初一年级（上）【知识梳理】I. 重点短语1. Sit down 2. on duty 3. in English 4. have a seat 5. at home 6. look like 7. look at 8. have a look 9. come on 10. at work 11. at school 12. put on 13. look after 14. get up 15. go shopping II.
重要句型
1. Good morning, Miss/Mr2. Hello! Hi!
3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too. 4.
How are
you? I’m fine,
thank
you/thanks. And you? 5. See you. See you later. 6. Thank you! You’re welcome.7. Goodbye! Bye!
1. help sb. do sth. 2. What about…？3. Let’s do sth.4. It’s time to do sth.5. It’s time for 6. What’s…? It is8. How old are you? II’m in…．10. Welcome to…．
11. What’s …plus…? It’s…．【名师讲解】1.in/on
在表示空间位置时，上有张图。
2. this/that/these/those (1)this
常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事，
these是this的复数形式。that
in表示在某个空间的范围以内，
on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。
墙
例如：There is a bird in the tree.
树上有只鸟。There is a picture on the wall.
……/ It
’s…
IV. 重要语法1. 动词be的用法；
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法；4. 冠词的基本用法；5. There be
句型的用法。
8. What’s your name? My name is 9. Here you are. This way, please. 10. Who’s on duty today?11. Let’s do.12. Let me see.
…．
…．
III.
交际用语12. I think
…
…．？ I can see…．
’s ….
13. Who’s this? This is14. What can you see15. There is (are) (They’re)…
17. Whose …is this? It18. What time is it? It
’s…．’s…．
16. What colour is it (are they)? It
7. Where is…? It’s…．
’m…．
9. What class are you in?
常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事，You look in this box and I看那边的那个盒子。I want this car, not that car.
Take these books to his room, please. This is mine; that
’s yours.
These are apples; those are oranges. (2)在打电话的用语中，3. There be/ have
This is Mary speaking. Who
’s that?
those时that的复数形式。例如：
你看看这个盒子，我去
’ll look in that one over there.
我想要这辆小汽车，不是那一辆。
请把这些书拿到他房间去。这些是苹果，那些是橘子。我是玛丽。你是谁？
\"其结构是：There be + 某人
be 动词的形式要is，名词是复数时用桌上有一大瓶子可乐。
这个是我的，那个是你的。
this常常指的是我，that常常指的是对方。例如：
There be \"有\"，其确切含意为\"某处或某时存在某人或某物。或某物 + 表示地点或时间的状语。和主语在数上保持一致，
There be 后面的名词实际上是主语，
be动词后面的名词是单数或不可数名词时用
那个盒子里有个娃娃。
那树上有许多苹果。
are。例如：(1) There is a big bottle of coke on the table. (2) There is a doll in the box.
(3) There are many apples on the tree. 总之，There be结构强调的是一种客观存在的某人有某物(sb. have / has sth.)(4) I have two brothers and one sister.(5) That house has four rooms.4. look/ see/ watch (1)look
\"有\"。have表示\"拥有，占有，具有我有两个兄弟，一个姐姐。
\"，即：
。主语一般是名词或代词，与主语是所属关系。例如：那所房子有四个房间。
表示“看、瞧”，着重指认真看，强调看的动作，表示有意识地注意看，但不一定
瞧！孩子们在玩电脑游戏。at，才能带宾语，如：
，see是及物动
看到，以提醒对方注意。，如：
Look! The children are playing computer games. Look! What’s that over there? 单独使用是不及物动词，如强调看某人He’s looking at me
。他正在看着我。
look这个动作的结果，意思是“看到”你能在图上看到什么？
看黑板！你看到了什么？
(2)see强调“看”的结果，着重的是词，后面能直接跟宾语。如：What can you see in the picture?
Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?强调过程，常用于“看电视、看足球、看演出”等。如：Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.4. put on/ / in
put on意为“穿上，戴上”。主要指“穿上”这一动作It’s cold outside, put on your coat. He puts on his hat and goes out. The woman in a white blouse is John5. house/ home/family
house ：“房子”，指居住的建筑物Family:
天下午请到我家来。
; Home: “家”，指一个人同家人共同经常居住的地方
; 今
“家庭“，“家庭成员”。例如：Please come to my house this afternoon.
, 后面接表示服装、鞋帽的名词。
in 是介词，表示“穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语和状语。如：
外面冷，穿上你的外衣。他戴上帽子，走了出去。
’s mother.穿白色衬衣的那个妇女是
John的妈妈。
昨天我们从电视上看了一场足球比赛。
看！那边那个是什么？
/物，其后接介词
(3)watch“观看，注视”，侧重于场面，表示全神贯注地观看、观察或注视某事务的活动，
He is not at home. 6. fine, nice, good, well
他不在家。My family all get up early. 我们全家都起得很早。
四者都可用作形容词表示主要区别在于：
\"好\"之意，但前三者既可作表语又可作定语，而后者仅用作表语。
\"精细\"，形容人时表示的是
\"身体健康\"，也可以用来指
今天是
(1) fine指物时表示的是质量上的That's a fine machine.散步的好时候。(2)nice看。
Nice to meet you.
\"天气晴朗\"。例如：Your parents are very fine.
那是一台很好的机器
你父母身体很健康。
It's a fine day for a walk today.
主要侧重于人或物的外表，有\"美好\"，\"漂亮\"的意思，也可用于问候或赞扬别人。
These coats are very nice.
你真好。
那些裙子很好
例如：Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。
见到你很高兴。It's very nice of you.
她儿子是一个好学生。
(3)good形容人时指\"品德好\"，形容物时指\"质量好\"，是表示人或物各方面都好的普通用语。例如：Her son is a good student. The red car is very good. (4)well
只可用来形容人的
饰的动词之后。例如：My friends sing well. 【考点扫描】
中考考点在本单元主要集中在：1. 动词be的用法；
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法；4. 冠词的基本用法；5. There be
句型的用法。
6. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；7. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。
考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空、完成句子。初一年级（下）【知识梳理】I. 重点短语1. a bottle of 2. a little 3. a lot (of) 4. all day 5. be from 6. be over 7. come back 8. come from
9. do one’s homework10. do the shopping
11. get down 12. get home 13. get to 14. get up 15. go shopping 16. have a drink of 17. have a look 18. have breakfast 19. have lunch 20. have supper 21. listen to 22. not…at all23. put…away
那辆红色小汽车很好。
\"身体好\"，但不能作定语，它也能用作副词作状语，多放在所修
我身体很好，谢谢。
我的朋友们歌唱得好。
I'm very well, thanks.
24. take off 25. throw it like that 26. would like
27. in the middle of the day 28. in the morning / afternoon/ 29. on a farm 30. in a factory II.
重要句型
evening
dictionaries? Yes, I do. / No, I don
’t.
15. We / They have some CDs. We / They don’t have any CDs.16. ---What day is it today / tomorrow? ---It’s Monday.
17. ---May I borrow your colour pens, please?
---Certainly. Here you are. 18. ---Where are you from? ---From Beijing.
19. What's your telephone number in New York?
20. ---Do you like hot dogs? ---Yes, much.)
---No, I don't. ( I don't like them at all.)
21. ---What does your mother like? ---She likes dumplings and vegetables very much.
22. ---When do you go to school every day?
---I go to school at 7:00 every day.
23. ---What time does he go to bed in the evening?
---He goes to bed at 10:00. IV. 重要语法1.人称代词的用法；2. 祈使句；
3. 现在进行时的构成和用法；4．动词have的用法；
‘s all right./
/ any
5．一般现在时构成和用法；
6．可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法
I do. ( A little.
/ A lot. / Very
…？
1. Let sb. do sth. 2. Could sb. do sth.? 3. would like sth. 4. would like to do sth.
5. What about something to eat? 6. How do you spell 7. May I borrowIII.
交际用语
…？
1. —Thanks very much! —You're welcome. 2. Put it/them away. 3. What's wrong?
4. I think so. I don't think so.
5. I want to take some books to the classroom.
6. Give me a bottle of orange juice, please.
Please give it / them back tomorrow. OK. 9. What's your favourite sport? 10. Don't worry.
11.I’m (not) good at basketball.12. Do you want a go? 13. That's right./ ThatAll right.
14. Do you have a dictionary 【名师讲解】1. That's right./ ThatThat’s right\"That's right.\"That’s all right.
‘s all right./ All right.
意为“对的”，表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为，肯定对方的答案或判断。
我想我们应该帮助这位老人。
说得对\"。
\"
或 \"You're right.\"\"
例如：\"I think we must help the old man.\"\"
意为“不用谢”、“没关系”，用来回答对方的致谢或道歉。例如：
\"Many thanks.\" \"That's all right.\" \"Sorry. It's broken.\" \"That's all right.\" All right.好”
\"Please tell me about it.\" \"Is your mother all right?2. make/do
这两个词都可以解释为“做”
，但含义却不同，不能混用。
他正在做他的作业。
、“说道”，着重所说的话。如：
他说，“我要坐汽车到那里去。”Please say
(即后面不能I don’t like to
make指做东西或制东西，你能为我做个纸船吗？
do指做
一件具体的事。Can you make a paper boat for me? He’s doing his homework now.3. say/speak/talk/tell
say：是最口语化的最普通的一个词，意为“说出”“I want to go there by busit in English .speak :
请用英语说。
” , he said . 请把此事告诉我。你妈身体好吗
\" \"All right.\"\"
好吧。\"
意为“行了”、“可以”，表示同意对方的建议或要求。有时还可以表示“身体很
“说话”，着重开口发声，不着重所说的内容，一般用作不及物动词
我不喜欢这样说话。
她英语说得好。
直接接宾语 ) 。如：Can you speak about him? 你能不能说说他的情况？speak like this.
speak 作及物动词解时，只能和某种语言等连用，表达在对话中恰当使用词汇的能力。如：She speaks English well.不及物动词，
talk : 与 speak 意义相近，也着重说话的动作，而不着重所说的话，因此，一般也只用作
不过，talk 暗示话是对某人说的，有较强的对话意味，着重指连续地和别人
我想跟他谈那件事。
Old women like
老年妇女喜欢和孩子们交谈。
He’s telling me a story.
