注意：以下内容根据书本整理，其中可能包含若干拼写和抄写错误，请勿深究。另外英美拼写均有，请自行注意。中英文并不完全对照，可能有包含关系或者反向理解，请自行查阅工具书，自行理解，切勿死记硬背。 科技 提高生产率 促进信息交流和贸易往来 思想更开朗 更多娱乐时间、生活更丰富 科技具有教育性和益智性 音乐、电影、专辑、视频 裁员 工作生活的差别越来越模糊 不愿外出活动 以个人为中心的社会 过分依赖因特网 人与人交流少 关系难以保持 对社会和家庭都不利 缺乏社会生活和实践经验 引起疾病 机器代替人力 人们缺少思考如何解决问题 被动接受信息 突发事件可以通过信号来确定人的位置 浏览网页 说话声音过大，让人感觉不舒服 improve productivity promote trade activity across border enlightened leisure lives have been enriched educational and intelligence-enhancing music files, albums, video clips make people redundant boundary between work and play is blurred sedentary lifestyle concerned about one’s own way of life, an insular society develops and forms inactive lifestyle rely excessively on the internet for running errands personal interaction reduces hard to maintain and improve relations with friends and family detrimental to family life or social relations within or outside of work social life and practical experience lifestyle diseases, such as obesity, stroke, diabetes, heart diseases replace manpower work out solutions to problems under different circumstances receive information passively in the event of an emergency, locate trapped or injured people using the signals from their mobile phones internet browsing speak at an increased volume, feel uncomfortable 信息可能被第三方截取或偷听 有可能增加患癌几率 农业化向工业化转变 工业生产品多样化 现代科技的基础 现代科技是早期科技的革新 人口过快增长 资源使用 环境问题 动植物减少 生活在贫困线以下 提高生产力 增加粮食产量 不治之症 增加工作灵活性 减少上下班时间 增加员工动力 节省办公空间和设备 管理员工和监督工作 难以集中培训导致员工技术和工作质量下降 难以保持团队精神，缺乏交流，疏远感 空间小，易管，拷贝方便，不易损坏 减少油墨纸张的消耗 方面读者携带使用 传统书对眼睛伤害程度低一些 不需要辅助阅读设备 intercept, eavesdrop in increase the risk of suffering cancer make a transition from agriculture to manufacture manufactured goods the prototype of modern technologies innovations of those inventions in the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution rapid population growth inefficient energy use environmental conditions deteriorating decline in fauna and flora living on, near or below the poverty line boost productivity increase crop yields incurable diseases introduce flexibility reduce interruptions and commuting time increase staff motivation save office space and other facilities, reduce costs manage homeworkers, performance monitor lead to possible deteriorating of employee’s skills and work quality maintain team spirit, lack communicating, a sense of isolation among homeworkers take up little space, easier to manage, instantly copied, wear overtime cut down on ink production, paper and lumber production reader-friendly type, size and font are adjustable less harmful to eyes, less eye strain over extended reading time require no power source or reading device 现代通讯工具增加了口头交流的比重 文字交流方式 目的、读者、语气和场合 对事情的充分解释 逻辑的组织 清楚的表达自己 给出正确和完整的信息 语气 减少误会 XXX的普及 对生活质量的要求更高 电脑和自动化设备 支付得起更多娱乐 适应科技 工作时间外的工作 the proportion of oral communications different forms of communications purpose, audience, tone and context provide adequate explanation arrange and express thoughts logically make the purpose clear give correct and complete details neutral and warm in tone lessen the possibility of misunderstanding the popularity of XXX higher demand on standards of living computerization and automation able to afford recreational activities keep the pace with the fast development of technology work beyond normal working hours acquire new skills critical thinking skills) analytical skills problem solving skills theoretical knowledge practical experience improve career prospects improve social skills hone communication skills adapt to new environment develop physical fitness educate them to lead or maintain a healthy lifestyle heighten one’s awareness of moral standards conform to rules accepted by the society assume responsibility develop an appreciation of art, poetry and literature media and information technologies make different learning opportunities available survive fierce competition improve qualification specialized expertise education concept is in transition students are not confined to a certain age group value of life quest for knowledge (spiritual needs) 教育 有助于学习技能 提高思考问题能力 分析问题能力 解决问题的能力 加强理论知识 增加实践经验 帮助学习者提高就业前景 提高社会技能 交流技巧 适应环境的能力 提高身体素质 帮助学生养成良好生活习惯 提高道德标准意识 遵守社会规范 履行责任 提高学生对艺术、诗歌和文学的欣赏水平 媒体和信息科技提供机会 激烈竞争中生存 提高能力和专业才能 教育观念转变 学生不限制在一个年龄段之间 人生价值 求知欲 精神需要 终生教育 面对面交流 口语相互影响 社交能力 意识团队重要性 让学生关系紧张 紧张、自信心不足、自私的性格 作弊 从各种各样的观点和经验中受益 突出个人能力 有利学生个人发展 强调一致性 有动力 造成团队进度不快 效果不佳 调整教学材料和教学方法 适合学生 掌握学习节奏 不会骄傲自满 导致学生缺乏自尊心 对学习成绩缺乏期望 养成学生对学业不积极的态度 厌学心理 进一步拉大优秀学生和落后学生的差距 学生之间激烈的竞争 打好基础 有助于职业发展 lifelong education face to face interaction engage at close range and are influenced by each other’s verbal communication social skills become aware of the importance of cooperation in group result in the interpersonal conflict linked to high anxiety levels, self-doubt and selfishness promote cheating benefit from a diversity of perspectives and experiences achieve personal distinctions personal achievement concerted effort lack motivation achieve little progress outcomes are not successful adjust materials and methods of instruction adjust curriculum to student’s aptitude teach at a faster or slower pace reduce arrogance foster lower self-esteem lower aspirations develop negative attitudes toward school resistant to schooling widen the gap between the low and high achievers result in fierce rivalry among students lay a solid foundation career development 前车之鉴 借鉴前人知识 避免走弯路 把握今天做出正确决定 关注自身文化背景 保持民族自豪感 社会团结 世界日新月异 历史可能歪曲事实 扩大视野 提高分析和比较信息的能力 增加课业负担 与学生生活社区不大 基因特征 给予我们内在的能力和特征 行为模式 思考模式 双胞胎 分开抚养 相似之处 