一般碱性电池的工作原理

http://www.nsc.gov.tw/dept/acro/version01/battery/database/types/alkaline.htm

基本原理 保存維護 製造廠商

 所謂的鹼性電池就是使用鹼性電解液的電池，

組成材料 應用領域 經銷管道

製作技術 資源回收

如鋅/二氧化錳電池、鋅/氧化汞(水銀)電池等。

 市面上最常見與用途最廣的電池：

一般來說，鹼性電池所指的就是鋅-二氧化錳電池，該電池以

  

二氧化錳(MnO2)為陰極、 鋅(Zn)為陽極，

鹼性的氫氧化鉀水溶液(KOH)為電解液。

 鋅二氧化錳電池有圓柱型與鈕扣型，一般常見的以圓柱型為主。  在組成上是由一個二氧化錳陰極與一個鋅陽極再加上鹼性電解質所構成，  其中陰、陽極是將活性物質的粉末緊壓於極板上，而  電解質則是液態的氫氧化鉀水溶液。  其結構式與反應如下：

（－）(Anode, A) Zn / KOH electroyte / MnO2（C, Cathode）（＋）

陽極（－）：Zn + 2OH- → ZnO + H2O + 2e-

陰極（＋）：2MnO2 + 2H2O + e- → 2Mn(OH)2 + 2OH- 淨反應：2MnO2 + Zn + H2O → ZnO + 2Mn(OH)2

 

該電池提供的電壓約為 1.5 V，

其操作溫度範圍相當廣闊，介於 -20 到 70℃ 之間。

鋅二氧化錳電池的組成如圖一所示。

圖一：鋅/二氧化錳電池的組成

陰極：為獲得較高性能，使用高純度的電解二氧化錳與石墨的混合物。 陽極：為增加進行反應的表面積，故用膠態的鋅粉。而以往陽極都是採用鋅與

汞的合金，藉此以避免鋅的腐蝕，但因為汞具有毒性，現在已不採用而改以鈉或其他金屬代替汞。

電鍍液：主要使用的是氫氧化鉀，製作上以 40% 的氫氧化鉀濃水溶液溶解氧

化鋅至飽和，以防止鋅的自然溶解與氣體的發生。

隔離層：陰陽極的直接接觸會造成內部短路，減低電池壽命，故隔離層由特殊

可防止固態粒子通過但可讓電子通過的材料組成，以避免短路。主要使用的為多孔性纖維質不織布與棉狀構造物質。

1. 勿投入火中或處於高溫環境：過熱的溫度可能使電池內部產生液體沸騰或氣體的膨脹，進而引發爆炸。

2. 不能進行充電：鹼性電池充電可能會使內部產生氣體，並導致電池受壓膨脹破裂。

3. 勿將電池短路：若將電池的正負極相接短路，會因內部通過大電流而使溫度上升，導致爆炸的危險。

4. 不可將新舊電池混合使用：舊電池中因使用過而具有較大的內電阻，故若與新電池混合使用，會使得新電池負擔過大並減少其壽命。

5. 勿對電池進行焊接：焊接所生的高熱會使電池活性物質或封裝變形或漏液，若要將電池連接應採點熔接的方法。

鹼性電池可說是一般人生活中最常見的電池，市面上販售電池大多都屬於此類。因此廣泛應用於照相機、收音機、隨身聽、手電筒、遙控器、玩具、時鐘、翻譯機、呼叫器、煙霧偵測器等等。

Alkaline Batteries (SANYO) Alkaline Batteries (Nanfu) Alkaline Batteries (Panosonic)

Industrial Alkaline Batteries (Panosonic) Alkaline \"C\" Cell (Spectrum) Alkaline \"D\" Cell (Spectrum)

INDUSTRIAL BATTERIES

http://www.sanyo.com/batteries/industrial.cfm

Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Batteries-

鎘鎳電池

What is a Nickel-Cadmium Battery? It's a battery that uses

(1) nickel oxide (NiO) in its positive electrode (cathode),

(2) a cadmium (Cd) compound in its negative electrode (anode), and (3) potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution in its electrolyte.