如：.Miss Zhao often
谈话。如：I would like to talk to him about it . to talk with children.tell : tell
他在给我讲故事。
a lie 撒谎 tell
sb. to do sth. /tell
sb. not to do sth
tells us to study hard. 4. do cooking/ do the cooking
do cooking 作“做饭”解，属泛指。do the cooking 特指某一顿饭或某一家人的饭。为动名词，不能用作复数，但前面可用书do some writing go shopping like doing sth.
some, much修饰。从do some cooking
钓鱼
去划船go swimming 去游泳
cooking
读
可引出许多
“告诉”,除较少情况外，一般后面总接双宾语。如：
类似的短语：do some washing 洗些衣服do some shopping 买些东西do some reading
写些东西do some fishing
从以上短语可引申出另一类短语，不能用
去买东西go fishing
与like to do sth.
5. like doing sth./ like to do sth.
意思相同，但用法有区别。前者强调一般性的爱好
‘t like to play football with Li Ming.
或者表示动作的习惯性和经常性；后来表示一次性和偶然性的动作。例如：He likes playing football, but he doesn他喜欢踢足球，但是他不喜欢和李明踢。6. other/ others/ the other/ another other表其余的，别的，如：others 别的人，别的东西
Have you any other questions?
,其他的是法国人。
你还有其他问题吗
?
.如：In the room some people are American, the others are
some, much或定冠词。
去钓鱼go boating
French.在屋子里一些人是美国人the other表另一个（二者之中）English, the other studies Chinese.
one…，the other…如：One of my two brothers studies
我两个哥哥中的一个学习英文
,另一个学中文。
another表三者以上的另一个，另一些如：shelf.
书架上还可以放点书。
与 on the tree.on the tree.
7. in the tree/ on the tree in the tree
There is room for another few books on the
译成中文均为\"在树上\"但英语中有区别。如：There are some apples on the tree.
那棵树上有只鸟。
in the tree表示
某人、某事（不属于树本身生长出的别的东西）落在树上，表示树的枝、叶、花、果等长在树上时，要使用8. some/ any
some和 any既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。但有以下两点需要注意。(1)some常用于肯定句中，water in the glass.
(2)在说话者希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中，或在表示请求，邀请的疑问句中，我们依然用some。如：Would you like some tea? 9. tall/ high
(1)说人，动物，树木等有生命的东西，主要用高个子妇女a tall horse 飞机飞上天时，例如：high in the sky. (4)high(5)tall(1) can
(3)指建筑物、山时要
一个高大的马
high，而不用tall，比如人站在桌子上时，
他高高地爬在树上。
The plane is so
He is high up in the tree. tall
或high都可以，不过不能。
的反义词为low.
\"能力\"。例如：
(2)说一个不与地面接触的人和物的高时，要用
飞机在空中这么高。
high的程度比tall
高。
tall，不用high，例如 a tall
woman 一个
any常用于否定句和疑问句中。如：
There is some water in the glass.Is there any water in the glass?There isn't any
那棵树上有些苹
果。There is a bird in the tree.
可作副词，tall
的反义词为short, high
10. can/ could
表示体力和脑力方面的能力，或根据客观条件能做某种动作的
你会骑自行车吗?What can I do for you
Can you ride a bike?(2) can
？要帮忙吗？Can you make
a cake？你会做蛋糕吗？
用在否定句和疑问句中时有时表示说话人的
\"怀疑\"\"猜测\"或不肯定。例如：
？这个消息会是真的吗？汤姆，你不可能饿得这么快，
Where can he be？他会在什么地方呢？It surely can't be six o'clock alreadyYou can't be 你刚吃过午饭。
What can he mean？他会是什么意思？
在日常会话中，can可代替may表示\"允许\"，may比较正式。例如：You can come in any time.你随时都可以来。--- Can I use your penYou can have my seat(3) could
could 是 can的过去式，表示过去有过的能力和可能性（在否定和疑问句中）The doctor said he could help him.
（能力）医生说他能帮助他。
（能力）当丽丽四岁的时候她就会游泳。
（可能性）那时我们以为所说的可能
Lily could swim when she was four years old.At that time we thought the story could be true.是真的。
could可代替can表示现在时间的动作，但语气较为婉转。例如：
。例如：
？我能用你的钢笔吗？，I'm going now.
--- Of course
，you can.当然可以。
我要走了，你坐我的座位吧。Can the news be true
？不可能已经六点钟了吧？
hungry so soon，Tom，you've just had lunch.
Could I speak to John，please？我能和约翰说话吗？
Could you wait half an hour
？六点钟请你再打电话好吗？
有时也能？请你等半
Could you？在口语中表示请求对方做事。例如：个小时好吗？Could you please ring again at six(4) can
的形式
只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式。能表示一般现在和一般过去两种时态，表示将来。所有其他时态（包括将来时）须用11. look for/ find
be able to
加动词不定式来表示。他们没有能到北京来。
例如：They have not been able to come to Beijing.
look for 意为“寻找”，而find意为“找到，发现”，前者强调“找”这一动作，并不注重“找”的结果，而后者则强调“找”的结果。例如：到她的尺子啦。
Tom is looking for his watch找到。
12. be sleeping/ be asleep be sleeping
表示动作，意思是“正在睡觉”
；be asleep 表示状态，意思是“睡着了”
孩子们在房间里做什么？
。
如：---What are the children doing sleeping.他们正在睡觉。The children are asleep now.13. often/ usually/sometimes
often 表示\"经常\"，sometimes表示\"有时候\"，在表示发生频率上usually
在时连用，常位于主要谓语动词的前面，其他谓语动词（后面，有时也可位于句尾。如果要加强语气，则放在句首。We usually play basketball early.有时，我睡觉很早。
He often reads English in the morning.14. How much/ How many
how much常用来询问某一商品的价格，常见句式是How much is the skirt? 钱？
how much后加不可数名词，表示数量，意为“多少“，你们班有多少人？
15. be good for/ be good to/ be good at be good for
表示\"对……有好处\"，而be bad for
表示\"在……方面做得不好
\"。
做眼保健操对你的眼睛有好处。吃的太多对你的身体有害。
李老师对我们所有的人都很友好。这个老板对他的工人不好。
李雷擅长画画，但是我不擅长。
each从个体着眼，every从整
表示\"对……有害\"；be good to
表示\"
对……友好\"，而be bad to好\"，而be bad at
表示\"对……不好\"；be good at
表示\"擅长，在……方面做得
how many后加可数名词的复数形式。
How much meat do you want? 你要多少肉呀？How many students are there in your class?
这条裙子多少钱？
How much is / are
…?
这些香蕉多少
How much are the bananas? 他经常在早晨读英语。
after school.我们通常放学后打篮球。
Sometimes I go to bed often要高于usually，
要高于sometimes。这三个词表示的是经常性，一般性的动作或情况，常与一般现
be动词，情态动词和助动词）的
现在孩子们睡着了。
in the room?
---They are
，but he can’t find it.
汤姆正在寻找他的手表，但没能She can’t find her ruler.
她找不
如：Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes. Eating too much is bad for you health. Miss Li is good to all of us. The boss is bad to his workers.
Li Lei is good at drawing, but I'm bad at it.16. each/ every
each 和every都有\"每一个\"的意思，但含义和用法不相同。
体着眼。each 可用于两者或两者以上，the street.
街的两旁有树。
every只用于三者或三者以上。
There are trees on each side of
如：We each have a new book.我们每人各有一本新书。 He gets up early every morning.each可以用作形容词、副词和代词；duty.他们各人有各人的义务。想做不同的事情。
17. 一般现在时/现在进行时
一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，象；而现在进行时表示正在进行或发生的动作（构成方式为I do my homework in the evening.正在做作业。现在进行时常与等连用。
We often clean the classroom after school.Look! They are cleaning the classroom .初二年级（上）【知识梳理】I. 重点短语1. on time 2. best wishes 3. give a talk 4. for example 5. short for 6. a waste of time 7. go on a field trip 8. go fishing 9. I agree 10. next week
11. the day after tomorrow 12. have a picnic
13. have some problems doing sth. 14. go the wrong way 15. hurry up 16. get together 17. in the open air 18. on Mid-Autumn Day 19. come over 20. have to 21. get home 22. agree with 23. in the country
II.
now, these days, at the moment
我在晚上做作业。
每天早晨他都起得早。every只能用作形容词。如：
Each of them has his own
他们每个人都
They each want to do something different.
也表示说话者的能力，
am/is /are/+doing
还有自然现）。
我现在
I'm doing my homework now.或Look, listen
等词连用；而一般现
在时常与often, always, sometimes, usually, every day, in the morning, on Mondays
我们经常放学后打扫教室。看！他们正在打扫教室呢。24. in town 25. all the same 26. in front of
27. on the left/right side 28. next to 29. up and down 30. keep healthy 31. grow up 32. at the same time 33. the day before yesterday 35. last Saturday 36. half an hour ago 37. a moment ago 38. just now 39. by the way 40. all the time 41. at first
重要句型
1. have fun doing sth. 2. Why don’t you…？3. We’re going to do sth.4. start with sth. 5. Why not…? 6. Are you going to
…？
7. be friendly to sb. 8. You’d better do sth.9. ask sb. for sth. 10. say goodbye to sb. 11. Good luck(with sb)! III.
交际用语
20.Which do you like better, the country?
the city or
21.Which do you like best, dogs, cats or chickens?
22.Shall we go at ten? Good idea! 23.------OK. 24.---Why
not come a little
earlier?
---All right.
I’m late,
25.Excuse me. Where’s the nearest post office, please?
26.It’s over there on the right. 27.I’m sorry I don28.You’d better…
？
29.Thank you all the same. 30.Which bus do I take? 31.Go along this road. 32.What day was it yesterday?
…
33.I’m sorry to hear that.34.I hope you’re better now.35.Why did you call me? 36.I called to tellIV. 重要语法1.be going to
的用法；
2.形容词的比较级、最高级；3.形容词和副词的比较4.一般过去时
…’t know.
Let’s make it
half
past one.
1.Welcome backto school! 2.Excuse
me. I’m sorry
because the traffic is bad. 3.It doesn’t matter.4.Happy Teachers’ Day !5.That’s a good idea.6.What are you going to do7.Where are we going ? 8.What are we going to do ? 9.I’m good at…10.It’s not far from
11. Are you free tomorrow evening? 12.Would you and Lily like to come over to my home for Mid-Autumn Festival? 13.I’m glad you can come.14.Thanks for asking us. 15.How about another one? 16.May I have a taste? 17.Let me walk with you. 18.What do you have to do? 19.Do you live on a farm? 【名师讲解】
1. on the street / in the street 表示“在街上”时，在英国多用
on the street
和 in the street 都可以，在美国多用on the street,
in the street. 例如：We have a house in the street.