在一起抚养 会有很大的不同 环境的影响和约束 拓宽知识面 沉迷于电脑 严重影响学习 影响视力 过分依靠电脑 summary of antecedents draw on the empirical knowledge of the generations before us avoid taking a wrong path make a wiser decision at the present time cultural identity preserve ethnic dignity social solidarity undergo dramatic changes distort the truth broaden their horizons the ability to analyze and compare information add to the pressure a student experiences have no relevance to the community in which students are living genetic tendencies endow us with inborn abilities and traits behavioral patterns ways of thinking fraternal twins reared apart show many similarities rear under the same condition do not resemble each other influenced and conditioned by environment have a broad knowledge of many subjects obsessed with the computer create distractions impair vision excessive reliance on computer use 在交通上浪费时间 残疾学生 多媒体使得教学更加生动 按照自己的接受程度尽心学习 提高学习效率 减少老师负担 增加学习乐趣 提问和反馈之间的停滞 太多干扰使得学生分散注意力 需要更强的自制力 沟通障碍 因材施教 监控学生不良行为 对于社会有害的认识 校园暴力 滥用药物 酗酒 破坏公物 反社会行为 监督学生在校表现 提高道德准则的认知 模仿大人的行为 分辨对错 行驶监护权 为监护不当承担责任 给予指导 树立正确的道德观和价值观 no waste of time in transportation students with disabilities make the class more lively with the use of multimedia learn at their own pace improve the efficiency of study even out workloads increase learning enjoyment lag time between student input and feedback too many distractions at home demand a high level of autonomy and commitment cause communication barriers teach students in accordance with their own characteristics and differnces discern students’ inappropriate behaviors be aware of social evils school violence misuse of drugs alcohol-related problems sabotage anti-social behavior monitor the behavior of youths at school increase their standards awareness of moral imitate the way parents speak and behave tell right from wrong commit their guardianship accountable for negligence provide parental guidance cultivate a child’s value and behavior 付出相应的代价 管教不严 虐待 社会环境 身心健康326 以暴力解决问题 逆反心理 影响小孩和父母的关系 对父母的憎恨 失去对学习和生活的自信 建立自尊 导致自闭症 管教孩子的方式 对自己犯的错误有更深的记忆 时刻提醒自己不再犯相同的错误 不敢勇于尝试和面对失败 表现出不足够的自制 缺乏独立性 不能单独面对困难和解决问题 一无是处 悲观压抑 使得小孩不能表现自我 养成良好生活习惯 改正不良行为 选择正确的成功之路 缺乏良好教育机会 不好的家庭环境 pay a price for being neglectful parents lack of discipline abuse or neglect social settings physical and mental health solve problems by means of violence result in rebellion impair the relation between children and parents incite hatred for their parents have little confidence on their study and future life keep their self-respect cause autism a form of discipline gain a profound understanding of their faults prevent them from committing the same errors afraid to try and fail fail to demonstrate self-regulation lack of independence conquer difficulties and handle different situations feel unworthy suffer high levels of depression deny children the opportunity to express individuality form appropriate behavior patterns stop their misbehaviors take the right path to success lack of the access to quality education without a living and nurturing home considerable environment 体验不同事物的机会 无法拓展人际圈 办事屡屡碰壁 承担起家里的负担 变得更加成熟 韧性 忍受困难 承受压力 接受挑战 与人为善 形成自己的人际圈 巩固基础333 增加责任感 增加知识 提高基本技能 学会适应压力 死记硬背的人 抑制想象力 过分强调成绩 不利于身心健康 居无定所 教育的连续性 学习情况一直被监督 成绩提高很快 集体生活 have few opportunities experiences to broaden difficult to expand their social networks encounter obstacles but obtain no support from others bear a burden, including domestic affairs have the maturity to behave and think like an adult more resilient have extraordinary endurance of hardships more accustomed problems to pressure and more willing to take on challenges being kind-hearted a strong circle of friends reinforce their education with homework and reading strengthen his or her sense of responsibility improve general knowledge increase mastery of basic academic skills, such as reading, writing, spelling, and mathematics deal with stressful feelings rote learner little room for imagination overemphasize school performance physical, psychological and emotional well-being have to cope with displacement frequently educational continuity regular supervised study periods high achievement standards communal life 学生与社会隔离 与父母关系疏远 无法满足感情需求 同龄群体不良影响几率大 获得社会和工作经验 学习并锻炼技能 增加对工作的责任感 形成团结互助的良好社会风气 建立信任 强制性的 积极性 分散注意力 课程设置更合理 受到更多关注 薄弱环节 老师教学监督经验更加丰富 费用较高 大部分人无法承担 物质上的攀比 学生两极化 优越感 平衡学习和工作 为未来的专业选择做好准备 将知识应用于实践 提高决策能力和处理问题的能力 适应社会需求 experience social detachment alienate children from parents emotional needs peer groups become a more significant force gain experience, especially first-hand experience learn and exercise skills strengthen the responsibility/obligation sense of help others on an impromptu basis build mutual trust mandatory enthusiasm constitute a distraction better academic programmes and extracurricular individual attention from teachers solve students’ problems individually professional teaching staff fees are exorbitant unaffordable for much of the population show off material wealth and personal belongings lead to polarization among students feel superior to others maintain a balance between their studies and the workload from part-time jobs identify career preference and areas of interest apply what they learn in practice develop decision-making problem-solving skills and fail to meet the requirements of employers 不能够应付可能出现的困难 遭受打击 找不到符合自己性格和兴趣的工作 提高学生对于课堂的兴趣 提高教学质量 开展师生对话 包含偏见 干扰教学进程 污蔑和诽谤之嫌 得到应有的尊重 迎合学生 缓解压力 使人放松 培养情绪 营造良好校园环境 保持和增强身体各部分机能 建立良好个人形象 发展良好的体育精神 注重公平竞争和诚实 劳动力总体需求下降 劳动法 