对译员的信任度，提高译文的效果。
译员的口头表述的训练重点是发声（voice projection）和吐字（articulation）。
在发声训练上要注意音色、音高、音量、语调、语速、停顿和变化这几个要素。
吐字强调的是口齿清楚、发音准确。吐字的技巧不仅关系到音节的清晰度，而且关系到声音的圆润、饱满。要吐字清楚，首先要熟练地掌握常用词语的标准音。其次，要力求克服发音含糊、吐字不清的毛病。平时多练习绕口令有助于练好吐字的基本功。
另外，由于译员工作时大多通过麦克风传递声音，因此要注意“麦克风礼仪”(microphone manners)。译员的嘴巴应与麦克风之间保持一定的距离以把握适当的音量，防止音效失真和出现气爆杂音(pop noise)，要注意不能对着麦克风喘粗气、吸鼻子、咳嗽或大声翻阅资料。
演讲的技巧（二）体态语
体态语又称身势语或形体语言，是人们利用姿态、动作、面部表情来传递信息的非言语行为。体态语是人类社会交际的信息载体。人们借助体态语来表达和交流信息、感情、态度，因此体态语也是演讲语言的组成部分。译员不仅要有较强的口语表达能力，也要善于用体态语言来表情达意。
译员登上讲台，首先给听众的是视觉形象。仪表、姿态，神情，动作，全都呈现在听众面前。译员灵活自如、优美协调的体态动作，能很好地辅助口语，弥补有声语言表达的不足，使有声语言表达的内容更准确、生动、完整。译员的体态语言主要包括以下几个方面：仪表与风度、身体姿态、手势、眼神交流、表情。
总之，译员在平时训练和实际工作中一定要注意恰如其分地使用体态语，避免出现因为不得体的体态动作而影响口译效果的情形。
II Skills practice
Teaching suggestions: When asked to act as a speaker or an interpreter, the students should be reminded to take both the speech delivery and interpretation seriously, so that they will be more aware of their role in the situation and behave
as they are supposed to.
Instruction: let the students have a quick look at the following passage and invite one student to be the speaker delivering a speech based on it and another student to be the interpreter.
What makes a good conversation
Recently, a friend phoned me. She’s one of those people who could talk under wet cement. I've discovered that I can even put the phone down and attend to something in another room while she's talking and she doesn’t even notice. A second friend phoned me that night. I was very tired, but I soon forgot my weariness as we animatedly shared our opinions, beliefs and personal experiences. Time flew, and as I went to bed very late that night, I thought, “Now, that was a really good conversation!”
It occurred to me that it might be an interesting topic to research for my speech tonight. So I asked some of my friends what they thought made a good conversation. They had different suggestions, but all agreed on three main points: mutual interest, give and take, trust.
Let's look at the first one: mutual interest. A conversation has to be of interest to all concerned. As one friend suggested, a good conversation is when two or more people voluntarily explore the topic. But how can we be sure that we are not boring others We need to be sensitive to the cues our listener gives us. Someone
suggested if he is pulling away from your grip, or standing on tiptoe making desperate signals to someone else, he probably wants out!
All my friends agreed that a conversation thrives on a balance of giving and taking. Conversations are the building blocks of a relationship, one told me. If conversations lean too far in one direction, the relationship will topple.
We agreed that giving and taking can be done both through speaking and listening. Through talking we can entertain, inform, advise, and share personal experiences. We fulfill our listener’s emotional needs when we sympathize, praise or reassure him. By listening attentively we can make the other person feel good about himself. We give him an outlet for his pent-up feelings, and a sounding board for his ideas. Since most people would rather talk than listen this means we sometimes have to give up our own desire to speak in favour of the other person’s need to talk.
Someone mentioned active listening. We can respond non-verbally with our eyes and body language to draw out the speaker. It's important to ask questions to show interest. Open-ended questions, like How, What, Where, When, Why encourage the speaker to continue.
Then there's trust. A relationship requires mutual trust. It's like a series of circles, someone said. The outer ring is for acquaintances. We usually exchange small talk with acquaintances. Small talk is a necessary medium for finding a mutual interest. It's a way of testing the water before plunging in. The next circle is
for people we feel comfortable with. We know them well, we mix with them socially, and might even have serious conversations with them, but we don't have a close relationship. We don't let many into our smaller inner circle. That is for those we feel safe with, with whom we can be open and honest.
I was wondering how to sum this all up when my ten-year-old neighbor called in. I asked her if she had a good friend that she enjoyed talking to. “Oh yes,” she said. “I tell my friend Emily everything.” “And who does the most talking” I asked. “Both of us,” she said. “We’re interested in the same things. I’ve known her for years.” There we have it: mutual interests, a balance of talking and listening and a good relationship. I think she summed it up well. But what do you think I'll leave it to you to decide what you think makes a good conversation.