我在街上遇见了他。
我们在街上有座房
子。I met him on the street. 2. would like / like would like
和 like
含义不同。like 意思是“喜欢”，“爱好”，而 would like 意思是“想
要”。试比较： I like beer.=I’m fond of beer. 我喜欢喝啤酒。I’d like a glass of Do you like going to the cinema? 你
你今晚想去看电影吗？
物体。例如：
beer= I want a glass of beer. 我想要一杯啤酒。3. another / the other (1)another
喜欢看电影吗？Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?
通常用于三个或三个以上或不确定数量中的任意一个人或
请在给我一个苹果好吗？
May I have another apple, please? 拿一件看看。
This coat is too small for me. Please show me another这件外套我穿太小，请再给我
(2)the other 通常指两者中的另一个。例如：
他有两把尺子，一把短的，另一
’an . The other
works in Beijing.
我
He has two rulers. One is short. The other is long. 把长的。 I have two brothers. One works in Xi有两个兄弟，一个在西安工作，另一个在北京工作。4. have to /must (1)have to
和 must 都可以用来谈论义务，但用法略有不同。如果某人主观上觉得必须去
我必须戒烟。（自己想戒烟）They have to work for the boss.
must 只能用于一般现在时。例如：
We had to work
为了多挣钱，我们不得不每天长时间
他们不得不
做而又想去时，常用must。如果谈论某种来自“外界”的义务，常用have to。例如：I must stop smoking. (2)have to
为那个老板工作。（条件逼得他们去工作）
可用于多种时态，
I’ll have to get up early tomorrow morning.明天早晨我必须早早起床。long hours every day in order to get more money.地工作。
(3)用于否定句时，mustn’t意思是“决不能”，“禁止”，而don’t have to意思是“不必”，相当于needn’t。例如：You mustn’t be late again next You don’t have to go there today. You can go there tomorrow.了。你可以明天去。
5. hear sb. or sth.doing sth. / herar sb. or sth. do sth. hear sb. or sth.doing sth.听见他在唱英歌曲。
I heard him sing an English song.类似hear 这种用法的还有6. any /some
any和some 都可以同不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式连用，但any用在疑问句和否定句中。
你有钱吗？I don’t have any money. Would you like some more beer?Could I have some rice, please?7. hear /listen to listen to
和hear 都有“听”的意思，但含义有所不同。
Listen to me ,please!
Listen to
强调“听”的动作，
you a story.
hear 强调“听”的结果。例如：请听我说！我给你们讲个故事。
Listen! Can you hear someone crying in the next room? 里哭吗？
I listened, but heard nothing.
我听了听，但什么也听不见。
。例如：
我听说一些外国学生将要访问我
我听说今晚我们学校
hear 后面如果接宾语从句，常常表示“听说”I hear some foreign students will visit our school.们学校。
I hear there is going to be a film in our school this evening.要演一场电影。
8. Let’s… /Let us…
Let’s…和Let us…都表示“让我们……”
, 如果us 包括听话人在内，其含义相同，附
听！你能听见有人在隔壁房间I’m going to tell
我一点钱也没有。
。例如：
some一般用在肯定句中；
试比较：I want some money. 我想要点钱。Have you any money?
我听见他唱一首英文歌。
等感官动词。
see, watch, listen, feel
意思是“听到某人或某物在做某事”
，而hear sb. or sth. do
sth.意思“听到某人或某物做过某事”
。试比较：I hear him singing an English song.
time.下一次你决不能再迟到。
你今天不必到那里去
some 有时也用于疑问句，表示说话人期待一个肯定回答或鼓励人家说“是”
请你再来点啤酒好吗？请给我来点米饭好吗？
带问句用will you
shall we. 如果us 不包括听话人在内，其含义不同，Let us…的附带问句要用
。例如：Let’s go shopping, shall we? 我们去购物好吗？
9. take/ bring/ carry /get
这四个动词都有“拿”和“带”的意思，但含义有所不同。take意为“带走”，“拿走”，bring意为“带来”，“拿来”, get表示“到别的地方把某人或某物带来或拿来”向，带有负重的意思。试比较：
My parents often take me there on holidays.I’m going to take you to Beijing.请给我端杯茶来。
I’ll bring the book to you tomorrow.明天我把那本书给你带来。me to the table把那个包背在背上。the doctor.
10. far away /faraway
(1)far away是一个副词短语，意思是有些离得很远，有些离得近一些的。很远。(2)faraway
是一个形容词，意思是“遥远的”
，可以在句中作定语。例如：他住在一个遥远的小山村。
find 强调“找”的结果，而
look for
I’
I hope you
我在课
He lives in faraway mountain village.11. find / look for find和look for
都有“找”的意思，但含义不同。
’t find it.
强调“找”的过程。请看下列例句：m looking for my watch, but canwill soon find your lost ring.桌里发现了一个钱包。I find this book very interesting.12. in front of /in the front of
In front of 表示在某物的前面，不在某物的范围内。在某物的范围内。试比较：初二年级（中）【知识梳理】I. 重点短语1. give a concert 2. fall down 3. go on 4. at the end of 5. go back 6. in ahurry 7. write down 8. come out 9. all the year round
10. later on 11. at times 12. ring sb. up 13. Happy New Year! 14. have a party 15. hold on 16. hear from 17. be ready 18. at the moment 19. take out 20.the same as 21. turn over
My seat is in front of Mary
He is sitting in the front of the car with the driver.
In the front of 表示在某物的前部，
’s.我的座位在玛丽座位的前面。
他和司机坐在小车的前部。
我觉得这本书很有意思。He is looking for his bike.希望你尽快找到丢失的戒指。
I found a wallet in the desk.
他在找他的自行车。
“很远”。例如：Some are far away. Some are nearer.The village is far away from here.
那个村子离这儿
服务员把肉送到桌上。
The waiter carried the
猴子Let me get
The monkey carried the bag on her back.
我父母常常带我到那里去度假。
Bring me a cup of tea, please.
我准备带你去北京。
，carry不强调方
She went back to get her handbag.他折回去拿他的手提包。
让我去请医生吧。
我在找我的手表，但是找不到。
另外，find还有“发现”；“感到”等意思。例如：
22. get-together 23. put on 24. take a seat 25. wait for 26. get lost 27. just then 28. first of all 29. go wrong 30. make a noise 31. get on 32. get off 33. stand in line 34. at the head of 35. laugh at 36. throw about 37. in fact 38. at midnight 39. enjoy oneself 40. have a headache 41. have a cough 42. fall asleep 43. again and again 44. look over 45. take exercise II.
重要句型
1. be good for sth. 2. I think …
3. I hope…4. I love
…
5. I don’t like…
6. I’m sure…7. forget to do sth. 8. take a message for sb. 9. give sb. the message 10. help yourself to sth. 11. be famous for sth. 12. on one’s way to…13. make one’s way to…14. quarrel with sb. 15. agree with sb.
16. stop sb. from doing sth.
III. 交际用语
1.What’s the weather like today?2.It’s cold, but quite suuny.3.How cold it is today! 4.Yes, but it
’ll be warmer later on.
5.Shall we make a snowman? 6.Ok. Come on! 7.Happy New Year!
8.May I speak to Ann, please?？
9.Hold on, please.
10.Thanks a lot for inviting me to your party.
11.Ok. But I’m afraid I may be a little
late.
12.Can I take a message for you? 13.That’s OK. It doesn’t matter.
14.I’m very sorry, but I can
’t come.
15.I’m sorry to hear that.16.Happy birthday!
17.Would you like ...? Would you like to ...?
18.Do you think ...? Yes, I think so. / No, I don't think so.
19.Do you agree? Yes, I agree. / No, don't really
agree.
I really
can't
agree.
20.There are a few / a lot of ... / on it.
21.So do we.
22.I'm happy you like it.
23.Which is the way to ..., please? 24.Turn right/left
at the ...
crossing.
25.Go on until you reach ...
26.How can I get to ...? Go down/up/along this road.
27.What's the matter?
28.It'll take you half an hour to ... 29.We'd better catch a bus. 30.It may be in ... Ah, so it is 31.You must be more careful! 32.You mustn't cross the road now. 33.If you want to cross a street, you must wait for the green light.
34.Please stand in line. 35.You must wait for your turn. 36.If you don't go soon, you'll 37.I don't feel very well. 38.My head hurts.
39.You mustn't eat anything until you see the doctor. 40.What's the trouble? 41.What's the matter with42.She didn't 43.Nothing serious. 44.Have/get a pain in45.No problem. 【名师讲解】1. above/ over/ on
…
…？
feel like eating anything.
be late.
46.Take this medicine three times a day. IV. 重要语法1. 一般过去时；2. 反意疑问句的用法；3. 一般将来时；4. 感叹句；
5. 简单句的五种基本句型；
6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to用法；
7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句。
的
这三个介词都表示“在……之上”，但含义不同。on指在某物的表面上，指在某物的上方，不和某物接触，但也不一定在某物的正上方；不和某物接触。试比较：
There is a book on the desk.
I raise my right hand above my head. There is a stone bridge over the river. 2. forget to do sth./forget doing sth. forget to do sth.他这条消息了。
I forgot telling him the news.类似的词还有：remember, regret3. hope/wish
我已经把这条消息告诉他了，我却忘了。等。
意思是“忘记做某事”，实际上还没做；
我把右手高举过头。
河面上有座石桥。
和某物接触；above
over指在某物的正上方，
课桌上有一本书。
forget doing sth,意思是“忘我忘记告诉
记做过某事”，实际上已经做过了。试比较：I forgot to tell him the news.
hope和wish 在汉语中都有“希望”的意思，但其含义和用法有所不同。主要区别如下：(1)wish
可以用来表示不可实现的愿望；
hope只能用来表示可能实现的愿望。例如：
I wish I were 20 years younger.I hope you’ll be better soon. I wish the weather wasnI hope he will come, too. (2)wish
可以接sb. to do sth.
我但愿自己能年轻二十岁。我希望你能很快好起来。
但愿天气不这麽冷。
我希望他也能来。
的结构，而hope不可以。例如：
你是否希望我再来？
，也可以用来
’t so cold.