对年轻人抱有偏见和不信任 教育不够 缺乏培训 缺乏对劳动力市场的清晰理解 对工资和职业期望过高 缺乏对雇主的忠诚 unable to cope with hardships incurred suffer setbacks hard to find jobs that match one’s characters and interests arouse students’ interests in class improvement of instruction open up an evolving dialogue contain prejudice disrupt teaching comment on teachers with contempt and defamatory remark gain the respect they deserve cater for students reduce stress help us to relax create a mood create a favourable school environment maintain or increase their level of physical, mental, social, and emotional functioning develop a positive self-image develop good sportsmanship value fair play and honesty a fall in the overall demand for labour labour market regulations prejudice against young inexperienced workers inadequate education lack of appropriate training a clear understanding of the job market exceedingly high occupational and wage aspirations lack of loyalty to employers 性格多变 刺激经济发展 完善劳动与就业相关法律法规 杜绝就业歧视 保障劳动者利益 了解社会需求和就业形势 积极参加社会实践和岗前培训 单亲家庭 对情感需求无法得到满足 教育不够妥善 没有正确的引导 行为不良 同龄群体的影响 对物质财富的强烈追求 不择手段 和平时期的征兵 培养团结精神和团队精神 不注重个性发展 违背意愿 耽误个人发展 漠视人们生命的价值和快乐 缓解劳动力缺乏 显示社会的团结 新颖有效的教育形式349 为地处偏远和行动不便的人、工作时间不稳定的人提供里教育机会 文档资料易储存、提取、打印和阅读 mercurial nature stimulate the economy enact laws that provide workers with protection prohibit age discrimination protect workers’ rights take a closer look at the trends in the labour market participate actively in internships and pre-career training single-parent hoseholds emotional needs left unattended improper parental care receive no instruction on an ongoing basis serious misconduct delinquent peer group a strong desire for material wealth and luxury lifestyles illegitimate means peacetime conscription immense unity and team spirit emphasize individuality conformity, instead of against the will impede personal development the value and happiness of civilians’ lives in peace relieve labour shortages demonstrate social solidarity a very original and effective educational model those with restricted mobility, such as the elderly, disabled and injured documents and materials 缺少面对面交流 很难及时得到反馈 不是所有都承认网络教育学历 lack of in-person contact with faculty members wait for a long time before receiving feedback about assignments not all work industries acknowledge online degrees sea level rise radioactive waste disposal deteriorating environement droughts floods sand storms and acid rain alternative energy food supply problem deforestation overgrazing environmentally friendly technology at the cost of environment unchecked and reckless use of resources afforestation 环境 海平面上升 放射物质的废物处理 生活环境恶化 干旱 水灾 沙尘暴 酸雨 可替代能源 食品供应不足 森林减少 过度放牧 对环境有利的科技 以环境为代价 资源使用不当或无节制 植树造林 使用可更新能源例如取之不尽的太阳能 地方性 全球性 共享地球资源 污染会从一个地方传播到另一个地方 单方面的努力是不够的 国际合作采取更多行动 由当地政府解决 造成环境问题的原因因地区而异 国际经验未必适用于某个特定的地区 大量破坏环境的气体 噪音污染和水污染 工业废气 汽车尾气 技术的发展 一些减轻影响的措施已经实施 致力于发明使用可再生和清洁能源的汽车 阻止人们使用汽油 必要的交通工具 转移人们的注意力 发展环保汽油 其他可更新能源 没有获得安全引用水的途径 地下水的过度使用 人口过快增长 工农业和家庭的需求增大 收集雨水 make most of renewable energy, including inexhaustible natural resources, like the sun regional worldwide share the Earth’s supply transport pollution from one location to another unilateral moves are not enough take strong multilateral actions tackled by the local or national government causes and solutions differ from one region to another international practices might not apply locally environmental destructive gases noise and water pollution industrial air pollution car emission technological development mitigation measures have been taken driven to develop the vehicles that are powered by other forms of energy discourage people from using petrol irreplaceable means of transport distract attention from the root cause of the problem create cleaner fuels generation of renewable energy no access to safe drinking water unsustainable resources use of groundwater rapid population growth increasing farming, industrial and domestic demand harvest rain 废水循环利用 导致垃圾的增多258 一次性产品 垃圾任意排放 改进工业生产 减少资源使用 采取相关垃圾循环再利用措施 抑制野生植物生长 农作物茁壮成长 增加产量 植物抗旱 抵御病虫害 降低土壤肥沃程度 土壤质量下降 病虫害免疫力提高 环境污染，破坏生态系统 化肥残留农作物 损害生物多样性 食物单一化 aquifer protection and recharge the increment of rubbish short-lived or disposable items discharge of refuse modify industrial production reduce raw material inputs disposal and recycling schemes stunt growth if wild plants bigger stronger plants lead to higher output produce drought-resistant plants crop varieties that withstand pest attacks reduce soil fertility soil degradation acquire more resistance pollute and destroy local ecosystems persist and build up in the body reduce biodiversity homogeneous diets sense of identity the long-term survival of humanity national costume or regional costume can express local identity and emphasise uniqueness a source of one’s national pride national symbol indicate social, marital and/or religious status obvious differences between cultures symbol of the social customs and history of a place cultural resource old architectural works preserve culture values old architectural works create its identity bridge the present and the past history establish some variations among the buildings grand high-rising structures restored to its original/authentic state of existence aged buildings an antithesis of development craftsmanship commitment of time and money 文化 身份感208 人类的长期存在 服饰体现了当地的特色 民族自豪感的源泉 国家形象 民族服装是社会、婚姻和宗教的身份和地位 发现文化之间的不同之处 社会习俗和历史的标志 文化资源 保护老建筑 保护文化 丰富的建筑遗产 地区的形象 连接过去和现在桥梁 建筑的多样性 宏伟的高层建筑 修复成原来的模样 老建筑 古建筑 历史建筑 与经济发展有冲突 技艺 大量的金钱和时间 破烂不堪 建筑风格 突出和塑造一个地区的形象 