医学英语新教程-习题参考答案Unit 5

Stress and Diseases

Section A

1—c 2—f 3—j 4—a 5—h 6—d 7—b 8—i 9—e 10—g

Section B

Passage 1 I. Reading Comprehension

1. Describe the general changes that occur when the body is subjected to stress.

The blood sugar level rises, providing an additional energy supply needed for repair of the damaged tissue. The injured site becomes inflamed due to the increased blood flow to the area. The neutrophil count increases, enabling the phagocytic cells to engulf foreign matter and cellular debris.

2. How does the body counteract the effect of shock due to blood loss?

The response of the body to this stress is to increase blood pressure. Specialized

neural receptors sense the low pressure, and through a neural mechanism, which will be explained, the blood pressure increases. The kidneys, sensing the reduced blood pressure due to the loss of blood, release a substance called renin that aids in restoring proper pressure. The adrenal glands are stimulated to release adrenalin, which also increases blood pressure and heart activity.

3. What is the role of the hypothalamus in responding to stress?

Signals of an alarm reaction are sent to the hypothalamus, which in turn sends

releasing factors to the pituitary gland. The pituitary secretes ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and thyrotropin, which stimulate the thyroid gland and the adrenal cortex to release thyroxine and the corticosteroids.

4. What is the action of cortisol and related steroids?

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, is anti-inflammatory and inhibits unnecessary defense

reactions.

5. How can stress predispose to tuberculosis?

An excess of anti-inflammatory hormones produced during stress can actually cause the spread of an infection by weakening the barricade around infectious organisms. Stress can be a predisposing factor in the spread of tuberculosis for this reason. Tubercle bacilli can be held at bay until excessive cortisol is circulated.

6. How are peptic ulcers related to stress?

Peptic ulcers are a prime example of a stress-related disease. The ulcer patient is frequently nervous, prone to worry, and very conscientious. Prolonged physiologic or psychological stress triggers the alarm reaction, and gastric secretion, which is high in digestive enzymes and acidity, is increased.

7—D 8—B 9—D 10—A

II. Vocabulary Study Part A

1—inflammation 2—hypersensitivity 3—homeostasis 4—pathogen 5—hypertension 6—constriction 7—constipation 8—infection 9—perspiration 10—migraine

Part B

1—maintenance 2—aggravate 3—conscientious 4—predispose 5—intensity 6—altitude 7—precipitate 8—retain 9—compulsive 10—barricade

III. Translation Part A

1. The body is constantly striving to maintain a constant internal environment in the midst of ever-changing conditions.

身体在持续变化的条件下努力维持内环境的恒定。

2. Cardiac output then becomes inadequate to meet the demands of the body, and the patient loses consciousness because insufficient blood reaches the brain.

心输出量不足以满足身体的需要，病人就会因为没有足够的血液到达大脑而失去意识。

3. The liver releases stored glucose into the blood when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, thus providing an increased energy source for actively metabolizing cells.

当受到交感神经系统的刺激时，肝脏会释放储存的葡萄糖到血液里，从而为活跃的新陈代谢细胞提供更多的能量来源。

4. People subject to migraine headaches are generally hard-working and like order; a threat or a conflict causes them to become tense and fatigued.

易患偏头痛的人通常工作勤奋、喜欢井井有条，某种惊吓或矛盾冲突会使他们情绪紧张，身心疲惫。

5. Asthma, a disease characterized by marked changes in the diameter of the bronchi and obstruction of the air passageways, usually has an allergic basis.

哮喘通常有过敏的基础，这种疾病表现出支气管直径明显变化和气道阻塞。

Part B

1. 他受到严刑拷打, 但没泄露秘密。(subject to)

He had been subjected to punishment, but he didn’t tell the secret.

2. 如身体伤残或患疾病，以致不能安全驾驶，就不应驾驶。(suffer)

You should not drive if you suffer from any disability or illness that may make it difficult for you to drive safely.

3. 爱迪生说：“天才是99%的血汗加上1%的灵感!”。(perspiration)

Thomas Edison said, “genius is 99% perspiration plus 1% of inspiration.”

4. 人们应该为中国养老保险体制的改革与完善提出具有针对性和可操作性的合理化建议，以便其更好地为社会经济实践服务。(provide)

The specific and feasible suggestions should be provided for the reform and

improvement of China’s endowment insurance system so as to serve for the socioeconomic practice better.

5. 较年轻的职员和那些做辅助性工作的人更容易感到无聊。(prone)

Younger employees and those with more menial jobs were more prone to boredom.

Passage 2

1—F 2—F 3—T 4—F 5—T 6—T 7—F 8—T 9—T 10—F