Do you wish me to come back later?
4. be sure to do sth./ be sure of/about sb. or sth.
(1)be sure to do sth.可以用来表示说话人给对方提出要求，意思是“务必”表示说话人做出的推断，意思是“一定”Be sure to lock the door when you leave.It’s a good film. You are sure to enjoy it.(2)be sure of/about sb.or sth. I’m sure of his success.I think it was three years ago, but I
我相信他会成功。
’m not sure about it.
我想那是三年前的事情，
，“肯定”。例如：
你离开时务必把门锁好。
这是一部好电影，你肯定会喜欢的。
。例如：
可用来表示“某人对某事有把握”
但我没有把握。5. hear from/hear of
hear意思是“听到”，从哪里听到要用I’ve heard from Xiao Wu that we吴说，我们明天开始军训。hear from信。
I heard from her last week. 常用在疑问句和否定句里。例如：6. It’s a pleasure./With pleasure.It’s a pleasure例如：
---Thank you for helping me. ---Thanks a lot. Bye.类似的话还有
“Not at all.
谢谢你地帮助。---It再见。---It
’s a pleasure.
那是我乐意做的。
”
非常感谢。
’s a pleasure.
那是我乐意做的。再见。
这句话常用作别人向你表示致谢时的答语，意思是“那是我乐意做的”
。
我上周接到了她的来信。
Who is he? I’ve never heard of him.
他是谁？我从来
hear of和和hear from含义不同。hear of 意思是“听说”，“得知”（某事或某人的存在），没有听说过他。I never heard of such a thing!
这样的事我从来没有听说过。
from来表示。例如：
我听小
’ll start out military training tomorrow.
Listen to the tape and write out what you hear from Han Mei.
（=receive a letter from sb.
）。例如：
听录音，并写出你从韩梅那里听到的内容。
还有一个意思是“收到某人的来信”
I heard from my pen friend in the U.S.A. last month.
上个月我受到了美国笔友的来
”“You are welcome.”“That’s all right.
With pleasure也用作客气的答语，主要用在别人要你做某事，例如：---Will you please pass me the newspaper, please?---With pleasure.7. seem/look
(1)二者都可以作“看起来”讲，
当然可以。
而你又非常愿意去做的场合。请你把报纸递给我好吗？
但seem暗示凭借一些迹象作出的有根据的判断，这种判断
(to be)+形容词和as if他今天看起来很高兴。好像要下雨了。
他似乎知道答案。
从
往往接近事实；look着重强调由视觉得出的印象。两者都可跟句。如：He seems / looks (to be) very happy today. It looks (seems) as if it it is going to rain. (2)但下列情况中只用2)在It seems that ...他像比昨天高兴些了。
8. be ready to do/be ready for/ get ready to do/get ready for (1)be ready to do(2)get ready to do
和be ready for和get ready forseem不用look：
1)后跟不定式to do时。如：He seems to know the answer.
结构中。如：It seems that he is happier now than yesterday.
…表示“已作好…的准备”，强调状态…表示“为…做准备”，强调行为。如：
我愿意/随时准备做一切做你要我做的事。我愿意/随时准备回答你可能问的问题。他正准备动身去东京。我们为这一艰难时刻作好准备吧。
be not ready
他通常
I'm ready to do anything you want me to do. I'm ready for any questions you may ask.He's getting ready to leave for Tokyo.Let's get ready for the hard moment.
(3)be ready to do 通常可理解“乐于做某事”，即思想上总是有做某事的准备。to do表示“不轻易做某事”。如：He's usually not ready to listen to others.不轻易听从别人。9. at table/at the table at table
在吃饭，at the table
在桌子旁边。例如：
The Greens are at table.
格林一家
人在吃饭。
Mr. Black is sitting at the table and reading a book.10. reach, arrive/get to
布莱克先生坐在桌旁读书。
是不及物动词，不
三者都有\"到达\"之意。reach是及物动词，后直接加名词，get和arrive+小地方，arrive in+
大地方。如：
露西8点前到了动物园。
你父母何时到上海的？
我到家时天色已晚。
ill
能直接加名词，须借助于介词。get to后加名词地点，若跟副词地点时，to去掉；arrive at Lucy got to the zoo before 8 o'clock. When did your parents arrive in Shanghai? It was late when I got home. 11. sick/ill
二者都是形容词。当“生病的，患病“之意时，表语也可作定语。Li Lei was ill last week. (他是病人。不能说成：12. in time/on time
in time是\"及时\"的意思，on time是\"准时，按时\"。如：I didn't time. 我没有及时赶上汽车。13. may be/maybe
It may be in your inside pocket. = Maybe it is in your inside pocket. 边的口袋里。第一句中可能是\"；第二句中的说You maybe put it in that bag.is a hat.
）
voice是指说话的声音，嗓音，嗓子。
sound是指耳朵
）It may be a hat.
那可能是顶帽子。（不能说It maybe a hat.
或It maybe
may be是情态动词+be 动词构成的谓语部分，意思是
也许在你里\"也许是\"，\"
We'll finish our job on time.
get to the bus stop in 我们要按时完成任务。
只作表语，不作定语；而
ill
He's a sick man.
sick既可作（作定语）
sick有\"呕吐，恶心\"的意思，只能作表语，而
只作表语)李磊上周生病了。
He's an ill
man.My grandfather
无此意。如：
was sick for a month last year.
（作表语）我祖父去年病了一个月。
maybe是副词，意思是\"可能\"，常位于句首，不能位于句中，相当于
也许你放在了那只包里。（不能
另一副词 perhaps。再如：Maybe you put it in that bag.
14. noise/ voice/ sound
noise 指嘈杂声，噪音大的吵杂声。如：
Don't make so much noise! He spoke in a low voice. 怪的声音。
Sound travels fast, but light travels faster. 初二英语（下）【知识梳理】I. 重点短语1. on time 2. out of 3. all by oneself 4. lots of 5. no longer 6. get back
7. sooner or later 8. run away 9. eat up 10. take care of 11. turn off 12. turn on 13. after a while 14. make faces 15. teach oneself
声音传得快，但是光传得更快。
别那么大声喧哗！
在电话里我听不出约翰的声音。
我们听到了一种奇
他低声说话。We heard a strange sound.
I didn't recognize John's voice on the telephone.
能够听到的声音、闹声等。它是表示声音之意的最普通的字。
有时还用作科学上的声音。例
16. fall off 17. play the piano 18. knock at 19. to one's surprise 20. look up 21. enjoy oneself 22. help yourself 23. tell a story / stories 24. leave....behind ……
25. come along
26. hold a sports meeting 27. be neck and neck 28. as ... as 29. not so / as ... as 30. do one's best 31. take part in 32. a moment late 33. Bad luck! 34. fall behind 35. high jump 36. long jump 37. relay race 38. well done! 39. take off 40. as usual 41. a pair of 42. at once 43. hurry off 44. come to oneself 45. after a while 46. knock on 47. take care of 48. at the moment 49. set off 50. here and there 51. on watch 52. look out
53. take one’s placeII.
重要句型
1. We’d better not do sth.2. leave one. oneself 3. fi
nd one’s way to a place
4. stand on one’s head
5. make sb. Happy 6. catch up with sb. 7. pass on sth. to somebody 8. spend time doing sth. 9. go on doing sth. 10. get on well with sb. 11. be angry with sb. 12. be fed up with sth. 13. not…until…14. make room for sb. III.
交际用语
1. We’re all by ourselves.2. I fell a little afraid. 3. Don’t be afraid.4. Help!
5. Can’t you hear anything?6. I can’t hear anything
/ anybody
there.
7. Maybe it’s a tiger.
8. Let’s get it back before they eat the food.
9. Did she learn all by herself? 10. Could she swim when she was …years
old?
11. She didn’t hurt herself.
12. He couldn’t buy himself many nice things.
13. Did he enjoy himself? 14. Help yourselves. 15. Bad luck! 16. Come on!
17. Well done! Congratulations (to…)!18. It must be very interesting. 19. I don’t think you
’ll like it.
20. It seems to be an interesting book.
21. I’m sure (that)… I’m not sure if… I’m not sure what to…
22. I hope so.
23. What was he/she drawing when…？24. I’m sorry to trouble you.25. Would you please
…？
26. What were you doing at ten oyesterday morning? 27. You look tired today.
’clock 33. Don’t crowd around him.IV. 重要语法
1. 不定代词/副词的运用；2. 反身代词的用法；3. 并列句；
4. 形容词和副词的比较等级；5. 冠词的用法；6. 动词的过去进行时；
28. You’d better go to bed early tonight, if you can. 29. How kind!
30. Let’s move the bag, or it may cause an accident.
31. It’s really nice of you.32. Don’t mention it.【名师讲解】1. bring/take Bring
表示“带来、拿来”，指从别处朝说话人所在或将在的地方“带来、拿来”
把那本书给我拿来。
给那位老人带去些食物。
。而take
则表示“拿去、带走”，它表示的方向与Bring me the book, please. Take some food to the old man. 2. somebody/ anybody/nobody
一般说来，somebody用于定句，anybody用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句。例如：Somebody came to see you when you were out. Does anybody live on this island? I didn't see anybody there. 不想见。
There is nobody in the room. 所以我不知道。3. listen, listen to, hear
这三个词意思都是“听”，但是它们的用法不完全相同。它们的区别在于：(1)listen
只用于不及物动词，后面接人或人物做宾语，着重于“倾听”
听！有人在教室唱歌。
to是介词。如：，指用耳朵听到了
我们
你喜欢听轻音乐吗？
We hear with our ears.
，指的是有意识的
动作，至于是否听到，并非强调的重点。如：Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom. (2)listen (3)hear
to 为listen
Do you like listening to light music?
的及物形式，后面一定要接人或物做宾语，这里的
房间里没人。
谁也没告诉我你病了
Nobody told me that you were ill, so I didn't know about it .
你出来时有人来见你。
有人在这岛上住吗？
我在那儿谁也没看见。
别让任何人进来。我太忙，谁也
bring相反，指从说话人所在地“拿走、带走”。如：
Don't let anybody in. I'm too busy to see anybody.
可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，意思是“听到、听见”
某个声音，表示无意识的动作，着重于听的能力和结果。如：用耳朵听。She listens but hears nothing.4. many/ much/ a few/ a little/ few/ little
她听了听，但是什么也没有听见。
(1)many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词；都表示许多。例如：He has many books.(2)a few些朋友。
Would you like some coffee? Yes, just a little.
