句子成分及句子结构
一.句子成分
主语(subject): 句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. (名词) He likes dancing. (代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词)
To see is to believe. (不定式) What he needs is a book. (主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)
谓语(predicate): 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
We study English.
表语(predicative): 系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. (名词) Seventy-four! You don’t look it. (代词)
Five and five is ten. (数词) He is asleep. (形容词)
His father is in. (副词) The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. (不定式)
The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)
(常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来), look(看起来), feel (摸起来),smell(闻起来), taste(尝、吃起来), remain(保持,仍是), feel(感觉)
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.
The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
宾语:1)动作的承受者-----动宾
I like China. (名词) He hates you. (代词)
How many do you need? We need two. (数词)
We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. (动名词)
I hope to see you again. (不定式) Did you write down what he said? (宾语从
句)
2) 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3) 双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)
He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.
宾补:对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor. (名词)We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.(名词)
We will make them happy. (形容词) We found nobody in. ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. 介词短语) Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词) I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词)
主补:对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.
定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
He is a chemistry teacher.(名词) He is our friend. (代词)
We belong to the third world.(数词) He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)
状语:用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。
I will go there tomorrow. meeting room.
The meeting will be held in the
The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
二.句子结构
1.主语-动词 (SV)
这种句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词,没有直接宾语。例如:
The train will leave soon.火车就要开了。
The flags are waving in the wind. 旗帜在风中飘动。
2.主语-系动词-表语 (SVP)
系动词后接的部分可称为表语,因为这一部分的主要功能是对主语进行说明、补充。英文中的系动词主要是指Be动词的各种变化形式,也包括那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词。这类动词常见的有:become(变成) , look(看上去) seem(看起来) , appear(相似、显得) , get(变得) , feel(摸起来) , grow(变得) , turn(变成) , remain(仍然是) , come(变得) , fall(变得) , hold(保持) , keep(保持) , stand(保持) , stay(保持) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来)等。
This machine is in good condition . 这台机器的情况良好。
The garden smells pleasant . 这座花园香气怡人。
Silk feels soft and smooth . 丝绸摸起来又软又滑。
3.主语-动词-宾语 (SVO)
这一句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,那么它必须带有自己的宾语。
He has a sister .他有一个妹妹。
They wanted to have a rest. 他们想歇息一会儿。
She successfully carried out her plan .
4.主语-动词-间接宾语-直接宾语 (SVOO)
此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语:前一个宾语称为\"间接宾语\",多由代词或名词充当;后一个宾语称为\"直接宾语\",往往由名词充当。这类句型常有\"给某人某物\"、\"送某人某物\"、\"留给某人某物\"等意思。常见的这类谓语动词有:
give(给某人……), bring(带给某人……), tell(告诉某人……), send(送给某人……), leave(留给某人……), pass(递给某人……), read(给某人读……), write(给某人写……), take(给某人拿……), show(给某人看……), teach(教某人……), get(给某人弄到……), award(授予某人……),lend(借给某人……), rent(租赁某人……), buy(给某人买……), pay(支付某人……), hand(递给某人……), recommend(将某人推荐给……)等。例如:
She brought me a shirt .她给我带来一件衬衣。
Pass him the dictionary, please.请将词典递给他。
I lend him my bicycle.我把自行车借给他了。
5. 主语-动词-宾语-宾语补足语 (SVOC)
有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构(即:宾语 + 宾语补足语)。在这一结构中,宾语补足语是对宾语\"做什么\"、\"怎么样\"等方面进行补充说明,从意义和结构上来说是必不可少。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有:
elect(选举) , feel(感觉到) , find(发现) , get(使得) , have(使,让) , hear(听到) , imagine(想象) , keep(保持) , make(使) , notice(注意到) , see(看见) , let(使) , smell(闻到) , start(使……开始) , watch(注视,看) , appoint(任命) , believe(相信) , call(称) , catch(发现) , allow(容许) , ask(请求,要求) , cause(使得) , consider(认为) , expect(预期) , know(知道) , tell(告诉) , think(想,认为) , want(想要) , wish(希望) ,listen to(听) , look at(看,瞧)等等。例如:
We elected him our monitor .我们选他当班长。
The news made me happy .那消息使我很高兴
We know him to be an expert .我们知道他是专家
The story made us laugh .那故事使我们笑了起来。
He heard somebody opening the door . 他听见有人在开门。
I found myself in dark .我发现自己还蒙在鼓里。
三.句子的分类
我们可以从两个不同的角度对句子进行分类:一是按句子的用途;二是按句子的结构。
1.句子的用途分类:陈述句(Declarative Sentence),疑问句(Interrogative Sentence),祁使句(Imperative Sentence)和感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)。
1)陈述句(Declarative Sentence)
陈述句是用来说明事实、看法,描述动作、状态,阐明道理、原因,等等。这是日常生活中见得最多的一种句子。它在表达意思上有两种形式,即肯定句形式和否定句形式。例如:
Chinese is one of the major languages in the world .
