医学英语

一、单词（汉译英和英译汉各十个）

Nephrology肾病学 per se本身,本来,本质上 nitrogenous含氮的 nephrotoxic对肾脏有害的

norepinephrine去甲肾上腺素 myohemoglobinuria肌红蛋白尿 glycerol甘油，丙三醇 uranyl二氧化铀

aminoglycoside氨基糖甙 ultrafiltration超滤法 corticomedullary皮髓质的 hyperemic充血的

medulla髓质 microsphere中心体,中心球 rubidium铷 furosemide呋塞米 tubuloglomerular肾小管小球的 isosthenuria等渗尿 tunica 膜,被膜 adventitia外膜

acetylcholine乙酰胆碱 denervation去神经（支配）法 adenosine腺（嘌呤核）苷 azotemia氮血症

uropathy尿路病 glomerulonephritis肾小球肾炎 interstitial间质的 hematoma血肿

rhabdmyolysis横纹肌溶解 legionnaire's disease军团病 depletion排除,耗竭 diuresis多尿,利尿 ameliorate改善,改良 oliguric少尿的

angina心绞痛 testicular睾丸的 lesion损害，损伤 creatinine肌酸酐

uremia尿毒症 retinopathy视网膜病 fasting禁食的,空腹的 postprandial饭后的,食后的

subcutaneous皮下的 hypoglycemia血糖过少，血糖症 glycosylation糖基化 pathophysiologic病理生理的 neurologic神经病学的 assay 测定，鉴定

hemoglobin血红蛋白 criterion标准，准则 glycohemoglobin糖血红蛋白 maneuver手法，操作法 degradation降解（作用） lipoprotein脂蛋白 cytokine细胞素 glycosylated糖基化的 hyperglycemia血糖过多，高血糖症 asthma哮喘

extrinsic非固有的，外来的 intrinsic本身的，内部的 bronchospasm支气管痉挛 allergen过敏原

atopic异位的；遗传性过敏症的 urticarial荨麻疹的，风疹的 eruption发疹 dyspnea呼吸困难 wheeze喘息

eosinophilia嗜酸粒细胞增多 hyperinflation膨胀过度，充气过度 recoil退缩，弹回 hypoventilation（肺）通气不足 hypercapnia（血内）碳酸过多，高碳酸血 techyphylaxis快速免疫，快速减敏 somnolence昏昏欲睡，困倦 oinous不祥的，危险的 techycardia心动过速 tachypnea呼吸急促

intercostal肋间的 rale罗音 rhonchi干罗音 precordial心前区的 mediastinal纵膈的

emphysema气肿，肺气肿 sternocleidmastoid胸锁乳突的

pulsus脉搏 supraventricular室上性的 normocapnia血碳酸症 leukocytosis白细胞增多 spirometric肺活量测定的，肺量计的 theophylline茶碱

pneumomediastinum纵膈积气 cardiogenic心源性的 gastrointestinal胃肠的 haemorrhage出血 erosion腐蚀，糜烂 oesophagitis食管炎 oesophagus食管 varices血管曲张 leiomyoma平滑肌瘤 haematemesis呕血 vomitus呕吐，呕吐物 melaena黑粪症

bismuth铋 occult隐的，隐伏的

pallor苍白，灰白 hypovolaemia 血容量减少，低血容量症 gluconate葡萄糖酸盐 dextrose葡萄糖，右旋糖 bicarbonate重碳酸盐，小苏打 allay缓和，减轻

diazepam地西泮，安定 cimetidine西咪替丁，甲氰咪？ dyspeptic 消化不良的 resuscitation 复苏，苏醒 dyspepsia消化不良 anorexia厌食，食欲减退的 epigastrium腹上部 caecum 盲肠 iliac回肠的 fossa 窝，沟

diathesis 素因，素质 polyarteritis多动脉炎 purpura紫癜 endoscopy 内镜检查

vigilance 失眠 vagotomy 迷走神经切断术 二、根据课文内容选择

1.The classical concept of the \"shock kidney\redistribution)of intrarenal blood flow was thought to account for the gross appearance of a pale cortex and(hyperemic medulla)has been abandoned.

2.However, no one has provided a correlative study of structure and function indicating any relationship between (glomerular architecture) and glomerular (ultrafiltration coefficient).

3.Studies of experimental acute renal failure in dogs (demonstrated)that (renovascular) resistance failed to change as renal artery (perfusion) pressure was (varied) between 60 and 125 mmHg.

4.Finally,the question role of other (neurotransmitter) acting without normal (counterregulatory) mechanisms of (autoregulation) has been considered.

5.(Complications) of renal (biopsy), mainly (hematomas), occurred in five out of 91 patients.

6.(Nonsteroidal) anti-inflammatory agents, aggressive diuresis,or potent (vasodilators) may convert prerenal (azotemia) to frank acute renal failure in the (susceptible) individual.

7.In the cases in which there is no obvious extrahepatic involvement, solitary hepatic (lesion) may be excised or partial hepatectomy carried out.

8.The patient will recover in a few days if there is no (complication).