喝点咖啡好吗？好的，只要一点。
和a little
名词，a little
他有许多书。He drank much milk.
他喝了许多牛奶。
\"some\"，但a few修饰可数
他在伦敦有一
都表示\"有一点儿\"，侧重于肯定，相当于
修饰不可数名词，例如：He has a few friends in London.
(3)few和little例如：
表示\"几乎没有\"，侧重否定。few后接可数名词，little后接不可数名词。
He is a strange man. He has few words.Hurry up, there is little time left.5. either/ neither/ both either
可作形容词，一般指
neither:
他是个怪人，他几乎不说什么话。赶快，没什么时间了。
\"两者中的任何一个\"。有时也可表示\"两个都……\"的意思，后
both: 指两者都，肯定。句中如：Neither of the films is good.
这两个老师都常常解答
跟名词的单数形式；指两者中没有一个，全否定；
可作主语、宾语和定语，both后面应跟名词的复数形式。两部电影都不好。（没有一部是好的）问题。
6. take part in/join take part inin my party.
参加某种活动; join
Either of the films is good. 两部电影都不错。（谓
语动词用单数）Both the teachers often answer the questions.
参加，加入某一政党或组织。例如：He joined the party in 1963.
我小弟去年参的军。
Can you take part 他1963年入的党。My
你能来参加我的派对吗？We often take part in many school activities.
我们经常参加学校里的一些活动。7. quite/ rather/ very (1)quite (2)rather (3)very
little brother joined the army last year.
表示程度“很，十分，完全地”
，“相当”。如：She is quite right.她对极了。如：It's
That's not quite what I want . rather cold today.
那并不完全是我所要的。
表示程度上的“相当”，比预想地程度要大，通常用在不喜欢的情况下。
今天的天气相当冷。
表示程度“很，甚，极其，非常”
，用于修饰形容词或副词，既可用在喜欢的情况a very +
形容词+可数名词的单数”结构中，
It's
\"a\"
+形容词+名词”的结构。如：
Two months is a very nice day
下，也可用于不喜欢的情况下。应注意“应置于\"very\"之前，该结构相当“/ quite a nice day. 初三年级（上）【知识梳理】I. 重点短语1. at the moment 2. used to 3. for a while
4. walk away with sth. 5. leave for some place 6. sooner or later 7. pay for
8. come up with an idea 9. think of 10. have a try 11. all over the world 12. be famous for 13. large numbers of
quite a/an
quite a long time. / a very long time. 两个月是一段很长的时间。
今天天气很好。
14. all the year round 15. no matter what 16. give up 17. for example 18. by the way 19. on business 20. so far 21. come true 22. set off 23. slow down 24. go on doing 25. wait for 26. be proud of 27. be afraid of 28. speak highly of 29. a year and a half
30. half a year 31. pick up 32. as soon as 33. keep… clean34. take care of 35. cut down
36. make a contribution to 37. base on 38. make sure 39. take away 40. begin with 41. right now
42. as soon as possible 43. leave a message 44. all kinds of things 45. walk around 46. fall asleep 47. wake up 48. go on a trip 49. have a good time 50. take photos 51. come out 52. come on
53. have a family meeting 54. talk about 55. go for a holiday 56 go scuba diving 57. write down 58. by oneself 59. walk along
60. get a chance to do sth 61. have a wonderful time 62. book a room 63. have an accident 64. be interested in 65. use sth. to do sth. 66. make a TV show 67. be amazed at 68. take part in 69. feed on 70. get out of II.
重要句型
1. Why don’t you do sth.? 2. make sb. Happy
3. borrow sth. from sb. 4. forget to do sth. 5. pay fro sth. 6. return sth. To sb. 7. learn sth. from sb. 8. be famous for sth. 9. No matter what…
10. be with sb.
11. go on doing sth. 12. speak highly of sb. 13. keep doing sth. 14. allow sb. To do sth.
15. encourage sb. to do sth. 16. It
is said that…
III. 交际用语
1. --- Excuse me, have you got …？--- Yes, I have. (Sorry, I haven’t.)
2. ---
Why don’t you …？
--- Thanks, I will.
3. --- Thanks a lot. (Thank you very much.)
--- You are welcome. 4. --- Have you ever done…？--- Yes, I have, once. (No, never.) 5. --- I’ve just done
…
--- Really?
6. ---What’s …ｌike ?
7. --- How long have you been…？--- Since…
8. ---
Have you ever been to
…？
--- I’ve never been there. (None of us has./ Only
…has. )
9. --- Would you like to have a try? --- I don’t think I can…
10. ---
What have you done since
…？11. --- How long have you been at this …？--- For…12. --- How long has she/ he worked
there…？
--- She’s / He’s worked there for
… /
all her / his life. 13. --- now.
14. --- May I help you? 15. ---
That’s very kind of you.
16. ---Could we go scuba diving?
17. --- Could you tell us how long we’re going to be away? 18.
---
Let’s
try
to
find
some
information about it, OK?
19. --- Could you please tell me how to search the Internet? 【名师讲解】1. Maybe/ may be
(1) maybe是副词，意思是“大概，也许”“也许不”。
(2) may be相当于是情态动词那人也许是律师。
2. borrow/ lend/ keep/ use (1) borrow
I’m sorry he isn
’t here right
20. --- Go straight along here. 21. ---Please go to Gate 12. 22. --- Please come this way. 23. --- Could you tell about Hainan Island?
24. --- That sounds really cool! IV. 重要语法1. 宾语从句2. 现在完成时
3. 一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较：
me what you think
，常用作状语。例如： Maybe you put it in your
“他明天来吗？”
bag.也许你把它放在包里了。“Will he come tomorrow?”“Maybe not.”
may与be动词搭配一起作谓语，意思是“也许是…，可能是…”。
他们可能于九点到达。
The man may be a lawyer.
例如：It may be 9:00 when they arrive.
表示的是从别人那里借来东西，即我们通常所说的“借进来”
我们经常从学校图书馆借书。
我从老师那儿借来了这本字典。
。例如：We often I borrowed this
borrow books from our school library.dictionary from my teacher.
borrow是一个瞬间完成的动作，因此不能与时间段连用。
例如：You can borrow my recorder for three days. ( 错误 )I have borrowed this book for only one week. (
错误 )
即我们通常所说的“借出去”。例如：Thank you
He often lends money to his brother.
(2) lend表示的是把自己的东西借给别人，他经常借钱给他弟弟。
lend与borrow一样，也是一个瞬间完成的此可以与时间段连用。例如：以借用三天。
I have kept this book for only one week.(4) use电话。
3. leave/ leave for (1) leave
意思是“离开，留下”。例如：We left Shanghai two years ago.
我们两年前
离开了上海。
He left his cell phone in the taxi last week.(2) leave for
month.我们将于下月去西藏。
他上周把手机落在出租车里了。
We will leave for Tibet next
意思是“前往”，表示要去的目的地。例如：
我能借你的尺子用一下吗？
这本书我才刚借了一星期。
。例如：May I use your ruler?
他不得不使用这部公用
也可以当“借用”讲，但它的本意是“用，使用”
动作，不能与一段时间连用。
我的录音机你可
(3) keep的意思也是“借”，但一般是指借来后的保存或使用阶段，是一段持续的时间，因
You can keep my recorder for three days.
for lending me your bike.谢谢你把自行车借给我。
He had to use this public telephone.
The train is leaving for Moscow.这趟火车即将开往莫斯科。
4. since/ for
(1) since用于完成时态，既能用作介词，也能用作连词，后常接时间点，意思是“自从”例如：
He has been a worker since he came into this city.了。
I have never seen him since we last met in Shanghai .我再也没见过他。
since作连词，还有“既然”的意思。例如：it.
既然你对它感兴趣，那就做吧。
work.既然你已经做完了功课，就开心玩会儿吧。
(2) for用于完成时，用作介词，后常接一段时间，意思是“经过…”。例如： I have learned English for five years.我已经学了五年英语了。They have waited for you for 30 minutes.他们已经等了你三十分钟了。
for也可以用作连词，但意思是“因为”late.他们由于完到了而误了航班。5. neither/ either/ both (1) neitherof them. neither配，表示
作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为“两者都不”
，作主语时谓语动词用单数
.
例如：Neither of the boys is from England.这两个男孩都不是来自英国。
他们两个我都不认识。
用作形容词，也修饰单数名词，意思与作代词时相同；用作连词时，一般与“既不…也不”。作主语时，谓语动词也遵循就近原则。
她昨天既不吃也不喝。
Neither he nor we play football
nor搭on Sundays.
例如：She neither ate
I know neither
。例如： They missed the flight
ill
for they
were
He fell
for many reasons.他由于多种原因病倒了。 Since you are interested in it, just do
your
You can have fun now since you’ve finished
自从我们上次在上海见过之后自从他来到这个城市，他就是工人
。
nor drank yesterday. (2) either数.
他和我们星期天都不踢球。
作代词时，是指两者中的任意一方
,(两者之)每一个，故作主语时谓语动词用单
. .
.
例如：Either of the books is new.She doesn’t like either of the films.either
作形容词, 用来修饰单数名词
例如：Either school is near my home. (Either question is difficult.either
语动词遵循就近原则。Either he or I am right.(3) both
这两本书任何一本都是新的
这两部电影她都不喜欢
,意思与作介词时相同
.
这两所学校中的)任何一所学校都离我家很近
。作主语时，谓
两个问题(中的任何一个)都难.
作连词时,一般与or搭配,表示两者选其一，意思是“不是…就是”
不是他就是我是对的。
Either my sister or my parents are coming to see me.
作代词时，指的是所涉及到的“两者都”
I like both of the stories.我父母两人都是老师。
both作形容词时，用来修饰两者胳膊都受伤了。
Both these students are good at English. both用作连词时，多与复数形式。
Both piano and violin are my bobbies.They study both history and physics.
and搭配，表示“既…又
,意思与作代词时相同这两个故事我都喜欢。
不是我姐姐就是我父母要来看我。
, 故作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。Both of my parents are teachers..Both his arms are hurt.