赏心悦目 建筑物的外观和内部 与周围环境相协调 结构 颜色 纹理 装饰 灯光 视觉吸引力 完整性 实际使用问题 收藏大量物品 不能触碰 历史讲解 关注当地文化 特定的主题 人种学 人类学 陌生枯燥的 歌舞表演 电影和录像 有些展品 worn out architecture or a style of buildings highlight or create its identity please the eye the exterior and the interior blend into its setting structure colour texture ornamentation lighting visual appeals have no market value integrity practical utility house a large collection of selected objects forbid physical contact provide interpretation concentrate on the host region’s culture concentrate on a particular subject ethnology anthropology unfamiliar abstract and uninteresting operas and concerts movies videos and videotapes item on exhibition ethnic food time conscious easily induce fatigue and stress a threat to health a drop in leisure time lead to work-family conflicts long hours are not necessarily productive hours high pay can’t compensate for unrelating time pressure low morale high absenteeism and turnover commitment toward their work improve take-home pay increase job security and promotion opportunities job security basic pay job-related benefits working conditions able to cope with work pace good rapport with coworkers, peers and superiors receive training and counseling attainment of full potential receive recognition 生活方式社会观念 各国特色的食物 时间观念 产生压力和疲倦 对健康的威胁 减少了休闲时间 导致工作和家庭之间的冲突 长时间的工作未必都有效率和效益 不能补偿时间所产生的压力 士气低下 旷工率和辞职率高 对工作热情 提高收入 争取工作和晋升的机会 工作稳定 基本收入 工作相关的回报 工作环境和条件 工作节奏比较适当 好的同事、同伴和上司 接受训练和指引 能够发挥全部潜能的机会 获得别人的认同 进行革新和创造的机会 成功的感觉 对工作的期待随着自己的经历改变而改变 充分发挥自己的能力 提高技能和增加经验 换工作 发展多种技能 丰富个人简历 提高个人的市场价值和工作稳定性 稳定的工作机会就会很少 在竞争中失利 职业生存 没有高枕无忧的空间 接受挑战、把握机会 理智的职业选择 离开目前的雇主 会给自己一种新期待 一种学习的热情 对自己的职业发展弊大于利 跳槽 适应新环境 视为威胁 工作表现不能被轻易认同 反映低承受力和对雇主的低忠诚度 缺乏工作动力 重新招聘 休息时间不够充分 高压力和快节奏的生活方式 given the opportunities for innovation and creativity experience a feeling of success expectations varied as their experience changed make the best use of one’s abilities improve skills and gain new experiences switching jobs acquire a wide array of technical skills enhance the resume improve marketability and job security continued employment will be meager vulnerable to the competition in terms of career survival there is no room for complacency take on new challenges and seize opportunities a sound career move leave the current employer a sense of anticipation generate an enthusiasm to learn do more harm than good to one’s career job-hopping adjust to the new environment seen as a threat readily being recognized reflect badly on the job candidate’s resilience and loyalty lack of self-motivation restart a new recruiting process inadequate leisure time live a high-pressured, fast-paced lifestyle 时间和金钱管理不当 兼顾家庭和工作 不切实际的期待 对事情的处理方式 合理的饮食有助于改善自身健康 定期运动 平衡自己的责任和确立首要的事情 习惯自己的每天生活忽略一些问题的潜在影响 养成良好的心态 争取减少忧虑 有决断力 看作是正面挑战而不是威胁 处理好和其他人的矛盾 通过体育社交活动或业余爱好来摆脱压力 人生阶段226 宗教信仰 教育程度 兜圈子 掩盖 误导 信任是一种美德 建立彼此之间的信任 不用担心前后是否一致 出于好意 顾及他人的感受 减少尴尬 利己主义 忽视其他人的利益 个人主义 集体主义 poor time and money management juggle work and family commitment unrealistic expectations interpret events and situations proper eating contributes to feelings of well-being exercise regularly balance obligations and set priorities become accustomed to your daily activities and overlook their cumulative effect nurture a good state of mind block out worries be assertive positive challenges, not a threat resolve conflicts with other people release yourself from daily stresses with group sports, social events and hobbies life stages religious belief educational level spinning shading misleading honesty is regarded as a core virtue build up mutual trust statements are consistent benign protect/spare a person’s feelings lighten the embarrassment egoism disregard the well-being of others individualism collectivism 共享主义 利他主义 符合自己利益的事情 有动力去实现个人的目标和追求喜好的东西 阻碍一个人寻求自我发展、突出自己和创造性的动力 不将幸福考虑在内 自私的行为最终会伤害自己 对家庭负责 对社会负责 communalism altruism do what is in one’s own self-interst unrestricted pursuit of individual goals and desires hinder one’s pursuit of self-development, excellence and creativity refrain from taking the well-being of others into consideration self-interested behavior individuals themselves duty-bound to family have a responsibility to society is to hurt commercial interest and economic value the length of stay depends on the cooperation of the host society friendly and hospitable promote the cultural communication alter one’s attitudes towards another people or culture embrace different values and cultures create motivation to coexist peacefully promote multi-cultural understanding promote integration remove cultural barriers breach of local customs can irritate the locals harbor different perceptions different interpretation provoke unanticipated responses cause resentment in local communities in the hands of a few, large, powerful organisations propaganda domineering force mass seductive advertising create fresh desires strong economic ties bombarded with new values 全球化 经济利益和价值 停留时间是和文化和人民更为了解东道国的合作密切相关的 好客和友好 有助于文化的交流 改变人们对其他民和文化的态度 接受不同文化和价值观 可以和平共处 促进对于多元文化的理解 促进文化融合 消除文化障碍 违反当地习俗会激怒当地人 不同的角度 不同的解释 意想不到的反应 引起当地人的反感 掌握在少数几个有实力的机构中 宣传 主流 有吸引力的广告 对物质的向往 经济联系增强 被新的价值观所围绕 信心和自豪感 拒绝接受自己的文化传统 名族特征 社会凝聚力 降低世界文化的品质和多样性 原来的性质 相互了解和相互认同的可能性165 未必一定要放弃传统观念 主流媒体一般都会反映文化多元性 适应了当地的条件 注意到了文化的敏感性 自我调节来适应市场 文化不是静态的是动态的 学习外界文化的结果 以适应外国人的口味 对社会团结有所损害 在技术革新中的作用甚微 出卖自己国家的主权或利益来获得国际的帮助 贫富差距增大 摒弃传统观念 最终成为历史 主要原因 旅游业和文化遗产相结合 经济支持 深入了解当地传统和习俗 尊重当地社区和周围的环境 confidence and pride rejection of their cultural heritage ethnic identity social cohesion