9.It is unfortunate that the (onset) of cancer is painless；otherwise, cancer would not be the problem that it is.

10.(Diabetes) is one of the leading causes of death and remains a serious health problem in all parts of the world.

11.The surgeon (predicted) that the patient would be walking again in a week.

12.The committee (delayed) action on the matter until next month.

13.The serum lipids test in the patient with suspected hyperlipidemia was (negative).

14.The doctor's (diagnosis) indicated that she had heart disease.

15.The (pressure) of steam in the engine is controlled by this button. 16.The total of figures in the first column should (balance) with the total of those in the third.

17.Increased sputum production and peripheral (eosinophilia) are characteristic features.

18.Immediate skin test (hypersensitivity) to common allergens usually is negative, and lgE levels are normal.

19.When stimulated, these receptors cause reflex (bronchoconstriction) through vagal efferent pathways.

20.The combined respiratory and metabolic (acidosis) may be life threatening.

21.Respirations usually are shallow and frequent, the chest may be hyperinflated and (wheezing) can be heard without a stethoscope. 22.In patients who are hypoxemic,normocapnia or (hypercapnia) may reflect severe flow obstruction and fatigue.

23.Tachycardia,(tachypnea),and fever may be present.

24.When a (predominant) organism is identified by Gram stain examination, antibiotics should be started while sputum culture is obtained. 25.Different exist, however,in that the procedure is effort-dependent and can induce bronchaspasm.

26.Additional factors necessitating prompt hospitalization include an alteration in mental status, severe hypoxemia, hypercapnia,pneumothorax, or (pneumomediastinum).

27.Most patients who have a (haematemesis) are in no doubt that the blood was vomited.

28.(Melaena) without haematemesis often indicates a less severe bleed. 29.Physical signs following (gastrointestinal) naemorrhage are misleading and frequently underestimate the true blood loss.

30.These measurements taken with the patient lying down may not always detect (hypovolaemia).

31.This (preliminary) measure is particularly important when shock is evident.

32.(Anxiety) is best allayed by the prompt institution of the measures already mentioned and strong reassurance.

33.Furthermore, a significant proportion of patients who bleed from peptic ulcers have no history of (dyspepsia).

34.Alcohol abuse may be a factor in patients with peptic ulcer, gastric erosions, varices or (oesophageal) tears.

35.The majority of patients have a single (episode) of bleeding which ceases within 24 hours.

36.By the time the patient comes to surgery, the site of bleeding will usually have been identified by (endoscopy).

三、简答题

1.What has recent research about impairment of renal function focused on? Recent research has focused on how ischemic injury and nephrotoxic injury may individually contribute to impairment of function at both the organ and cellular levels.

2.What is meant by \"anginal syndromes\" of the outer medulla?

An anginal syndrome of the outer medulla occurs when the demand for oxygen needed for tubular metabolism exceeds the oxygen supply.

3.What is suggested by studies of renal tissue from patients with ischemic acute renal failure?

Studies of renal tissue from patients with ischemic acute renal failure suggest that the maintenance phase of human acute renal failure is characterized by repeated ischemic episodes.

4.What are more valuable than any current therapeutic intervention once renal failure becomes established?

Early identification of patients at risk to develop acute renal failure and elimination of potential insults,both renal and nonrenal ,are more valuable than any current therapeutic intervention once renal failure becomes established.

5.What's the main topic of this text?

The main topic of this text is acute intrinsic renal failure or acute tubular necrosis defined as an abrupt and sustained decline of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as a result of an acute nephrotoxic or ischemic insult.

6.What are true-positive cases of diabetes?

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations of 7.0 mmol/L and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose levels of 11.1mmol/L are true-positive cases of diabetes.

7.During the late 1970s and early 1980s, what were the plasma glucose concentrations that were recommended as the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations of 7.8 mmol/L and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose levels of 11.1 mmol/L were recommended for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

8.What concepts are often considered when considering diagnostic cutoff points for a test?

When considering diagnostic cutoff points for s test, concepts of sensitivity,specificity,andpositive-predictive and negative-predictive values are often considered.

9.Why should we now place greater emphasis on not missing cases of diabetes?

Evidence emerged in the 1990s supporting the benefits of glycemic control (as well as control of blood pressure and lipid levels) in the prevention or delay in onset and severity of diabetes complications.within the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity greater emphasis is now placed on not missing cases of diabetes.

10.What are the particularly important assumptions among the studies by Davidson and his colleagues?

First, while protein glycosylation is undoubtedly an important pathway associated with the development of diabetes complications, it is dangerous to assume that the dynamics of postranslational protein-glucose interactions, either formation or degradation, is the same for hemoglobin as for lipoproteins, cytokines, and nerve structures. Second,Davidson and colleagues use a statistical method to assign the level and degree of glycohemoglobin abnormality(mean + 2 SDs) 11.What is the manifestation of asthma?

Asthma is manifested by widespread narrowing of the airways that changes in severity, either spontaneously, or as a result of treatment. 12.What factors may contribute to the reactive state?

An increase in airway wall thickness and smooth muscle mass probably contributes to the reactive state.

