Unit 1 School life I、定语从句简介
(Introduction to Attributive Clauses) II、关系代词引导的定语从句
(Attributive Clauses Introduced by Relative Pronouns) 【概述】
定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、动词不定式以及介词短语等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。在复合句中起定语作用的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称形容词从句。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个句子。
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。根据其在定语从句中的功能，关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，主要包括that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词在定语从句中作状语，主要包括where, when, why, that等。 关系代词引导 关系副词引导 “介词+关系代词”引导 限制性定语从句 和非现制性定语从句 （1）who, whom, which, that, whose, as （2）用that不用which或who的情况 （3）定语从句中的主谓一致 when, where, why （1）介词+ which/whom （2）确定介词的原则 定语从句 【考点分析】定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句的运用。主要考点有：（1）关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句；（2）关系副词where引导的定语从句（今年来常考先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况）；（3）“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；（4）as引导的非限制性定语从句。
本单元主要讲解关系代词引导的定语从句。 一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、who 指人。在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。可以用来引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 In the accident, the number of people who got killed reached as many as 30. 在这次事故中，死亡人数多达30人。 The 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Mo Yan who with hallucinatory（魔幻的）realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary. 莫言获得2012年诺贝尔文学奖，他把魔幻现实与民间故事、历史与当代结合在一起。 People who drive when they are drunk should be heavily punished. 醉酒驾车的人应受重罚。 2、whom指人。在定语从句中作宾语、表语等，但是不能作主语。可以用来引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 Chen Zijiang is a paper-cutting expert (whom) I interviewed for my article on Chinese Art. 陈子江是一位剪纸专家，我为了写《论中国艺术》这篇文章采访过他。 My brother, whom you met the other day, has gone abroad. 前几天你遇见过的我的弟弟, 他出国去了。 3、that指人或物。在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作宾语或表语时可以省略。 【警示误区】that不能作介词宾语，介词后需要用which或whom。【参考Unit 2·语法】 4、which一般指物。在定语从句中作主语、宾语，偶尔作定语。作宾语时可以省略。可以用来引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 In Washington his parents bought a candy store which/that they ran for the next 40 or so years. 在华盛顿，他父母买下了一家糖果店，之后他们一直经营了40多年。 The river which/that runs through the center of the city has been seriously polluted. 穿过市中心的那条河已经被严重污染了。 There are many things that everyone can do to help stop desertification. 每个人都 可以做很多事情来防止沙漠化。 They stayed with me for three weeks during which time they drank all the wine I had. 他们和我一起呆了三周，在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。 5、whose一般指人，也可以指物。在定语从句中作定语。 I saw a man shouting at a driver whose car was blocking the street.我看见一个男人正朝一个司机叫嚷，他的车把街道堵塞了。 Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 救援人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。 My sisters, whose photos I showed you yesterday, will come to see us this evening. 我的姐妹们今晚要来看我们, 我昨天给你看过她们的照片了。 6、as可以指人或物，也可指整个句子。在定语从句中常作主语、宾语或表语等。它引导的定语从句常出现在先行词有the same, such, as, so等修饰的情况或非限制性定语从句中。 Such a man as tells a lie is unbelievable. 那种撒谎的人是不可靠的。 Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected. 那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人应该受到极大的尊重。 【警示误区】比较下面的句子： The Forbidden City is such a famous place/so famous a place as large numbers of tourists visit every year. 故宫非常漂亮，每年都有大量的游客来参观。(as引导定语句子，在句子中作visit的宾语) The Forbidden City is such a famous place/so famous a place that numbers of tourists visit it every year. 故宫非常漂亮，每年都有大量的游客来参观。(that引导状语从句，构成such/so…that…结构。) 【警示误区1】who, whom, whose, which和as都可以用来引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句，请参考模块一·Unit 3语法解读。 【警示误区2】代词what, it, this, that, these, those等均不能用来引导定语从句。 二、常用that，不用which引导定语从句的情况
1、当先行词被the only, the very, the last及序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，或者先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。 Australia is the only country that is also a continent. 澳大利亚是唯一一个既是国家又是大陆的国家。 When people talk about the cities of the US, the first that comes to mind is New York. 当人们谈论美国的城市时，第一个想到的是纽约。 The first English novel (that) I read was A Tale of Two Cities. 我读过的第一本英语小说是《双城记》。 2、如果先行词是all，much，anything，something，nothing，everything，little，none，few等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。 I did nothing that might hurt anybody. 我没有做可能会伤害别人的事。 He did everything (that) he could to help us. 他尽力帮助我们。 3、先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。 He took photographs of the things and people (that) he was interested in. 他把他感兴趣的人和物全拍摄了下来。 Do you know the things and persons (that) they are talking about? 你知道他们在谈论的人和事吗？ 4、当主句是以疑问词who或which开头引导的特殊疑问句时。 Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 获得金牌的男孩是谁？ Which is the G-train that is heading for Nanjing? 去南京的是那次高速列车？ 5、有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个常用that。 The company secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution. 那家公司悄悄地建了一家小工厂，那里生产的东西可能会产生污染。 6、当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。 Zhouzhuang is no longer the village that it used to be. 周庄不再是过去的那个小村子了。 The school is quite different from the one that it used to be. 这所学校已经和原来的迥然不同了。 7、当主句以here, there开头时。 Here is the hotel that you’ve been looking for. 这就是你一直在找的旅馆。 There is a seat in the corner that is still not occupied. 拐角处还有一个没有被占用的位子。 三、定语从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数由先行词决定。 There are at least two teams of scientists who are trying to clone humans. 至少有两组科学家在尝试克隆人类。 Every student who is studying English should have an English-Chinese dictionary. 每个学英语的学生都应该有一本英汉字典。 【训练巩固】