degrade the quality and diversity of world culture authenticity likelihood of mutual understanding and mutual acceptance not necessarily lead to the abolition of traditional values the dominant media reflect cultural diversity adapt to local conditions aware of cultural sensitivity exercise self-censorship to suit the market not static but dynamic people’s eating habits have been changed as the result of learned behavior suit the tastes of visitors an erosion of social solidarity play a small role in the technological revolution concede sovereignty and interests to other countries for aid widening gap between the richest and the poorest parts of the world renounce traditionally-held beliefs consigned to history motivator integrate tourism and cultural heritage economic incentives get an insight into local customs and traditions respect the host community and its environment 文化的表面特征 破坏了文化神圣和独特的本质 羞辱当地人 垃圾、涂鸦、破坏和噪音不断增加 对文化的侮辱 矛盾或冲突 可共存的 共同发展 两个途径 融入新文化 融入新社会 加深相互之间的理解 防止排外主义和敌意 减少当地人的危机感 使得当地人对移民有好态度和正面的看法 自我意识 对自己节日和文化传统的保护 有利于不同的宗教和文化团体 满足大部分人的需要 无法适应全新的生活 非常怀念他们以前居住的国家 想家 感到迷惘 同时保持联系 日常生活的必须 不可能只在当地或国内经营 统一语言 非英语母语的人 掌握两种语言 superficial elements of a culture erode the sacred and unique nature humiliate the local people litter graffiti vandalism noise an insult to the local culture contradictory or conflicting coexistent realize betterment dual approaches merge into the new culture integrate into the new society deepen mutual understanding hostility and xenophobia perceptions of threat favourable attitudes toward immigrants sense of identity preservation od one’s own festivals and cultural heritage religion and cultural groups satisfy most peoples’ needs unable to comprehend simple tasks in their new life old country of residence longing for family feel lost stay in touch simultaneously a necessity in the everyday life operate locally or domestically language standardization non-English speakers bilingual 相互理解 多种语言的人 单一语言的人 对本土任何本土语构成威胁 深入研究自己的文化和文学 文化和语言多元化的损失 双赢局面 achieve mutual comprehension polyglots monolinguals pose a serious threat to indigenous people and languages study a culture and its literature to an advanced level lack of culture and language diversity win-win situation disadvantaged groups minority ethnic groups face discrimination protect their interests deteriorating health unable to adopt new technology and learn new skills family commitment and domestic life maternity leave social standing a waste of human resources discriminate against people on the grounds of age lead to the shortfall in capital accept innovative ideas expect the final years of their life to be less pressured result in escalating health care costs a shift in the age structure of the workforce the pace of work increased life expectancy professional expertise and specialization swelling of aging populations create a fresh need for some professions value strong ties among family members maintain their ties and sense of belonging a lonesome feeling 弱势群体 弱势群体281 少数民族 受到歧视 权益受到保护 健康状况下降 缺乏接收新知识和技术的能力 料理家务 产假 社会地位 对人才的浪费 根据年龄解除合同是一种歧视 导致资金不足 接收新思想和新观点 希望自己的晚年不再有工作压力 增加医疗费用 劳动力结构变化 影响工作节奏 平均寿命更长 专业技能 老年人口的增加 对一些行业产生新的需求 较强的家庭观念 使得老人有归属感 不会孤独 健康状况良好 思维活跃 希望对社会做贡献 和主流社会隔绝 和社区分离 自理能力比较差 有不同的住宿选择 有社区生活的感觉 得到同龄人的陪伴 照顾和设备更加专业 保持敏锐的思维和健康的身体 休闲活动 健身项目 随时获得医疗工作人员的帮助 料理家务 照顾小孩 获得男性军人的赞同 表现不能获得认同 性别歧视 性骚扰 体弱 身体强度很高 携带装备 坚强的意志力 护理 文职 克服女性身体素质的不足 远程操控 in good physical condition have a lively mind remain contributing members of the community isolated from mainstream society separated from the rest of the community lose their ability to function independently a good form of housing, a wider range of accommodation a genuine community feel the chance to enjoy the company of their peers more professional staff and better exercise facilities keep their minds sharp and physical fitness social and leisure activities exercise programmes access to on-site care staff, close-by medical assistance cope with the heavy workload at home undertake childcare responsibilities gain acceptance counterparts from their male receive equal credit for their performance face sex discrimination sexual harassment vulnerable intensely physical carry heavy loads do not have a strong will caring professions, perform clerical jobs overcome physical disadvantage remote-controlled limitation/muscle 投入很多时间和精力 以男人为中心 就业率很低288 结婚和声誉 生活琐事所扰 重男轻女或重女轻男 造成歧视 调节学习和工作氛围 保护国家主权 利益 妥协和遵从的天性 好战的性格 比较强硬的立场 往往不愿意尝试妥协或者谈判 征求他人意见 重视别人的参与 头脑比较冷静 作出理智的决定 鲁莽 激进 独断 脆弱和情感化 require extraordinary commoitments of time and energy male-oriented profession underrepresentation marriage and motherhood interruptions of daily domestic life favour male over female applicants or otherwise constitute a form of discrimination create a positive or working environment sovereignty, safeguard the interests of a country disposition to compromise , obedience have a combative personality an aggressive/tough stance make no attempt to conciliate or negotiate consult others value the input of decision-making process level-headed make sensible decisions reckless radical arbitrary fragility sentimental others in a protect a country against attack or other threats enforcement of law and public order operation of government social security health care systems people who are unable to support themselves alone financial assistance retirement and disability benefits unemployment benefits release the pressure of society gain the ability to survive public transportation and public