英语本科语言学复习资料
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the blanks. (1% x 20 = 20%)
1. When a sentence changes from a statement to a general/ special question, which movement is structurally required?
A. NP – movement/WH - movement B. NP – movement/ Aux - movement
C. AUX - movement/WH – movement D. WH – movement/ AUX - movement
2. The fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write indicates that language is primary ______.
A. vocal B. arbitrary C. human—specific D. written
3. The naming theory seems applicable to ________ only.
A. verbs B. adjectives C. adverbs D. nouns
4. Which of the following statements is NOT used by the speaker to perform
certain acts?
A. “I name this ship Elizabeth.’’
B. “I visited my uncle last Sunday.’’
C. “I give and bequeath my watch to my brother.’’
D. “I bet you sit pence it will rain tomorrow.’’
5. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A. photo - copy B. cackle C. book D. rumble
6. According to its________ in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.
A meaning B. function C. position D. sound
7. By saying \"You have left the door wide open,\" a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary .
A. at the same time B. one after another
C. two first and then the other D. one first and then the other two
8. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what\"_________\" means.
A. displacement
C. duality
B. cultural transmission
D. productivity
9. The basic unit in phonology is called ______; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
A. phone B. phoneme D. phonetic transcription
C. allophone
10. _______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Affixes B. Prefixes C. Suffixes D. Inflectional morphemes
11. The two words\" collaborator\" and \"accomplice\" are examples given to illustrate that synonyms may differ _______.
.
A. in style
B. in their emotive or evaluative meaning C. in their collocation
D. slightly in what they mean
12. A: Would you like to come to our party tonight?
B: I'm afraid I'm not feeling so well today.
The implicature produced here is _______. .
A. I'll be glad to go to your party.
B. Probably I'll be a little late because I'm not feeling well.
C. I do not want to go to your party.
D. I'll go there even though I am not feeling well today.
13. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is offered as an example of _________ study.
A. diachronic B. synchronic C. prescriptive D. descriptive
14. Speech act theory was originated with ________ in the 50’s of the 20th
century .
A. the American linguist Noam Chomsky
B. the British philosopher John Austin
C. the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
D. the American philosopher –linguist John Searle
15. People speaking the same language _________.
A. always share the same world views
B. may have different world views
C. can not describe different world views
D. find it impossible to share the same world views
16. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like anther sound which following it, it is said to be _________.
A. nasalized B. deleted C. assimilated D. aspirated
17. Inflectional morphemes convey ___________ meaning.
A. Lexical B. no C. associated D. grammatical
18. Hyponyms of the superordinate “flower’’ do not include “___________”
A. wardrobe B. tulip C. lily D. rose
19. “If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different.’’ This statement may typically represent___________.
A. the critical period hypothesis
B. Sapir—Whorf hypothesis C. X—bar theory
D. general principles of universal grammar
20. _______are those which can be used independently without combining with other morphemes.
A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes
C. Roots D. Affixes
21. Minor lexical categories are closed\" categories which do not include
A. determiner B. auxiliary
C. adverb D. conjunction
22. According to Stephen Krashen, language acquisition and language learning
A. mean the same and thus they can be used interchangeably
B. involve different processes and thus should be distinguished C. are both unnecessary in the process of learning one's native language
D. are both unnecessary in the process of learning a second language
23. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.
A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative
24. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix \"ed\" in the word \"learned\" is known as a(n) __________.
A. derivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free form
25. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.
X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner
26. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any other name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.( )
A. the conventional nature of language
B. the creative nature of language
C. the universality of language
D. the big difference between human language and animal communication
27. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic B. diachronic C. comparative D. historical comparative
28. The significance of Grice's Cooperative Principle lies in that .
A. it tells us what an utterance literally means
B. it illustrates how an utterance is syntactically composed
C. it shows us what the deep structure of a sentence is
D. it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than literally said 29. Which of the following can be said to be the smallest meaningful unit of language?
A. Letters B. Morphemes C. Words D. Sentences
30. Depending on specific contexts, \"My bag is heavy\
mean all of the following except .
A. \"My bag is easy to carry.” B. \"My bag is not easy to carry. \"
C. \"Could you help me carry the bag?\" D. \"My bag is too heavy for you to carry.\"
31. All the following statements concerning the nature of language change is true except .
A. language change is inevitable B. language change is abrupt C. language change is universal D. language change is extensive
32. By saying \"We shall know a word by the company it keeps,\" John Firth, a British linguist, means that the real meaning of a word .
A. is determined by a dictionary
B. is determined by a native speaker
C. is determined by its context
D. is determined by a linguist
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one
word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (2%×5=10%)
1. Ac oordinary sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as \"and\
2. I nterlanguage is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.
3. Words that are close in meaning are calleds__ynonyms_______. .
4. There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle, namely, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of m___anner_______.
5. Affixes are of tow types: i.__nflectional______ and derivational.
6. The notion of c__ ontext_______ is particularly important in pragmatics because it contributes a lot to the meaning of an utterance.
7. Language is a system of two sets of structures or levels: one of s___ ound _______ at the lower or basic level, and the other of meaning at the higher level.
8. Paul Grice’ s idea is that in making conversation , the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate ; otherwise , it would not be possible for them to
carry on the talk. This general principle is known as the C______ooperative___ principle.
9. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the a ____ llophone____of that phoneme.
10. B_ound___ ____ morphemes are those that must be combined with other morphemes to form words to be used independently.