 The Nickel Cadmium Battery is rechargeable, so you can use it over and over.

CADNICA Batteries

In 1963, SANYO's innovative technology gave birth to the sealed nickel cadmium battery, \"CADNICA\". The CADNICA battery has earned high acclaim for its inventive technology and superior quality.

Features

1. It's rechargeable, so you can use it over and over; more than 500 times [Much more economical than dry cell batteries].

2. Discharge voltage remains stable even in conditions of high-rate discharge current [For equipment needing a high-rate discharge current, it's far more stable than other battery types].

3. Wide operating temperature range (-20°C to 60°C) [It operates especially well in low temperatures].

4. Performance doesn't deteriorate even after long-term storage [Full recovery of original

performance levels after recharging].

5. Designed to withstand overcharge and overdischarge [Superior durability].

6. Sealed configuration with gas release vent [Easy maintenance and no leakage].

7. Produced using an ISO9000 certified quality control system [High quality and reliability]. Applications

 Cellular phones, telecommunications equipment  Portable audio-visual equipment  Emergency lights  Electric tools

 Battery-powered vehicles Click for Ni-Cd Battery Features

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Batterie鋰(離子)電池

What is a Lithium-ion Battery?

 It's a high energy density, 3.6V battery that is widely

used in the portable equipment market.

 It uses lithium metallic oxide in its positive electrode

(cathode) and carbon material in its negative electrode (anode), and the lithium ions inside the battery transfer between the positive electrode and the negative electrode during charge or discharge. Features

1. High voltage of 3.6V lets you cut down on the number of batteries you use. 2. High energy density minimizes battery size and weight, making it perfect for use in small portable equipment. 3. No metallic lithium is used so charging and discharging are very safe. 4. No memory accumulation so it provides a full charge every time. 5.

The outer casing in square type batteries is an aluminum alloy, so overall battery weight is lower.

Applications

Video cameras, digital still cameras Cellular phones, PHS phones Laptop computers MD Players

Various portable equipment PDA

Twicell Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Batteries What is a Twicell Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery It's a secondary battery which lasts more than twice as long as CADNICA batteries. Twicell uses

hydrogen absorbing alloys in its negative electrode (anode) and nickel oxide in its positive electrode (cathode). Since its release, the first in the world in October 1990, the \"Twicell\" sealed Nickel-Metal Hydride battery has developed a strong reputation for high capacity, high performance and high quality. In November 1996, Sanyo was the first manufacturer in the world to achieve 300 million cells accumulatively.

The HR-4/3AU (3,500mAh) is a new battery

(volumetric energy density: 300Wh/l), first marketed in May 1996, that well exceeds the volumetric energy density of lithium-ion batteries. Sanyo released another Twicell

battery of even higher capacity (volumetric energy density: 340Wh/l) in the end of 1997. In addition, the new Twicell HR-4/3FAU(4,000mAh), released in September 1996, was specially designed for notebook computers and has the same diameter (18mm) as the lithium-ion UR18650 battery

Feature

High volumetric energy density well exceeding that of Lithium-ion batteries (HR-4/3AU and HR-4/3FAU).

Double capacity of standard CADNICA batteries.

Can be used over and over (more than 500 times with a specific charger).

1.2-1.6 hour quick charge with a specific charger.

Compatible with Nickel-Cadmium batteries (almost same discharge voltage).

Produced under a ISO9002 certified quality control systems.

Applications

Notebook computers

Cellular phones, PHS phones, telecommunications equipment

Video cameras, digital still cameras, PDA

Shavers, electric toothbrushes

Various portable equipment

Lithium Batteries

What is a Lithium Battery?

It's a battery that uses lithium metal or a lithium aluminum alloy in its negative electrode (anode) and manganese dioxide in its positive electrode (cathode).