services taxes, government borrowing finite and exhaustible open energy and material resources of space for human benefit support economic growth an increase in business activity find a sanctuary cause the usable space to shrink environmental monitoring living environment sustainable development long-term commitments and funding make little progress taxing and unrewarding 政府投资 保护一个国家免受攻击或者其他威胁 保证法律和公共秩序的实施 政府的运作 社会保障 医疗保健 那些不能自己自足的人 提供经济援助 退休和残疾人的福利 失业工人的福利 减轻社会压力 帮助这些人活得生存能力 公共运输和公共服务 税收 贷款 有限而且会被消耗完176 开拓太空上的能源 促进经济增长 商业更加繁荣 新的居住地 地球城在压力过大 环境考察 生存环境 环境保护和可持续发展 长期的努力和大量资金 收效甚微 徒劳无益的 激发想象力 敢于面对新领域的未知因素的挑战 转为民用 消耗资源和时间 没太大的效果 分散政府和公众在一些更为重要事情上的注意力 公众利益 私人企业 代代相传 艺术品传播的是语言所不能传播的东西 人们文化生活的主要部分 排解情绪的渠道 吸引外国旅客观光 产生旅游收入 摆脱贫穷 代代贫穷 对国家繁荣有着深远的影响 完善的医疗健康服务 为残疾人、退休者和贫穷的提供帮助 私人赞助 满足人们精神需求 丰富人们的文化生活 是一个城市文明的标志 人道主义救援 道德上的必要性 尊重生命的表现 和平和稳定 缓和紧张关系 trigger imagination confronting unknowns and challenges on new frontiers converted for civil use consume resources and take time benefits are limited distract the government and the public from some more significant issues general interest private sector passed on from one generation to another works of art convey the ineffable an integral part of cultural life provide positive outlets attract foreign tourists for sightseeing produce tourism revenue break the cycle of poverty remain poor throughout their lifespan and even across generations prosperity, have far-reaching effects high quality and availability of health care render assistance to the disabled, retired and disadvantaged privately financed spiritual needs enrich one’s cultural life a sign of a civilized city humanitarian aid a moral imperative show respect for life peace and security ease tension 腐败斗争 增加责任度 增加透明度和私营企业和公众对事务的参与 滥用 诈骗和贪污 更加依靠救助 减少支付学费的负担 提高文化普及率184 有利于提高教师待遇，吸引优秀人才加入行业，有利于改善学校基础设施例如实验室、图书馆等 充分利用税收 为人们的医疗服务提供保障 确保人人平等 大力发展公共医疗 有助于疾病预防和基础医疗服务的改善 调节药品价格 医疗服务和教育设施质量不高 combat corruption increase accountability transparency and the involvement of the private sector and civil society mishandled fraud and corruption impede participation in the international marketplace ease the burden of tuition fee raise literacy rate or standards of literacy fund of staff and faculty, course offerings, lab equipment, computer systems, libraries facility upkeep levy income taxes universal access to healthcare services ensure social equality publicly-funded health care increased emphasis on preventative and primary health care reasonable pharmaceutical prices a greater likelihood of lower-quality health care and educational services long waiting lists for access to some medical treatments, especially those of a specialized or advanced nature close the gap between rich and poor income redistribution, redistribution of wealth influence macroeconomic performance dampen enthusiasm for investment tertiary education investments knowledge-driven economic and social development long-term returns from research and technological innovation greater productivity is achieved through 造成等待治疗的人数激增 缩小贫富差距 进行收入再分配 进行宏观经济调控 打击商业投资的热情 对高校的投资 促进以知识为动力的经济和社会发展 获得基础研究和科学发展的长期回报 技术革新使劳动力增强 technological innovation 低收入家庭 进行干预 人口过多和过分拥挤造成住房紧缺 住房分配系统 占据市场主导 对生活条件的高要求 unaffordable to low-income families government intervention the direct result overpopulation overcrowding and house allocation system the fundamental role comprehensive requirements on living conditions urbanization or urban sprawl expansive growth of a metropolitan area expand living space attractive living conditions increased infrastructure costs high mobility of population impair air quality preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources protect the local landscape and culture prevent any damage to rustic scenery and ecosystem upgrade infrastructures make people environmentally conscious make areas of urban sprawl walkable or bicycle-friendly widening gap between urban and rural areas the income gap/disparity between urban residents and rural residents lower access to education higher illiteracy medical resources concentrated in cities national productivity suffers make preferential development to boost rural 城乡差距城市化 城市化269 城市不断向农村扩展 更大的生活空间 更好的生活环境 基础设施的费用增加 大量的流动人口 影响空气质量 保护和提升自然和文化资源 保持当地的城市风貌和文化 不会破坏乡村的风景和生态系统 发展基础设施建设 使人们更具环保意识 鼓励人们步行或使用自行车 城乡差距 收入差距 缺乏获得教育的途径 文盲率较高 医疗资源主要集中在城市 疾病爆发导致生产力损失 制定优惠政策促进郊区发展 通过实习提高技术 发现疑难杂症 依靠临床技术而不是优良科技 现代化医学教育 raise standards through practice discover rare, profound and difficult diseases rely on clinical skills, rather than advanced technology modernization of the medical education system 获得医疗服务的途径也很少 医疗设施及违建楼和短缺 工作艰难乏味 专心投入工作 阻止或强迫他人放弃追求更好生活质量的目标和愿望 违反人权 人口增加和移民 基础设备不足 城市条件恶化 经济的发展和家庭收入的提高 人们开始喜欢低密度住宅区 城市规划不当 道路的建设和基础设施的扩建 地区统筹发展不协调 郊区的景观千篇一律 空气污染有害健康 人口流动增大 犯罪率上升 社区的团结和价值不复存在 政府财政压力 基础设施的要求不能够被满足 narrow access to medical treatment hospitals and clinics are under-resourced and the work so difficult and unstimulating make commitment to work stop the desire of individuals to seek a more satisfying quality of life for themselves and their families breach of human rights an unprecedented population growth and migration devoid of basic amenities urban decay strong economy and increasing household incomes strong preference for lower-density housing bad city planning construction of roads and the provision of infrastructure unplanned development monotonous suburban landscape ill-health due to air pollution generated by traffic high mobility a surge in the crime rate loss of community spirit and