1. The prize will go to the writer _______ story shows the most imagination.
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
2. You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station _______ you can hire to reach your host family. A. which B. where C. when D. as
3. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _______ are built close to each other. A. they B. where C. what D. that
4. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school ______ I met in the English speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which 5. That’s the new machine _______ parts are too small to be seen.
A. that B. which C. whose D. What 6. The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. A. where B. which C. its D. whose 7. I refuse to accept the blame for something _______ was someone else’s fault. A. who B. that C. as D. what 8. Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. whose C. which D. that
9. In china, the number of cities is increasing _______ development is recognized across the world. A. where B. which C. whose D. that
10. The increased monthly pay will benefit more than 23 million migrant workers are currently employed in Guangdong Province. A. where B. whose C. which D. who 11. Bears often hide themselves in places ________ can’t be found by hunters. A. what B. where C. that D. 不填
12. Don’t trust such people _______ praise you to your face but speak ill of you behind your back. A. who B. whoever C. that D. as 13. We’ll reach the sales targets in a month ______ we set at the beginning of the year.（2014重庆卷）
A. which B. where C. when D. what
14. Among the many dangers _____ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.（2014江西卷） A. which B. what C. where D. when
15. A company ______ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.（2014山东卷） A. which B. whose C. who D. why 16. The next year ______ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.（2014安徽卷） A. when B. where C. why D. which 17. I live next door to a couple ______ children often make a lot of noise.（2016北京卷） A. whose B. why C. where D. which
【参考答案和提示】
1、答案C。解析：考查定语从句。本题主句中的先行词writer和从句中的主语story有所属关系，意思是“作者的故事”，因此选C。句子的意思是：我们的奖金会留给故事情节最富有想象力的作者。
2、答案A。解析：考查定语从句。本题先行词为taxis，从句中谓语动词hire缺宾语，故用关系代词which。
3、答案D。解析：关系代词that代替先行词small houses，在从句中作主语。句意为：这座古老的城镇街道狭窄，小房子挨得很近。
4、答案A。解析：考查定语从句。该空引导定语从句修饰表示人的先行词the students, 且在从句中作met的宾语, 故选关系代词who。
5、答案C。解析：考查定语从句的引导词。空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语, 所
以使用whose。句意应为“那是台新机器，零部件小得几乎看不见。”
6、答案D。解析：空格处引导定语从句, 先行词是the old temple, 关系词在从句中做roof的定语, 用关系代词whose。其余选项与题意不符。
7、答案B。解析：考查定语从句。不定代词something作主语, 用that引导。
8、答案B。解析：空格后面的diet和前面children之间是所属关系，故用whose修饰。句意为：不爱运动或者饮食脂肪偏高的孩子们会很快发胖。 9、答案C。解析：考查定语从句。development与先行词cities之间是所属关系, 所以选whose。句意是：在中国, 城市的数量在增加, 其发展被全世界关注。
10、答案D。解析：考查定语从句的引导词。先行词为workers，空格处在定语从句中作主语，选项中只有who满足条件。
11、答案C。解析：考查定语从句的关系词。空格处在定语从句中作主语，不可省略，故选C项。
12、答案D。解析：本题考查定语从句，先行词people被such修饰，因此关系代词用as。 13、答案A。解析：注意先要准确判断本题的先行词。根据句意本题的先行词是the sales target，作动词set的宾语，因此要用which。
14、答案A。解析：先行词the many dangers指物，且在定语从句中作宾语，故选择关系代词which。
15、答案B。解析：先行词为a company，定语从句中缺少定语，所以用whose引导定语从句。
16、答案D。解析：本题先行词是the exact year，与从句中动词spent构成动宾关系，因此空格处要用which引导定语从句作spent的宾语。
17、答案A。解析：分析句子结构可知，空格处在本句中引导定语从句修饰a couple，且关系词在从句中作定语，所以用关系代词whose。
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