他的两只
这两个学生都擅长英语。
, 不仅…而且”, 作主语时,谓语动词仍用
钢琴和小提琴都是我的爱好。他们既学历史，又学物理。
6. find/look for/ find out
(1) find强调找的结果，意思是“找到”句。
例如：Jim couldn’t find his hat.你找到丢失的钥匙了吗？
He found the lights were on along the street.(2) look for意思。
例如：She is looking for her son.她正在找她的儿子。since early this morning.holiday.
我期待着即将来临的假期。
我能查出
We’ve been looking for the car
I look for the coming
我们从今天一大早就开始找这辆车了。
他发现沿街的灯都亮了
的意思为“寻找”，指的是找的动作而非结果。另外，还有“盼望，期待”的
吉姆找不着帽子了。
Have you found your lost keys?
。此外还有“发现，发觉”的意思，后可接宾语从
(3) find out含有经过观察、研究或探索而得知的意思，后常接较抽象的事物，意思是“找出，发现，查明（真相）”等。例如： I can find out who took my money away.谁拿了我的钱。
Could you find out when the plane arrives? 7. forget to do/ forget doing
(1) forget to do是指忘记去做某件事了，即该事还没有做。例如：to call this afternoon.change with me.(2) forget doingHe forgot telling
今天下午不要忘了给我打电话。
我身上忘了带零钱了。
是指忘记某件已经做过的事情，即该事已经做了，但被忘记了。me his address.他忘了告诉过我地址了。
例如：
They forgot having been here
Please don’t forget
I forgot to take some small
你能设法知道飞机何时到吗？
before.他们忘了以前曾来过这儿。8. stop doing/ stop to do
(1) stop doing是指停止做某事，即doing这个动作不再继续。例如：They stopped debating.他们停止了辩论。（不辩论了）He had to stop driving to red.
由于交通灯变成了红色他不得不停车。
是指停下来开始做另一件事，即停止原先的事，开始做
do这个动作。
(2) stop to do
as the traffic
lights
changed in
例如：She stopped to have a rest.她停下来休息会儿。（开始休息）They stopped to talk.他们停下来开始交谈。9. except/ besides (1) except
是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”
，可以理解为“撇开…不谈”
,表示
两部分的不同。 Everyone is excited except me.除我以外的每个人都很激动。而我却不激动）All the visitors are Japanese except him.本人。（其他人是日本人，可他不是）(2)besides
是包括后面所提人或物在内的
25个学生去看了电影。
“除了”，可以理解为“除之外…还、除之外…又”，(他和另外25人都去了)We like biology besides （生物和英语都喜欢）
，常用于句首或句尾。
他是一名伟大的思想他们不仅鼓励我，
表示两部分的相似性。例如：除他以外，还有
Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.
（他们激动，
除他以外的所有游客都是日
English.除了英语外，我们还喜欢生物。
besides还可用作副词，意思是“此外；而且”家，除此以外，他还是一位政治家。
例如：He is a great thinker, and besides, he is a politician.They encouraged me, and they supported me with money, besides. 而且与我以金钱上的支持。10. keep doing/ keep on doing
(1) keep doing指的是连续地、坚持不断地做某事，中间不间断。for a whole day.(2) keep on
刮了一整天风了。
The temperature keeps dropping.
他们已经互相通信多年了。
doing是指反复坚持做某事，但动作之间略有间隔。例如：
喝了一些水后，他坚持讲话。
例如：It kept blowing
温度持续下降。They have kept on After drinking some
writing to each other for many years.water, he kept on talking.11. seem/ look
(1) seem一般着重于以客观迹象为依据，seems to be happy.那件事感到抱歉。
seem能与to do结构连用，而在it作形式主语的句型中只能用现在看起来很忙。
It seems to us that there is nothing serious.(2) look印象为依据的。
例如：The room looks clean.那女孩看起来向她的妈妈。12. such/ so
(1)such常用作形容词，用来修饰名词。He is such a clever boy.(2) so
Why did you come so late? 例如：He has so many friends.剩这么一点儿时间！13. either/ too/ also (1)either
是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。
意思是“似乎、好象、看起来…”。例如：The baby
He seemed to be sorry for that.
他似乎为
婴儿看上去似乎很高兴。
look不能。例如：It seems to rain.
他们似乎已经完成了工作。
似乎要下雨了。
他
They seemed to have finished their work.
seem。例如：It seems that he is quite busy now.
在我看来没什么大不了的。
用作“看起来；好像”时，常从物体的外观或样貌上来判断，是以视觉所接受的
这间房看起来很干净。
The girl looks like her mother.
例如：Don’t be such a fool.例如：He is so kind! 等表示多、少时，应该用
别这么傻。
他是如此聪明的一个男孩。
他真好心！so。
才
你为何回来得如此晚？
他有如此多的朋友。
Only so little time is left!
当名词前有many, much, few, little
用作“也”时是副词，常用于否定句句尾。
’m not, either.
。
你也在三年级
她不是日本人，我也不是。
’t like this song, either.
我妹妹也不喜欢这首歌。
例如：She is not a Japanese, IMy sister doesn(2)too吗？(3)also着去的。
Did you also want to have a look? 14. if/ whether 在下列情况下只能用(1)与or not
常用于肯定句或疑问句尾，表示“也”
例如：He likes China, too.他也喜欢中国。 Are you in Grade 3, too?
也常用于肯定句或疑问句，但一般位于句中。
我们也是学生。 He also went there on foot.
你也想看看吗？
他也是走
例如：We are also students.
whether而非if：
whether.
我们想知道你是否生病了。
请告诉我们你是否完成了
连用时，只能用
We want to know whether you are ill or not. 工作。
(2)后接动词不定式时，只能用
whether.
Please tell me whether or not you have finished your work.
Adam didn’t know whether to go or stay.(3)所引导的宾语从句放在主句之前时，只能用Whether it will rain or snow, we donWhether I won or lost, she didn(4)引导主语从句或表语从句时，一般用Whether he will go with me is a secret.if能引导条件状语从句，表示“如果，假如”We’ll have a football match if it doesn进行足球赛。
I’ll tell him if I sees him.15. cost/ spend/ pay/ take (1) cost钱。
The new bike costs me 300 yuan.时间。
一般用某物来做主语，表示“
亚当不知道是走还是留。
他还没决定是否和我共进晚餐。我们不在乎将要刮风还是下雨。我是赢是输她不想知道。最重要的是他们是不是已经走了。
他是否会和我一起去还是个秘密。，而whether没有此用法。’t rain tomorrow.
如果明天不下雨，我们
要
whether.
He hasn’t decided whether to have dinner with me.
’t mind. ’t want to know.
whether.
The most important was whether they had gone.
我看见他就告诉他。
如果你遇到危险，请拨打
110。
If you’re in danger, please call 110.
（某物）值…、花费…”，既能指花费时间也能指金
这辆新自行车花了我三百元。
通读这本书将会花费你整整一周
It will cost you a whole to read through this book.
cost 还可以用作名词，表示“成本、费用、价格、代价”等。What’s the cost of this TV set? They succeeded at the cost of hard work.(2) spend一般用某人来作主语，表示“时间时常与
in搭配，指金钱时常与
这台电视机的成本是多少钱？
他们辛苦地工作换来的成功。
（某人）花费…，付出…”，也能指时间或金钱，指on或for搭配。
我们花了两天时间修理这台机器。李先生每月花二十美元在书上。
他们花了七十元买票。
We spent two days in repairing this machine.Mr. Lee spends $20 on books every month.常与for搭配使用。例如：
(3) pay用作动词时，一般也以某人作主语，但一般指花钱、付款等，很少用来指花费时间。
They paid 70 yuan for the tickets.
他穷得交不起学费。
我很难靠这么低的薪水生活下去。
it.
He was too poor to pay for his schooling.pay还可以用作名词，意思为“薪水、工资”等。It’s hard for me to live with such low pay.(4)take
也指“花费(时间、金钱)”，但通常用某事、某物做主语，或用形式主语
How long will the meeting take? 会议要开多久？It took me several hours to get there. 我花了几个小时才到那儿。16. bad/ badly
这两个词的意思含有“坏、糟、严重”等意思，且它们有共同的比较级(1) bad
是一个形容词，意思是“坏的，糟糕的，差的，严重的”
例如：I don’t think he is a bad person.我并不认为他是一个坏人。我的头疼得很厉害。(2)badly度”。
例如：We need help badly.我们急需帮助。His arm was badly hurt.他的胳膊严重受伤了。17. interested/ interesting (1) interested
是指“对…产生兴趣的，
对…感兴趣的”，一般用人做主语，后常用介词in.
是一个副词,意思是“不好地，差”，也可以表示程度，意为“严重地，非常，极
worse和最高级worst 。。
I had a bad headache.
例如：He was interested in art.(2)interesting
in biology before.他以前对生物感兴趣。 I’m not interested
我对艺术不感兴趣。
的意思是“有趣的”，指能够给人带来兴趣的某人或某事物。例如：
old man.他是个有趣的老头。
The interesting
story attracted
me.
He is an interesting
这个有趣的故事吸引了我。18. dead/ die/ death/ dying (1) dead如：
The tree has been dead for ten years.这棵树死了有十年了。The rabbits
are all dead.
是形容词，意思为“死了的、无生命的”
，表示状态，可以与一段时间连用。
例
这些兔子都是死的。(2) die
是动词，意思为“死、死亡”
，是一个瞬间动词，不能与一段时间连用。例如：
My grandpa died two years ago.我爷爷两年前去世了。
The old man died of cancer.
人死于癌症。(3) death
是名词，意思为“死亡、去世”等。
The memorial hall was built one year after his death.他死后一年，纪念馆建成了。
His death is a great loss to us.他的死是我们的巨大损失。
(4) dying
是die的现在分词，用作形容词，意思是“垂死的、即将死去的”
。
The doctors have saved the dying man.医生们救活了那个垂死的人。The poor dog had no food, it was dying.可怜的狗没有食物,快要饿死了。
初三年级（中）22. according to 【知识梳理】23. keep warm I. 重点短语
24. on the other hand 25. on show
1. give up 26. on display 2. try out 27. in the future 3. most of 28. look up
4. not…any more 29. Tree Planting Day 5. at the age of 30. just right
6. at that time
31. as often as possible 7. send message by telegraph 32. wash away 8. graduate from 33. in this way 9. turn down 34. in a few years' time 10. put up 35. point to 11. at the top of 36. thanks to 12. get together 37. more or less 13. from house to house 38. so far 14. at the end of 39. shut down 15. on top of 40. send up 16. as well 41. put off
17. climb down 18. in a single night II.