values adverse fiscal impacts unmet demand on infrastructure bridge the gap between consumers and manufactures shopaholic consumerism persuasive nature make exaggerated claims about the properties of products difficult to understand and interpret information cannot determine the truthfulness of the message induce children to buy products higher exposure to advertising, greater desire for advertised products represent a particular important product information source receive positive advertisements information through 广告 消费者和生产商之间的桥梁 购物狂 消费主义 说服观众 对产品夸大其词 小孩不具备判断信息的能力 判断信息的真实性 诱导小孩购买产品 看电视越多，对广告越熟悉，购物欲就越强 广告是一种产品信息来源 通过广告接受有益的信息 公益广告 年纪不同的小孩对广告的反应是不一样的 小孩长大后会更深刻的思考他们所观看的内容 传播市场信息 介绍新产品 让消费者做出正确选择 鼓励生产商在质量上竞争 鼓励产品革新 丰富消费者的生活 提高生活质量 促进产品的销量 促进经济的发展 public service advertising, non-commercial advertising older children and younger children respond about what they are viewing think more deeply about what they are viewing disseminate market information inform consumers of new products enable a more qualitative choice between products to consumers encourage competition in quality encourage product innovation enrich their lives improve living standards enable greater volumes to be sold promote economic development 广告言语或图像误导观众 很少提供产品所有的信息 滥用消费者的信任 利用他们缺少经验或知识的特点诱导 不受欢迎的强加信息 增加商品价格 消费者的选择是不断变化的 对品牌不会有持久的忠诚度 顾客对广告的反应也有所不同 了解市场状况 设法使自己的产品或服务与众不同 削弱了产品的垄断 产生错误的需要心理 对物质产生幻想 出于一时冲动 他人买自己也要买 产品畅销的假象 广告的任务 让他们知道有这个需求 不管广告影响多大 受到收入、家庭还有其他因素的制约 消费或多或少 自身需要的局限性 误导人们的消费倾向 随波逐流 市场手段 促销 错误的购买决定是够会导致难以弥补的损失 add to the cost of every product hardly provide full disclosure of product characteristics abuse the consumers’ trust exploit their lack of experience or knowledge unwelcome intrusion add to the cost of every product fickle and unpredictable lasting loyalty react differently toward an advertisement have a real knowledge of the market differentiate its product or service reduce potential monopoly power create false wants daydream about things on the spur of the moment out of peer pressure create a best-seller newly-marketed product the role of advertising be aware of their needs however powerful advertising is constrained by income, family or other elements to a greater or lesser extent the limits of what they need false or misleading commercial follow the trend part of a marketing process sales promotion whether a mistake is serious or easilt image for a recoverable 广告的宣传效用是暂时的 满足基本的功能 解决滞销品 the effect of advertising is temporary perform primary functions dispose of excess production hard news soft news celebrity anecdote misunderstanding growing trends false information increase the chances that viewers learn or contemplate using violence desensitize viewers to the horrors of violence proficiency in committing violence exaggerate the magnitude the real threat fear their safety 媒体信息 重要新闻 娱乐新闻 名人轶事 对社会产生错误的理解 误其发展趋势 不真实的信息 增加观众或者使用暴力的可能性 对暴力的恶劣性不够敏感 使用暴力更加熟练 夸大显示的暴力程度 担心自己的安全 媒体可以起到提醒观众暴力行为可能导法律制裁的作用 对媒体包里的看法可能因人而异 暴力行为英雄化 英雄角色 电影明星偶像化 对犯罪失去敏感性 犯罪是普遍的不可避免的 教育性的 增加人们的法律知识 对某些罪行的关注 采取预防措施 政治压力 经济利益 新闻单位 社会阶级 迎合观众 收集花边新闻 无中生有的 捏造的 敦促相关部门对此采取措施 将有用的信息及时传送给市民 让人们知道世界上每时每刻发生的事情 夸大其词 不存在的威胁导致惊慌 牟利的动机 投资获得最大回报 以市场为中心 强调冲突 warn the audience of the legal proceedings of violent behaviours reactions or views toward violence differ from individual to individual heroic violence performed by heroic characters idolized by movie fans desensitize audiences to crime scenes rampant and inevitable educational and informative increase the knowledge of laws draw attention to certain crimes take precautions and pay attention to self-defense political pressure commercial interest news organizations social class cater for audiences collect soft news as a rumormonger conceived fabricated take measures to tackle the problem communicate helpful concerned citizens information to keep us informed of what is happening in the world give an exaggerated account an issue a false threat profit motive maximize return market-driven, obedient to market demands emphasize conflict, dissension and batle 对别人的隐私不够尊重 not enough respect for the privacy of people visual arts performing arts regarded as a language that conveys information to the masses convey the ineffable a means of expression symbolize complex ideas and emotion in an arbitrary language reasoning and visualizing use imagination to create works that have 艺术 视觉艺术231 表演艺术 是一种特殊的语言 传递语言所不能传递的东西 是一种自我表现方式 用抽象的语言来表达复杂的观点和情感 提高人们的逻辑能力和想象力 使用想象力创造出具有艺术价值的东西 an aesthetic value 关注当代生活 帮助人们了解并接受社会新的特点 提高人们对现实世界的欣赏水平 平缓情绪 减少不好的行为 人和自然界的关系 用做一种宣传手段 丰富文化生活 提高生活质量 提高艺术鉴赏能力 鼓励当地艺术表演着、音乐人、艺术家和写手积极投入艺术创作 有强烈的兴趣促进言论多元化 加入政治信息 让社会问题受到关注 限制艺术自由会曲解艺术家的意愿或者精神 杜绝色情作品 暴力作品 鼓吹种族主义的作品 讽刺宗教的作品 对宗教或者种族团体缺乏尊重和对宗教缺乏敏感度 引起批评 激化敌意 导致冲突 取决于人对事物欣赏的角度 寻求新的方法去解决问题 focus on contemporary life help the masses to assimilate new features of society appreciation of the real world soothe the soul decrease negative behabiours humankind’s relation to the natural world utilized as a form of propaganda enrich cultural life enhance the quality of life develop aesthetic appreciation encourage development, recognition and appreciation of local performers, musicians, artists and writers the compelling public interest in advancing viewpoint diversity embed a political message in their work place some issues under the limelight misinterpret the intentions or spirit of the speaker or writer obscene works art works with violent images art works that promote racism art works that hold a religion up to ridicule lack respect