III. Interpreting exercise
Managing editor of the Washington Post talks about China
Words and phrases
communist dictatorship 共产主义的专制国家
emerging economic power 崛起的经济大国
Language tips
1. become students of China： literal translation: 成为中国的学生; better
translation: 向中国学习；拜中国为师。
2. emerging economic power 崛起的经济大国。“Power” is an abstract concept; here it should be substantiated and hence“大国”。
3. There is no more complex job in the world than trying to run and administer a country so big and having so many different challenges, with people living both in considerable wealth and in poverty as well.中国如此庞大，又有这么多的问题需要对付，人民贫富差距如此之大，世界上恐怕再也找不到比管理中国更复杂的工作了。
“There is no more … than” can be translated as “最……的……莫过于……”，“没有比……更……的……”。
Some people say that the Washington Post often describes China as a communist dictatorship without democracy or freedom, and they ask, why is the newspaper so fond of playing with such negative words Well, I cannot agree with that. First of all, neither the Washington Post, nor the New York Times, nor any other big newspaper, refers to China today as a dictatorship. We don't use these words on our papers any more. Now we say China is a communist country only because it is a fact. China is ruled by the Communist Party. ChinaWe spent last year in China writing many long stories about the civil society in China, about the Internet, about workers, about disputes between the state and individuals over certain matters. Those stories showed how complex China was. ChinaSometimes it is extraordinarily contradictory because it is a big country and it is a country which includes many many things happening at the same time. You have economic
development which has put more people out of poverty over a short period of time than any other country in the world in human history. At the same time you have many contradictions. How Chinese leaders will resolve them is something the whole world is waiting to see. ChinaChina's role in our future will get bigger and bigger. In the last 50 years what has happened in America has influenced many other parts of the world. China is similar in that regard. China is an emerging economic power, which is having an enormous impact, economically mostly, on many parts of the world including the US. Chinese people will soon get accustomed to the fact that what happens in China will have big impact in the world. ChinaThe first time was in 1999; the second was March 2001 when I interviewed Chinese President Jiang Zemin. The last time was November 2003 when I interviewed Premier Wen Jiabao. China is incredibly dynamic and culturally rich. On my visits to China, I felt I was seeing into the future. I think it is a deeply fascinating country. Every time I go there, I see and learn things that I never expect to see and learn. It is a country with such beauty and potential. I also think that how China resolves the challenges it faces today will be a major force deciding the future of the planet. I was very impressed by the degree of preparation, engagement, knowledge and vision that they have of China and China's role in the world. There is no more complex job in the world than trying to run and administer a country so big and having so many different challenges, with people living both in considerable wealth and in poverty as well. The job is much more difficult than being an American President, though they are different jobs in quite a number of ways. 计划生育政策
family planning policy
一孩政策 One Child Policy
男女性别失衡 unbalanced sex ratio, gender imbalance
多元化政策 multivariate policy
总和生育率 total fertility rate
出生性别比 sex ratio at birth, birth ratio, newborn sex ratio
男孩子偏好 preference for male children
关爱女孩行动 Girl Care Project
（人口素质）逆淘汰 reverse selection of population quality
中国实行计划生育政策，已经有20多年了。但是许多人对中国的计划生育政策还存在着很大的误解。他们的理解是，20多年来中国一直在实行一孩的政策，也就是只允许生一个孩子。而且，现在在城市里实行得比较严格。在比较富有的城市，一对夫妻只有一个孩子，但是比较贫穷的农村人口，就允许有两到三个孩子。他们还认为，这个政策导致了一个比较严重的后果就是男女性别失衡。对此，我需要作一些澄清。//
实际上，从上个世纪80年代初期开始，中国实行的政策叫做计划生育政策，或者叫生育政策，是一个多元化的政策。关于这一点，我们可以从两个事实中看出来。//
首先，全中国目前的总和生育率是，这就意味着长时间以来，实际上在大多数的地区和家庭实行的并不是一孩的政策，而是一个多元化的政策。比如说，在城市的一孩，农村的二孩，少数民族地区的三孩，甚至在有些地区，比如说西藏是没有限制的。所以这个政
策实际上是根据中国每一个地区的经济和社会发展的状态所确定的一个多元化的生育政策。//
第二，出生性别比问题，中国目前出生性别比出现失调。出生性别比是指出生以后男婴儿和女婴儿相比的数字。这是很重要的一个概念，因为出生性别比和总人口的性别比是两个不同的概念。//
出生性别比的失调实际上不完全是和计划生育政策连在一起的。我想讲两个例子，很有意思。第一个例子，韩国在1988年的时候，它的出生性别比是114，中国今天是117，我相信韩国可能没有计划生育政策。// 第二个例子，新加坡在1984年的时候，出生性别比是109。为什么会在亚洲地区出现出生性别比的问题目前主要归结于两个方面，第一个是文化传统的影响，所谓男孩子偏好，这是一个很大的问题。第二，中国出现这个问题和农村的社会保障机制是紧密联系在一起的。//
目前，中国政府面对当前所出现的出生性别比升高的问题做出一个正确的决定，就是目前中国正在开展的“关爱女孩行动”，这是一个非常重要的实践。这个“关爱女孩行动”重点针对目前在文化差异上所造成的偏好男孩倾向，要把女孩的地位、女孩的权利非常强地在社会上进行宣传。第二个，中国政府有一个很重要的考虑，就是尽快考虑社会保障机制的建立，特别是农村社会保障体制的建立。//
第三，对于城市一家只能生一个孩子，贫困的地区反而可以生两到三个孩子，这种现象被称为“逆淘汰”。对此，我想讲两个观点。目前对农村的政策是鉴于农村目前的经济状态所决定的。农村的社会保障体制正在逐渐形成和完善，在这个过程中，如果也采取非常严厉的“一孩”政策的话，农村所拥有的家庭保险的可能性就被减弱。所以，目前农村仍然采取一孩或者是二孩的政策，这是根据经济情况决定的。//
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