SANYO's primary lithium battery (CR series) was first released in 1976 and its secondary (rechargeable) lithium battery (ML series) was released in 1989. These batteries meet market needs with their high technology and superior quality.

CR Series Features

High operating voltage of 3V and high energy density

Wide operating temperature range: -40°C to 85°C (depending on type)

Low self-discharge rate (0.5% per year at room temperature)

High capacity cylindrical type

UL approved

SO9002 certified

ML Series Features

High operating voltage of 2.5V

Wide operating temperature range: -20°C to 60°C

Low self-discharge rate (2% per year at room temperature)

Superior charge and discharge cycle

Able to charge at 2.8V UL approved

Applications Main Power Sources

Cameras

Electronic meters (water, gas, electricity)

Electronic car keys

Memory Backup Power

RTC and SRAM for cellular phones

SRAM and DRAM for computers

SRAM and DRAM for facsimile machines

SRAM and DRAM for communications equipment and office equipment

驗電條

市面上某些鹼性電池都附有「驗電條」，可以讓我們檢驗電池的電力是否耗盡，其原理簡述如下：

當壓住驗電條兩端時，電流通過驗電條產生熱效應，因此驗電條受熱變色，根據變色的範圍，我們可以知道電池的電力是否充足，然而驗電條變色時，為什麼總是從某一端開始，而不會從另一端開始變色？

我們以市面上的金頂電池驗電條為例，有兩種不同的設計，其原理如下：

一、金頂9V鹼性電池的驗電條

金頂9V鹼性電池的驗電條是與電池分開附在包裝盒內。 正面

背面

原理(∵R1P2>P3)

驗電條是將三片長度相同、寬度不同（由寬度大小來操縱改變電阻大小）的相同材料金屬並聯在一起，當驗電條與電池接在一起時，最靠近電池正負極的金屬片因寬度最窄（電阻最小），發熱功率最大（電功率P＝V2/R），故最先發熱發亮；離電池正負極最遠的金屬片，因寬度最寬（電阻最大），發熱功率最小，故最慢發熱發亮。

當電池電壓降至某一程度後，離電池最遠的金屬片，因電阻最大，再加上電壓又降低，故無法看到發亮情形，但是靠近電池正負極的金屬片，因電阻較小，發熱發亮所需的能量較小，故雖然電池電壓降低，但仍可發熱發光。

所以習作才會問「為什麼總是從某一端開始，而不會從另一端開始變色？」

二、金頂1.5V鹼性電池的驗電條

原理(∵R1>R2>R3 ∴P1>P2>P3)

金頂的1.5V鹼性電池驗電條是黏附在電池的外殼上。

該驗電條是一條截面積由窄到寬（由截面積大小來操縱改變電阻大小）的相同材料金屬，可視為大小不同的電阻串聯在一起，當按下

驗電條與電源接通時，最靠近電池負極的金屬片因寬度最窄（電阻最大），發熱功率最大（電功率P＝I2R），故最先發熱發亮；離電池負極最遠的金屬片，因寬度最寬（電阻最小），發熱功率最小，故最慢發熱發亮。

當電池提供的電流降至某一程度後，離電池最遠的金屬片，因電阻最小，再加上電流又減弱，故無法看到發亮情形，但是靠近電池負極的電阻，因電阻較小，發熱發亮所需的能量較小，故雖然電池電流減弱，但仍可發熱發光。 三、結論

這兩種不同型態的驗電條提供「電功率」教學很好的範例，即金頂9V鹼性電池另外附的驗電條是應用P＝V2/R；而金頂1.5V鹼性電池附著在電池上的驗電條，則是應用P＝I2R來解釋。 ◎想一想

勁量1.5V鹼性電池的驗電條與金頂的情況不同，按下後由中間向兩端發熱變色，若無法看到全部的Good區域，表示電力不足，請問勁量電池驗電條的設計原理為何？

請參考勁量電池提供的原理說明：On-Battery Tester ◎網站

金頂電池(Duracell)： http://www.duracell.com/ 勁量電池(Eveready)： http://www.energizer.com/