and sensitivity to the feelings of religious or ethnic groups attract criticism arouse hostility cause conflict one’s perspective, individuality and context come up with novel approaches to problems 墨守成规 在不同的社会有不同的形式 文化的多样性 不同对象的共同性 遵从世界的基本定律 不满足于物质上的富有 不断追求精神山的享受 改变人生态度 人们宣泄情感的一种途径 引导人们劳逸结合 过分专注、焦虑和沮丧 conform to existing rules take different forms and varies greatly in different societies produce cultural diversity stress the sameness of different objects follow the principles on which the world operates no longer satisfied with material comforts spiritual needs change attitudes toward life provide positive outlets achieve a balance between work and pleasure overcommittment might cause anxiety and depression competitive leisure activities that require physical effort and skills increase physical strength accelerate fat burning 体育 付出体力还有技巧的经济休闲活动292 增强体质 加快脂肪燃烧 保持体形 提高自我形象 缓解压力 调节心情 减少失落的情绪 会对身体和精神造成伤害 观赏性体育 商业化 以获利为目的 不顾运动员安全 训练强度过大 提高自己的知名度 打响品牌名 加强改善自己在公众中的形象 在国际比赛上露面 运动员容易受伤 经济上提供一些保障 更高 更快 更强 代表了公平、公正、礼让的体育竞技精神 当代人类自我完善和社会交往的基石 强调参与、拼搏，而不是胜利和征服 将人类的潜能和美德进行充分开发 促进各国之间的经济、文化和政治交流 为国家和地区带来巨大的经济收益和社会影响 国家主义、商品文化以及政治的体现 政治经常干预体育运动 宣誓遵守规则 stay in shape improve self image relieve stress improve mood reduce the chance of depression cause physical injury or emotional distress spectator commercialise sports run for profit disregard the safety of athletes over-training boost or drive their images create brand name awareness reinforce or modify its image in the public eye international exposure susceptible to injuries guarantee a comfortable retirement quicker higher stronger encourage any behavior that is fair, honest and polite in a game or sports competition basis of self-development and socialization to take part but not to win, to have fought well, but not to conquer achieve potential and uphold virtues economic, cultural communication and political economic benefit and social influence displays of nationalism, commerce and politics interfere with the Olympics on several occasions take an oath promising to abide by rules 维持体育精神 使用药物 面对亏损 大量警力保持顺利进行 耗费人力物力财力 true spirit of sportsmanship substance use run a budget deficit require a high degree of security a high expenditure of labour and resources eccentric behavior character flaws repeat offenders peer pressure on the spur of the spur of the moment threat to public safety cause serious injury or death severe punishment 预防犯罪 心理不正常274 性格缺陷 惯犯 同伴压力 自己一时冲动 对公共安全沟通危害 造成严重的伤亡 采取严厉的措施 道路安全意识 减少交通事故的发生 增加警力和巡逻 加强对法则法规实施的监督 时速的限制 确保所有的交通工具都满足安全标准 基本的安全设备 路牌标识 摄像头 提供高效的便宜的公共交通服务 提高驾驶年龄 提高将驾驶考试的标准 保护公众免受伤害 自我保护 致命的暴力 主张使用枪支的风气 很难与社区居民融洽相处 滥用枪支解决个人恩怨最终导致执法不公 提高处理日常问题的技巧 人与人之间的矛盾冲突 寂寞感 压抑感 改变态度和思维方式 提高生活技能 增加工作竞争力 震慑的作用 正义战胜罪恶的象征 受到监控 担心受到报复的心理 boost the sense of road safety reduce the likelihood of road traffic crashes reinforce the police force and increase patrol enforce compliance regulations enforce speed limit ensure that all motor vehicle basic safety equipment road sign speed cameras provide efficient and affordable public raise the driving age raise the standards in the driving test protect a public who are becoming innocent targets bearing guns is a means of defense faced with deadly violence police weapons add fuel to the gun culture blend with the community increase the potential for miscarriages of justice, unofficial death penalty skills in coping with everyday problems interpersonal depression conflict, loneliness, with rules and attitudes or ways or thinking enhance practical life skills assist them in finding jobs deterrent effect a sign of the triumph of good over evil being closely monitored fear of reprisal 加强潜在遇害者的安全防范 加大对事件多发地点的巡逻和监控力度 住房 教育 健康医疗 等社会问题 效果差强人意 适得其反 罪犯的目标转移到了其他地方 限制人身自由 侵犯人的隐私 增加人们对犯罪的恐惧 提高人们对犯罪的警惕 达到震慑的目的 improve the physical security of vulnerable targets directed patrol, surveillance job housing education healthcare counterproductive achieve unexpected outcomes fail to reduce crime, but displace it to other areas restrict freedom invade privacy raise the fear of crime alert people to the risk of being victimized by crime accomplish the purpose pf deterrence for practical purposes maintain natural ecosystems 动物 用作各种用途 维护生态系统 确保可持续发展 从动物身上获得灵感 探知物种的起源 生态系统的组成部分 植物 水源 土壤的保存 尊重其他动物的权力 没有能力做道德上的选择 痛楚最小化 在人体做实验是不人道的 动物和人相似 对外部的影响和人类反应相似 人类的建议应该建立在动物利益之上 禁止虐待行为 误导性的 缺乏保护意识 生物和环境之间的联系 需要利用动物和植物做资源 动植物栖息地减少 签订国际协议 增加宣传力度 富含蛋白质 必要的营养物质 食物链 脂肪和胆固醇 拥有生命权 工业化农场导致环境污染 consistent with the principle of sustainable development draw on animal-based research for inspiration the origin of life components of ecosystem preservation and renewal of vegetation, waters and soil recognize the rights of other species have no capacity to make moral choices minimize pain vivisection practiced on human beings is inhumane bear a resemblance to humans respond similarly to external disturbances human interests should be placed above animal welfare the prohibition of torture unreliable and misleading lack of environmental awareness have no knowledge of the correlation of living species and ecosystem animals and plants treated as resources for human purposes shrinking space for habitats sign international protocols launch campaigns for animal welfare high in protein essential nutrients food chain high in saturated fat and cholesterol entitled to possess their own lives factory farming causes environmental damage 传染疾病的来源 有害人体健康 缓解压力 解闷
responsible for the foodborne disease pose health risks remove stress relieve boredom