11. Modern linguistics, which refers to linguistic study carried out in last century, is mostly d __ escriptive_____.
12. Linguistic forms having the same s___ ense ____ may have different references in different situations.
13. The way of forming new words in English by the combination of two or sometimes more than two words is called c______ompounding___.
III Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2% x 10 = 20%)
1. In the diagram of the classic semantic triangle, the word\" symbol\" refers to the object in the world of experience.(F.) \"Symbol\" in this context refers to the linguistic elements like words or phrases.
2. In view of language as an effective means of communication, we can say that standard language is purer, more correct, or more logical, than any other dialect of the language(.F)
3. Most prefixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.( F.)Prefixes modify the meaning of the original word (stem), but usually do not change the part of speech.
4. When the same one word has more than one meaning, we call it a polysemic word.(T)
5. All utterances are complete sentences in terms of syntax.（ F）
6. English is a language which has fixed word stress.(F.)
English is a language in which stress is free in that it is not fixed on any particular syllable of a word; its position varies from word to word.
7. Affixes belong to the type of bound morphemes. （T）
8. Antonyms refer to words that are opposite in meaning. （ T）
Speech act theory is mainly studied in the field of pragmatics.
9. Speech act theory is an important theory in the semantic study of language. （F） .
10. The meaning of an utterance, unlike that of a sentence, is decontextualized
（.F）
11. Speech variety includes not only dialect, pidgin, Creole etc, but also standard language（T）
12. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.（T）
13. English, like Chinese, is a typical tone language. (F.)
In English, tones can not distinguish meaning, and therefore it is not a tone language.
14. According to its function in the new word, affixes are divided into two
kinds: prefixes and suffixes.(F). According to its position, not function, in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end. 15. The locutionary act performed by the speaker refers to the effect of the utterance.(. F. )
The locutionary performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.
16. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an
unlimited source of expressions.T
17. Locutionary act expresses the intention of the speaker.(F). Illocutionary act expresses the intention of the speaker, while locutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance.18. Children do not acquire their native language through formal instruction of grammatical rules.
19. Language is the only means of expressing thought.( F).
20. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.(F)
21. A compound is the combination of only two words.(F)
22. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.（F）23. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.（F）
24. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.（T）
25. Modern linguistics aims to lay down rules for “correct’’ linguistic behavior.
26. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. （F）
27. Tree diagrams of constituent structures can best illustrate the hierarchical order of sentences.（T）
28. Complete synonyms, i. e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare in English. （T） 29. All languages change with time. （F）
30. Black English is as syntactically complex and logical as Standard English. （T）
IV . Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% x 10 = 30%)
1. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. To give the barest definition, language is a means of verbal communication. It is instrumental, social and conventional. 2. linguistics:Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. It concerns with the systematic study of language or, a discipline that describes all aspects of language and formulates theories as to how language works.
3. design features : The features that distinguish human language from animal systems of communication are called design features. The features that define our human languages are called design features. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, etc.. 4. arbitrariness:Arbitrariness, one of the design features which distinguish human language from animal systems of communication, refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Language is arbitrary. There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, even with onomatopoeic words
5displacement :Displacement, one of the design features which distinguish human language from animal systems of communication, refers to the fact that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 6. phonetics:Phonetics语音学 is the study of the phonic medium of language. It is concerned with all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages. It studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
7. phonology :Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. It is a branch of linguistics which studies how sound are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 8. morphology :Morphology形态学 is a branch of grammar/linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Or simply it is the study of word structure and word formation. 9. syntax :Syntax 句法学is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. It is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures. It consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. Or simply, it is the study of the structure and the formation of sentences. 10. Semantics: Semantics语义学 is a technical term used to refer to the study of the communication of meaning through language, or simply to the study of meaning. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
11. pragmatics : Pragmatics语用学 studies how speakers of a language
use sentences to effect successful communication. It is the study of language in use. Pragmatics is the study of speaker’s meaning, contextual meaning, how more gets communicated than is said, the expression of relative distance.
12. consonant :Consonants are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”. There is obstruction of air in the production of consonants. 13. vowel : A vowel母音 is produced without such “stricture” so that “air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose”. There is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels.
14. inflection : Inflection indicates grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case; and when inflectional affixes are added, the grammatical class of the stems (to which they are attached) will not change. 15. Derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots or words. It can make the word class of the original word either changed or unchanged. It shows a relationship between roots and affixes. 16. constituent :Constituent组成 构成 is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic
unit. It refers to component element in a construction. 17. reference:Reference参照 is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For example, if we say, \"The dog is barking,\" we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word \"dog\" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word \"dog\". 18. Sense:Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. In other words, it does not refer to any particular thing that exists in the real world. V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% x 2 = 20%)
Chapter 7: Ex.3, Why do we need to teach culture in our language classsroom?? (P169) To get the students familiar with cultural differences?; To help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will?;
To emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices Ex.8 Why should language instructors look to sociolinguistics?? (P175) Sociolinguistics has contributed to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching It has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom? It has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use It has contributed to a more fruitful research in this field. Chapter 11
Ex1 Why should language teachers learn some knowledge of linguistics ? (P266-267)
Ex.10 what are the important features of a task as defined in a task-based syllabus ? (P282-284)
Chapter 12:
Ex.1, Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics ? (P294-296)
Ex.2,What are the three important points of the Prague School ? (P296)
Ex.15,What the special features of American structuralism ? (P317, P325-326)
Ex.25 What is special about TG Grammar ? (P338)
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