重要句型19. even though 20. live on
1.set one's mind to do sth. 21. once upon a time
2. put … together 老
3. stop…from…4. keep…from…2. --- I'll …
3. --- Which of these would you like most
5. be filled with sth. to …？6. give birth to 4. --- What do you want to … ?
7. be covered with 5. --- I want to…8. be made of 6. --- I hope to …9. fill
…with…
7. --- I plan to…
10. match…with 8. --- I'm going to…
11. be used for
9. --- I'm so happy that
…
12. have nothing to do with 10. ---
I'm glad
…．
13. come up with 11. --- me too.
14. no matter how…
12. --- What's this called in English? 15. keep sb./sth.warm
13. --- What's it made of? III. 交际用语14. --- It's made of …15. --- What's it used for?
1. ---I'm trying to
… 16. --- It's used for
…
17. --- English is widely used for business/ …
18. --- It is one of the world's most important languages as it is so widely used.
19. --- Where is / are … grown / produced / made ?
20. --- The (ground ) must be just right
…
21. ---
It's best to
…
22. --- The hole should not be too deep.
23. --- The Great Green Wall is 7000 kilometres long, and between 400 and 1700 kilometres wide.
24. --- The more, the better. 25. --- More or less! 26. ---
The (ground ) must be just right
…
27. --- The hole should not be too deep. 28. 掌握以下常见标志：
ENTRANCE EXIT PUSH PULL NO SMOKING NO PARKING
FRAGILE THIS SIDE UP NO PHOTOS DANGER BUSINESS HOURS PLAY STOP PAUSE ON OFF IV. 重要语法
1. 动词被动语态的结构和用法；2. 动词不定式的功能和用法。【名师讲解】1. be able to/ can
(1) 都能表示“能够，具备干某件事的能力”这个含义，此时可以互换。Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time. = Mr. Green can finish the work on time. 格林先生能够按时完成这项工作。
(2) be able to可以用于各种时态，而can 为情态动词，多用于现在时，其过去式为couldWe are sure he will be able to be an artist when he grows up.
我们相信他长大后能
。够成为一名画家。
Miss Lin has been able to pay the car by herself.表示请求，但语气没有
could委婉
我能看看这张图片吗？我们可以在下午
6点之后再离开学校吗？林小姐已经能够自己负担那辆车了。
be able to
则没有。
(4) Can除了表示“能够，有能力做某事”以外，还有如下用法，而Can I have a look at this picture? Can we leave school after 6:00 p.m. ?表示可能性。
That man can’t be our new teacher. The exam can’t be too difficult.2. bring/ take/carry/fetch (1) bring
一般是指拿来，即从别处往说话人这里拿，翻译成“带来”
他给我们带来了一些好消息。
明天请别忘了把家庭作业带来。。
要下雨了，请把伞带上。
。
He brought us some good news.(2) take
那人不可能是我们的新老师。考试不会太难。
Please don’t forget to bring your homework tomorrow.
一般是指从说话人这里往别处拿，翻译成“带走”
’s going to rain.
她把字典拿走了。
Please take the umbrella with you. ItShe took the dictionary away.(3) carry
不强调方向，表示“携带、背着、运送、搬扛”等意思。
他们把箱子搬进了工厂。出租车送他们到了车站侍者为他们取来了一些苹果。
妈妈为生病的儿子请来了医生。
They carried the boxes into the factory. A taxi carried them to the station. (4) fetch
The waiter fetched them some apples.Mother fetched the doctor for her ill son.3. whole/ all (1) whole
强调一个完整如一，互不分割的整体。
The whole country is suffering the war. I just want to know the whole story.
表示的是“去取来、去拿来、去叫来”等意思，包含去和来两趟。
整个国家正遭遇战争。我仅仅只想知道完整的故事。
他们将到加拿大渡过整个假期。她已经写完了整本书。（冠词后）
。。
格林小姐认识这个班上的所有人。
（一（所有
whole在句中的位置是放在所有格，冠词和指示代词的之后。They will spend their whole holiday in Canada.格后）
She has finished writing the whole book. whole用来修饰可数名词（名词用单数）He ate the whole cake. (2) all
强调由一个个部分组成的“全部”
他把整个蛋糕都吃了。（强调整整一个蛋糕）
Miss Green knew all the students in the class.个一个全认识）
all在句中的位置是放在所有格，定冠词和指示代词的之前。Jim finished all his homework in twenty minutes.业。（所有格前）
Of all the boys here, he sings best.The boy can answer all these questions.前）
all既能修饰可数名词（名词须用复数）All these five books are mine.
She was worried about her son all the time.
，又能修饰不可数名词。
她总在为她的儿子担心。（修饰不可数名词）
这五本书都是我的。（修饰可数名词）
在这里所有的男孩之中，他唱的最好。
那个男孩能够回答所有的这些问题。
（定冠词前）（指示代词
吉姆在20分钟之内完成了所有的作
4. fill/ full (1) fill
常作动词，与
with连用，意思是“注满、装满”
他把粉笔装满了盒子。
，也能表示“填空；补缺”的意
思。例如：
He filled the box with chalk.水桶里装满了水。(2) full
是形容词，翻译成“满的，装满的”
，常与of连用。此外还能表示“完全的”和
“吃饱的，过饱的”。All the rooms are full of people.
所有的房间都满人了。
这辆车人满了，他只有等下一辆。
The bus was full. He had to wait for the next one.5. be made of/ be made from/ be made in/ be made into (1) be made of
表示\"由…制成\一般指能够看出原材料，或发生的是物理变化。例如：
这张桌布是由纸做的。
这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做的。
This table cloth is made of paper.(2) be made from如：
Bread is made from corn.The lifeboat (3) be made in
面包是小麦做的。
material.
这个救生艇是由某种特殊材料制成的。
\"于…制造\"。
我妈妈喜欢买中国产的东西。这块木头将要被制成一个小凳。纸被做成了洋娃娃的衣服。
of连用。
is made from some special 指的是产地，意思为
The bucket is filled with water.
This salad is made of apples and strawberries.
也表示\"由…制成\"，但一般指看不出原材料，或发生的是化学变化。例
The caps are made in Russia.(4) be made into
这些帽子产于俄罗斯。
My mother likes to buy things which are made in China.
的意思为\"被制成为…\"。
This piece of wood will be made into a small bench. The paper has been made into clothes for the doll. 6. none/ no one/ neither (1) none
既能指人，又能指物，意思是
\"没有一个，无一\"，常用作代词，与我们没有一个人以前听说过他。
None of us has heard of him before.I like none of the coats. None of the answers is true.有一间房子是我的。(2) no one
只能用来指人，且不能与
那些外套我一件都不喜欢。没有一个答案是正确的。
of连用。例如：
那里我一个人也不认识。None of the rooms are mine.
没
none用作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。例如：
No one is absent.没有人缺席。I knew no one there.
没有人同意你的说法。
no one用作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数。例如：No one agrees with you. (3) neither
作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为
他们两个我都不认识。
found.
\"两者都不\"，作主语时谓语动词用单数。这两个男孩都不是来自英国。
例如：Neither of the boys is from England. I know neither of them.7. found/ find (1) find
的意思是\"找到、发现\"，其过去式和过去分词都是
I can't find my glasses.我找不着我的眼镜了。他发现独自坐在这里很没劲。(2) found年。
是另外一个词，与
He found it boring to sit here alone.
\"成立、建设\"，常用作及物动词。
中华人民共和国成立于
1949
find并没有关系，意思是
The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
The school was founded by the local residents.8. hear / hear of/ hear from (1)hear
的意思是\"听见；听说，得知
这所学校是由当地居民修建的。
\"，后面能接名词、代词或宾语从句。
我刚听说这个消息。
Can you hear me? 能
例如： We heard the news just a moment ago.听见我说话吗？
(2) hear of的意思是\"听说\"，一般指非直接的听见，而是听别人说的。后不能接宾语从句。例如：
I have never heard of her.(3) hear from
我从未听说过她。
They heard of the film long time ago.
我经
他们很久以前就听说过这部电影。
的意思是\"收到来信\"，与\"听\"无关。例如：I often hear from him.
他很久没有收到妈妈的信了
常收到他的来信。
He hasn't heard from his mother for a long time.9. send/ send for
(1) send意思是\"送往，派遣\"，还有\"发信，寄信\"的意思。例如：The company sent him to study abroad.走了孩子们。
(2) send for意思是\"召唤；派人去取；派人去拿\"，而非本人亲自去。例如：They have sent for a repairman.人去买花。
10. get to/ arrive/ reach (1) arrivein ;
后不能直接接地点，是一个不及物动词。若表示到达一个相对大的地点，
arrive at .
代表团将于下午
5:00到达北京。
当他们到达火车站的时候，
用arrive
若表示相对小的地点，用
他们已经派人去请了一名修理工。
She sent for some flowers.
她派了
公司派他到国外学习去了。
Mr. Brown sent her children away.
布郎夫人送
The delegation will arrive in China at 5:00 p.m. It was dark when they arrived at the railway station.天已经黑了。
When did she arrive 他们星期五到达了伦敦。
here last time? 她上次是什么时候到这儿的？（副词前省略介词）
是一个及物动词。例如：They reached London on Friday.
我于昨天才接到这个消息。
\"等意思。
你能够到树上的哪个苹果吗？可随时打电话跟他联系。to搭配使用。
他们于中午到达了山顶。6. make a decision, 7. a place of interest 8. make a mistake 9. drop off 10. think about
11. make up one's mind, 12. at all, 13. at least 14. by the time
The news only reached me yesterday.
(2) reach能直接接所到达的地点，
reach还有\"伸手去取，伸手触及，联络Can you reach that apple on the tree? He can always be reached on the phone.(3) get
在表示\"到达\"时是不及物动词，应与
We often get to school on foot.They got to the top of the hill at noon.初三年级（下）【知识梳理】I. 重点短语1. beg one's pardon 2. multiply 3. slow down 4. wear out 5. try on
…by…
我们经常步行到学校。
15. carry on 16. never mind 17. from now on 18. come down 19. hands up 20. before long21. no one，22. not…any longerII.
重要句型
，
17. ---18. ---19. ---
I don't think I'll take I like
…．
…．
I don't really like
…．
20. ---Can I help you, girl?