中文是世界主要语言之一。
It is not an easy job to learn English well .学好英语不是件易事。
This is a beautiful garden .这是一座漂亮的花园。
Wealth does not mean happiness .富有并不意味着幸福。
2) 疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)
疑问句是用来提出问题的,按其所提出的不同问题可分为以下四种:
A)一般疑问句(General Question)
一般疑问句是就某件事或某种情况的\"是与否\"提问。因此,它的回答不是\"Yes\"就是\"No\";回答时所用的句子可以是完整句,也可以是省略句。另一方面,凡是疑问句一般说来都应该是倒装语序。例如:
--Are you a student ? --Yes, I am a student .
--Do you like dancing ? --Yes, I do .
B) 特殊疑问句(Special Question)
特殊疑问句是对某件事或某种情况的某一方面的具体内容提问,因此,对哪一方面的具体内容提问,就需要使用相应的特殊疑问词如:时间(When)、地点(Where)、原因(Why)、方式(How)、人物(Who)、名称(What),等等。另外,回答的内容也应该是具体的。例如:
--Who is in charge of English in your class ? –Li Ming (is ).
--谁是你们班的英语科代表?--(是)李明。
--Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today ?--She is preparing for going abroad .
罗慧敏今天为什么没有上班?她要出国,正在做准备。
C) 选择疑问句(Alternative Question)
选择疑问句可以对句子中的任何成分设置选择问题,选择部分由连词or连接。它貌似一般疑问句,其实两者有区别,因为回答这种问句时既不能用\"Yes\"也不能用\"No\",例如:
--Is your sister or brother going abroad ? --My brother is .
(选择主语)--是你的妹妹还是弟弟要出国?--我弟弟。
--Are you going to school or back home . --(I'm)Going home .
(选择谓语) --你是去学校还是回家。--我回家。
D) 反意疑问句(Disjunctive Question)
当说话人对某种情况不甚有把握,或需进一步证实时,便可使用反意疑问句。反意疑问句的构成分两部分。第一部分是一个完整的陈述句;第二部分是一个简单疑问句。第一部分若是肯定形式,第二部分则用否定形式;第一部分若是否定形式,第二部分则用肯定形式。还必须要保持前后两部分在时态、情态动词等方面的一致性。例如:
She is a college student , isn't she ?她是学生,对不对?
He cannot speak French , can he ?他不会说法语是不是?
3) 祁使句(Imperative Sentence)
祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议,等等。祈使句的主语常被省略,因为这个主语很明确地是听话人\"you\"。当然,有时为了强调或表示某种感情,句子也会带上主语。祈使句的谓语用动词原形;它的否定形式是句首用Don't + 动词原形,或是Not to + 动词原形。例如:
Be quiet , please ! (大家)请安静。
Stand up ! 起立!
Don't smoke in the office . 请不要在办公室吸烟。
Don't be standing in the rain . 别站在雨里。
Not to be careless when you're driving a car . 开车时不要粗心大意。
4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)
感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中,有很多是由What或How引起的。What 用来强调名词,How则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说,所感叹的对象放到句首;句子无需倒装,句子要用正常语序。 例如:
What a fine day it is today ! 今天天气多好啊!
How fine it is today ! 今天天气多好啊!
What a lovely son you have !你有个多可爱的儿子啊!
How lovely your son is ! 你的儿子多可爱啊!
2. 句子的结构分类
如果按照句子的结构分类,英文句子可分为三个类别:简单句(Simple Sentence),并列句(Compound Sentence)和复合句(Complex Sentence)。
1)简单句(Simple Sentence)
简单句只有一个主谓关系。句子可能有两个或更多的主语,也可能有两个或更多的谓语,但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。例如:
China and Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects .(两个主语,一个谓语)中国和中国人民在以非常的速度日益进步。
Computers mean a lot to human beings and are paid more and more attention by people . (两个谓语,一个主语)计算机对人类社会意味着很多东西,并越来越受到人们的重视。
2) 并列句(Compound Sentence)
由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起的句子叫做并列句。常用到的并列连词分为一下几种:
A. 表示转折意思 : but , yet , however等
例:Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself .
一切都是身外之物,只用健康属于自己。
He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English . 他才学一年英文,但已能用英文与人交往了。
John has his shortcomings; however, that doesn't mean he is not qualified for the job . 约翰有缺点,但这不等于说他不胜任这份工作。
B.表示因果关系: so , therefore , hence等
例:You'd better take an umbrella with you, for it's going to rain. 要下雨了,你最好带把伞。
I've got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now. 我要去开个会,我得走了。
C.表示并列关系: and , or , either…or , neither …nor , not only…but (also), both…and 等
例:She came to my house yesterday evening, and I went to hers . 昨晚她来我家了,我却去她家了。
He doesn't know your address, neither / nor do I. 他不知道你的地址,我也不知道。
3) 复合句(Complex Sentence)
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子,叫复合句。主句和从句都具有完整的主语和谓语。从句常有连接词引导,引起修饰,说明主句的作用,不能独立存在。
Whether he comes or not doesn't make any difference to me .
(主语从句)他来与不来对我都一样。
There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.
(宾语从句)什么是货币以及怎样计量货币经济学家之间存有分歧。
China is not what it used to be . (表语从句)中国不是它过去的样子了。
Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government .
(定语从句)税款是人们支持政府而交的钱。
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