13.What are the possible mechanisms of bronchial hyper-reactivity? Possible mechanisms include an increased responsiveness of the smooth muscle itself, an abnormality in the autonomic nervous system control of the smooth muscle or an increase in the accessibility of the stimulus to the target cells.

14.What is the advantage of measuring the PEFR?

The advantage of measuring the PEFR is that it does not require a full forced expiration, thereby avoiding induced bronchospasm in susceptible patients.

15.What should a clinician remember when assessing wheezing? When assessing wheezing, a clinician should remember that not all wheezing represents asthma.The differential diagnosis includes cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pulmonary emboli, upper airway obstruction, and acute exacerbation of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

16.Why should all such patients be referred to hospital for admission? All such patients should be referred to hospital for admission because haematemesis indicates a recent haemorrhage.

17.Why should the surgical team be advised of the admission and kept

closely informed about the patient's progress? Because surgery playsan important part in the management of many patients, the surgical team should be advised of the admission and kept closely informed about the patient's progress.

18.How can patients with shock,metabolic acidosis be corrected?

In patients with shock,metabolic acidosis can be corrected with an infusion of sodium bicarbonate.

19.What are the more generalized diseases?

Such disease include bleeding diathesis,leukemia,polyarteritis nodosa,Henoch-schonlein purpura and chronic renal failure.

20.In what age do patients tolerate rebleeding and further blood transfusion relatively well?

Patients under the age of 50 tolerate rebleeding and further blood transfusion relatively well.

四、翻译句子（英译汉）

1.this review will focus on recent advances in diagnostic techniques, supportive care, and therapeutic modalities,as well as the experimental data that we believe have given us a clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of acute renal failure.

该综述的重点是诊断技术、支持治疗、治疗方法的新进展，以及我们认为使我们对急性肾衰的病理生理更清晰认识的实验资料。

2.Glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate and urinary concentrating ability all correlated inversely with the degree of medullary hypereima. 肾小球滤过率、尿量及尿浓缩功能都与髓质充血的程度成反比。

3.Diminished contractile response of vascular tissue to various spasmogens,including norepinephrine,angiotensin,potassium chloride and acetylcholine ,have been demonstrated in ischemic acute renal failure animals.

各种致痉挛性因素（包括去甲肾上腺素、血管紧张素、氯化钾及乙酰胆碱）所导致的收缩反应性降低已在急性缺血性肾衰动物中得以证实。

4.clinicians depend on many types of information to establish a diagnosis including, for example. History of angina and coronary artery disease;physical examination finding of hard testicular lesion and cancer;radiographic results showing applecore colon lesion and cancer;electrocardiogram results showing Q waves myocardial infarction;and laboratory test results finding elevated serum creatinine and uremia.

医生根据多种类型的信息确定诊断。例如，根据心绞痛病史诊断冠心病；通过体检发现睾丸硬性病灶诊断癌症；根据放射影像结果显示结肠“苹果核”样病灶诊断结肠癌；若心电图出现Q波课诊断为心肌梗死；若实验室检查发现血浆肌酐增高科诊断为尿毒症等等。

5.Inherent in this last concept of laboratory abnormality is the view that if the disease can be identified before the specific complication develops,effective treatment could prevent,or at least delay the onset

of that complication.

这种化验异常内在的最终含义就是：如果一种疾病在其某个并发症出现之前即能作出 诊断，那么采取有效的治疗就可以加以预防，或者至少可以延缓该并发症的发生。

6.Davidson and colleagues strongly suggested that because protein glycosylation is one,if not the,major pathophysiologic abnormality in diabetic microvascular and neuologic complications,assays of hemoglobin glycosylation should be the diagnostic criterion standard for diabetes. Davidson等强调，由于蛋白糖化是一个重要的病理生理异常因素，能导致糖尿病微血管和神经病变并发症，因此糖化血红蛋白应作为糖尿病的诊断标准之一。 7.the reversible airway obstruction is caused by smooth muscle contraction and mucosal edema.

这种可逆性呼吸道阻塞是由平滑肌收缩及粘膜水肿而引起的。

8.Several interrelated physiologic abnormalities occur in patients with significant bronchoconstriction.

有显著支气管缩窄的病人可发生数种互相关联的生理异常。

9.Nevertheness,it is an integral part of the clinic assessment of the patient with bronchospastic disease.

尽管如此，这仍然是气管痉挛患者临床评价中不可缺少的部分。

10.A history or signs of recent weight loss, anorexia, or a mass in the epigastrium points to a diagnosis of stomach cancer.

近期出现体重减轻、厌食或上腹部肿块的病史或体征可诊断为胃癌。

11.Vigilance and intensive observation ,as previously outlined are vital during the first 48 hours because approximately 90％ of all rebleeding occurs during this period.

如前所述，在前48小时内保持警觉和严密观察是极其重要的。因为几乎90％的出血是在这一时期发生的。

12.The haematemesis may consist either of fresh blood mixed with gastricfluid or changed blood in the form of \"coffee grounds\". 呕血要么是混有胃液的鲜血，要么是改变为“咖啡渣”的血液。