21. ---Would you like me to look in the back? 22. ---23. ---We can find …．Do you like being
…？
24. ---Can I ask you some questions? 25. ---Sure. 26. ---It was great.
1. be busy doing sth. 2. prefer to do sth. 3. regard... as...
4. be pleased with sth./sb. 5. be angry with sb. III. 1. ---2. ---3. ---4. ---5. ---6. ---7. ---交际用语
How much does… cost …？It can cost as little as It costs It's worth
…．…．
…．…．
… yuan
27. ---Wow! 28. ---Yeah! 29. ---Oh dear! 30. ---Hands up! 31. ---32. ---I’ll shoot anyone who moves. There’s no need to thank me.
33. ---Can you remember anything else about him?
34. ---Come down, Polly! 35.
---There
is
a little
traffic
accident．
36. ---There's a big traffic jam. 37. ---Well, before long.
38. ---I'm beginning to get angry with him! 39.---Yes,
we can't
wait any longer.
Let's go without him. 40. ---That's terrible!
41. ---That's a really bad excuse! IV. 重要语法1. 过去将来时2. 过去完成时
a little
3. 动词不定式4. 定语从句
….
I'm sure he'll
be here
and as much as … yuan.
I don't agree with I wasn't sure whetherI wonder if
…．…?
8. ---What size size / kind?
9. ---Have you got any other colour / 10. ---Have you got anything cheaper? 11. ---How much are they? 12. ---How much does it cost? 13. ---How much is it? 14. ---That's a bit expensive. 15. ---Even 16. ---though they're
expensive, I'll take them.
I'll think about
【名师讲解】
1. think/ think/about/ think of (1) think
单独使用时表示\"思考\"，接that 宾语从句时意为\"认为\"，\"觉得\"。
think ，但意义上却是否定宾语从句。
I am thinking how to work out the problem. I think she is a good student. 当宾语从句含有否定概念时，通常形式上否定
I don't think he can come. I don't think it will be windy.
(2)think about 可接一个名词，动词-ing 形式或由疑问词引导的不定式或宾语从句，意思
think about how to tell what 连用。
her the
是\"考虑……\"。
I have thought about it for a long time. Please bad news. (3)think of
表示\"认为\"，一般用于疑问句中，与
What do you think of the TV play? = How do you like the TV play? 2. big/ large/ great 上述形容词都表示 (1) big
\"大\"，但侧重点及程度不同。
也可用在
\"长大了\"，还可表示\"伟大\"，\"重要\"之意。如：
指具体事物的大小，强调比正常形体的标准大，既可用在普通场合，
正式场合。它可用来指人的身材高大或(2) large
Can you lift up this big stone? On the last day I made a big decision.
特别强调远远超过标准的大，指体积、面积、容积、数量之大。如：
优越性；
A whale is a large animal. A large crowd collected at the gate of the theatre. (3) great除了表示数量体积之大外，又指抽象的程度，意味着伟大性，重要性，常用于抽象
或无形的东西；用于有形的东西时，情色彩。如：
China is a great country scientists.
3. cost/ take/ spend/ pay
(1) cost表示\"花钱\"，花费，付出（只能用于钱、精力、生命等；主语必须是物。cost me five yuan. (2) takebook..
(3) spend，在主动语句中主语是人yuan (in) buying the book. (4) pay
的主语是人。I paid five yuan for the book.
要注意使用。expensive与high涉及到价格\"高\"，而cheap
\"价格高，货贵\"时其主语不能是价格，这只表很贵。These glass-products
4. expensive/ high/ cheap/ low 这四个词在谈论到价格的高低时，与low涉及到价格\"低\"。(1) expensive
昂贵的，花钱多的。这个单词若谈到
这些玻璃制品不是很值钱。
这张便宜的桌子是他卖给我们的。
这只布娃娃很便宜。
\"高\"，low在表示价格时，含义是
\"低\"，这两个词不能用于这只表的价格太高了。
必须是货物、物品本身。如：This watch is expensive. are not expensive.
I spent five yuan on (for)
the book.或I spent five
的主语是动词不定式
, 通常用it做形式主语。It took me five yuan to buy the
）The book
with a long history.
He was one of the greatest
常带有\"伟大\"，\"大得令人吃惊\"等意思，含有一定的感
注意：cheap表示\"价廉\"，\"便宜的\"，其主语也不能是价格，必须是物品本身。如：The cheap table was bought from him. This cloth doll is very cheap. (2)high
在表示价格时，含义是
物品本身，只能用在价格上。如：
The price of this watch is very high.
The price of this book is not low for me. 下面我们试看几个句子的正误对照：The price of this computer is expensive.(The price of this computer is high. )
The price of this pen is not cheap for him to buy.(
宜改为：This pen is not cheap
宜改为：This computer is expensive.
或
这本书的价格对我来说是不低。
for him to buy. 5. alone/ lonely lonely (1)lonely
或 The price of this pen is not low for him. )
与alone的意思比较接近，但在使用时有所区别：
用作形容词，意思是\"孤单的；寂寞的\"。可指心灵上的寂寞，也可指偏僻的地点。
(2)alone
可作形容词和副词，意思是
\"单独；独自\"，不
她被带
在句中既可作表语，也可作定语。指心理上寂寞的感觉。
She was taken to a lonely island, lived alone, but she never felt lonely.到一个荒岛上，自己居住，但她从不感到寂寞。6. before long/ long before
(1)before long 作“不久以后”讲，切不要按字面译为“长时间以前”或“好久以前”We hope to finish our experiment before long. 跟before long
不同，前者在其后面可以接名词或一个从句；当上下文明确时，名词或从句还可以省略。Before long
则没有上述搭配用法。
They began the test yesterday, but we had made
experiment long before. 7. as/ when/ while
(1)as 是连词，意思是\"当……的时候，一面……一面如：
As we were talking about Titanic, our teacher came in. 这部电影时，教师进来了。
The students sing as they go along. 接着发生）；
\"那时\"（等立连词，前有逗号分开）一直呆到太阳下山，那时天开始下雨了。(3)while
是\"当……时候；和……同时
was reading.
\"（强调同时发生，一般连续时间较长）例如：当我在看电视的时候，他正在看书。I stayed till sunset, when it began to rain.
学生们边走边唱。
(2)When和as一样都是连词，注意它们的不同。如
我们昨天开始做实验，但我们在那以前很久就已经做准备了。
。如：
我们希望不久（以后）就把实验做完。
(2)long before 作\"很久以前\"讲。原意为\"……以前很久\"，故也可译为\"老早\"。long before
\"，（强调同时，一般连续时间不长），
正当我们谈论\"泰坦尼克号\"
when\"当……的时候\"（一般表示动作紧
我While
I was watching TV, he life, there is hope. 8. beat/win/ hit (1)beat
While there is
有生命就有希望。
\"击败对
是动词，意思是\"连续地打; 打败; 敲打\"。beat后可接人或队名。意思是
手。\"如：
I can beat you at swimming.
(2)win意思是\"赢得某个项目\"，后面常接\"match, game\"。如：He won a game. 他胜一局。We won a match. (3)hit
我们比赛得胜。
意思是\"击中\"（有时可表示\"打一下\"）。如：The mother hit her child out of anger.
妈妈生气，打了她孩子一下。9. keep doing/keep on doing
(1)keep doing侧重表示\"持续不停地做某事all the time. (2)keep on doing lying, standing
那个女孩一直在哭。
儿连续睡了大约四个小时。
表示\"总不断做某事\"，不表示静止状态。不能与这类
sitting, sleeping,
\"或\"持续某种状态\"。如：The girl kept crying
这个婴
The baby kept sleeping about four hours.
词连用。如：It kept on raining for seven days. Don't keep on asking such silly
questions.
10. get/ turn/ become
这三个词都可作系动词用，表示状态的变化，后跟表语，但三个词的用法稍有不同。如：
The days are getting shorter and shorter in winter．冬天的白天越来越短。answer the question and her face turned redbecome a teacher? - Ten years ago.11. steal / rob 从意思上讲stealsb/sth ;
表示偷窃的意思。而rob表示抢劫的意思；从搭配上来讲，steal sth from
例如：He stole money from the rich to give
而rob则用rob sb/sth of sth;
．她回答不出问题，脸红了。
你什么时候当的老师？十年前。
She couldn't When did you
get强
调情感、气候和环境的变化；turn强调色彩的变化；而become则强调职务、职称等的变化。
it to the poor.They robbed the bank of one million dollars. 12. see/look/watch/notice
在英语中，see，look，watch，notice都有“看”的意思，要注意他们的区别。see意为“看到”，表示视觉器官有意识或无意识地看到物体，强调“看到”的结果。look意为“看”，表示有意识地观看，强调“看”的动作。watch意为“观看，注视”，指以较大的注意力观看。
notice意为“看到，注意到”，指有意识的注意，含有从不注意到注意的变化的意义。What can you see in the pictureLook! How happily they are playingHe’s watched TV for over two hoursHe noticed a purse lying on the road13. Shoot/ shoot at
shoot是及物动词，意思是“射中，射死”词组，意为“向……射击”
，宾语多为人或动物等。而
shoot at是一个动词
The hunter shoot her．他
，至于射中或射死与否不得而知。如：
？在图画中你能看到什么？
！看！他们玩得多高兴啊！．他看了两个多小时的电视。．他注意到地上有个钱包。
例如：
The man shot five birds in the forest．那个人在森林里射死（中）了五只鸟。shot at the bear．猎人朝熊射击了。They shot at the she－wolf， but didn't 们向那只母狼射击，但是没有射中／死。14. escape/ run away
(1)escape作“逃跑”、“逃脱”或“逃避”讲时，往往会有成功之意。如：The old man escaped death．那个老人死里逃生。让他跑了。
口语中escape和run away可以互用。15. so that..../ so... that.... (1) so that....
为了，以便
。引导一个目的状语从句，从句中往往有情态动词。也可引导
一个结果状语从句。如：
I left at 5:00 so that I could catch the early bus. Speak loudly, so that they can hear what you say.
He didn't study English so that he lost a chance to work in a foreign company. (2) so... that....
既可引导一个结果状语从句，也可引导一个目的状语从句。
如：The classroom was so noisy that I could hardly study. I got up so early in the morning that I could catch the train.
The thief escaped from prison
．那个小偷越狱了。
Don't let him run away．别
(2)run away作“逃跑”、“跑走”讲时，往往强调动作。如：
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