I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for \"correct\" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.
A、 prescriptive B、 sociolinguistic C、 descriptive D、 psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.
A、 mouth B、 lips C、 tongue D、 vocal cords 3、The morpheme \"vision\" in the common word \"television\" is a(n) ___.
A、 bound morpheme B、 bound form C、 inflectional morpheme D、 free morpheme
4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A、 coordinator B、 particle C、 preposition D、 subordinator 5、\"Can I borrow your bike?\" _____ \"You have a bike.\"
A、 is synonymous with B、 is inconsistent with C、 entails D、 presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.
A、 semantics B、 pragmatics C、 sociolinguistics D、 psycholinguistics
7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.
A、 elaboration B、 simplification C、 external borrowing D、 internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.
A、 Lingua franca B、 Creole C、 Pidgin D、 Standard language
9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .
A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons
D、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area
10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、 learning B、 competence C、 performance D、 acquisition
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11、Chomsky defines \"competence\" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, , they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.
16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.
17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of \"be\".
19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.
20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons. ( )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. ( )23、The compound word \"bookstore\" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.
( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.
( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.
( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.
( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.
( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%) 31、duality
32、diachronic linguistics 33、broad transcription 34、morphological rules 35、phrase structure rule 36、relational opposites 37、componential analysis 38、context 39、euphemism
40、brain lateralization
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.
42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.
语言学试题(1)参考答案
一、 单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D 6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D
二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11、knowledge 12、bilabial 13、morphology 14、sentence 15、complete
16、representatives 17、coinage 18、delete 19、critical
20、interlanguage
三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21、F
Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons. 22、F
Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese. 23、F
The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound \"redcoat\". 24、F
Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function. 25、F
Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, \"girl\" is called \"lassie\" in Scottish dialect, and \"liquor\" is called \"whishey\" in Irish dialect. 26、T 27、T 28、F
They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used
in some domains, other language in other domains. 29、F
The true statement is \"According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life\" 30、T
四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）
31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation. 32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.
33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.
34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added to a noun to form an adjective. 35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences 36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, \"husband\" and \"wife\etc. 37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word \"man\" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.
38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.
39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . \"pass away\" for \"die\".
40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.
五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）
41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement. 1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)
2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so \"night\" was pronounced as /nixt/,
but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.
3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd (\"bird\") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart \"bird\".
评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners' experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:
1) Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of \"the younger the better.\" But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.
2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed. 3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.
4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.
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