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人教版英语初中八年级上册知识讲解,巩固练习(教学资料,补习资料):专题1.3 Grammar

2022-05-01 来源:客趣旅游网
1.3 Grammar

(一)一般过去时

一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。其结构为:

a. 主系表 主语+was/were+其他.

b. 主谓宾 主语+谓语动词(过去式)+宾语. ☞ —What did you do yesterday? 昨天你做了什么? —I went swimming. 我去游泳了。

☞ When I was at middle school, I often went to school by bike. 我读中学时经常骑自行车去学校。 1. 一般过去时的基本结构

①实义动词

肯定句:主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他.

☞ I went to the cinema yesterday. 我昨天看了电影。 否定句:主语 + didn’t + 动词原形 + 其他。

☞ I didn’t go to the cinema yesterday. 我昨天没看电影。 一般疑问句及其回答:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他? 肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + did. 否定回答:No, 主语 + didn’t / did not.

☞ —Did you go to the cinema yesterday? 你昨天去看电影了吗? —Yes, I did./No, I didn’t. 是的,我去了。/ 不,我没去。 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其他? ☞ —Where did you go yesterday? 你昨天去哪儿了? —I went to the cinema yesterday. 我昨天去看电影了。 ② be 动词

肯定句:主语 + was/were + 其他. ☞ I was at home yesterday. 我昨天在家。

否定句:主语 + wasn’t/weren’t + 其他. ☞ I wasn’t at home yesterday. 我昨天没在家。 一般疑问句及其回答:Were/Was + 主语 + 其他? ☞ —Were you at home yesterday? 你昨天在家吗?

—Yes, I was. / No,I wasn’t. 是的,我在家。/ 不,我不在家。 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + were/was + 主语 + 其他? ☞ —Where were you yesterday? 你昨天在哪? —I was at home yesterday. 我昨天在家。

2. 一般过去时的构成

情况 构成方法 例词 一般情况 加-ed wash→washed help→helped 以不发音的字母e结尾 加-d hope→hoped like→liked 以辅音字母+ y结尾 变y为i,再加-ed carry→carried study→studied 结尾只有一个辅音字双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed 母的重读闭音节词 3. 如何判定一般过去时

(1)通过句子中是否有表示过去的时间状语来判定。

① 介词+表示过去时间的年、月、日,如in 1983等。

② yesterday以及由yesterday构成的短语:yesterday morning/afternoon/evening,the day before yesterday。 ③ 带有ago的短语,如three days ago,five years ago。 ④ last构成的短语,如last week/year/month等。

⑤ 表示过去的词或短语,如once,at that time,just now等。

stop→stopped plan→planned

—A nice car! Is it yours?

—No, it isn’t. I _____________ it from a friend of mine two days ago. A. borrow

B. have borrowed D. borrowed

C. will borrow

(2)若找不到明显的时间状语,则通过上下文判断。

☞ —Where did you go? 你去哪儿了? —I went to Beijing. 我去北京了。

(3)两个或两个以上动词用and连接时,若前一个动词为过去式,后面的动词也要用其过去式。

☞ I turned on the TV, sat down and watched the program. 我打开了电视,坐下来看节目。

My mother had breakfast and _____________ to work. A. go

B. went D. to go

C. going 【答案】B

【解析】and连接两个动词,第一个为had,第二个应用go的过去式went。 4. 肯定句如何变为否定句

(1)含有系动词was,were→直接在其后加not。 (2)含有情态动词could等时→直接在其后加not。

(3)含有实义动词→在该动词前加did not/didn’t,并且该动词变为原形。 5. 陈述句如何变一般疑问句和特殊疑问句

(1)若句中有be动词或情态动词,则把它们移到句首。 (2)若句中是行为动词,则在句首加Did,谓语动词改为原形。

(3)特殊疑问句则需在一般疑问句基础上加上特殊疑问词。

方法技巧

一般过去时 肯定句的过去式,规则动词加 -ed,不规则的必须记。 否定形式疑问句,没有be加did。 如把did加在前,动词也要还原形。

1. (2018·四川乐山)—There is someone knocking at the door.

—It must be the repairman. I ______ him to come to fix our fridge two hours ago.

A. call

B. have called

C. called

2. (2016 • 湖南长沙)—Your coat fits you well. —Thank you. I _____________ it when I was on vacation.

A. have bought

B. buy

C. bought

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词时态的用法。句意:——你的大衣非常适合你。——谢谢,它是在我出差的时候买的。when后的句子用的是一般过去时,所以这里也应用一般过去时。

(二)不定代词的用法

不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。

在本单元中,主要出现的不定代词为由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词,因此主要详细讲解这一部分不定代词的用法,在这些复合不定代词中,除no one以外,其他都要写成一个词。 1. 复合不定代词有:

something 某物 anything 任何事物 物 nothing 无物 everything 每一件事 somebody someone 某人 anybody 人 nobody anyone 任何人 no one 没有人 everybody 【注意】

everyone 每人 由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 2. 复合不定代词的定语

(1)形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词时,要位于不定代词或不定副词之后,作后置定语。 ☞ Last night, I saw someone strange lying on the ground near my home. 昨晚在我家附近,我看见一个陌生人躺在地上。

Many people like to go somewhere interesting to have a vacation. 许多人喜欢去有趣的地方度假。 (2)复合不定代词与动词不定式连用,不定式作后置定语。 ☞ Haven’t you got anything to do? 你无事可干吗?

(2019·湖北恩施)—Tom, please come here. I have _____ to tell you. —OK. I’m coming.

A. anything important B. important something C. something important

【答案】C

3. 复合不定代词的属格

1. 含-one和-body等指人的复合代词可有-’s属格形式。

☞ Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 大家的事情没人管。 ☞ Is this anybody’s seat? 这儿有人坐吗?

2. 含-one和-body等指人的复合代词后跟else时,-’s属格应加在else之后。 ☞ Can you remember someone else’s name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗? 3. 含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词没有-’s属格形式。 4. 复合不定代词的数

复合不定代词都具有单数的含义,因此通常被看成是单数第三人称。当它们充当句子的主语时,其后的谓语动词用单数形式。

☞ Is everyone here today? 今天,大家都到齐了吗?

☞ Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人。

1. Something _____________(be)wrong with my watch. 【答案】is

2. Everybody except Mike and Linda _____________ there when the meeting began. A. is 【答案】C

【解析】本题用主谓一致法。句意:当会议开始的时候,除了迈克和琳达大家都在那儿。谓语动词与except前的主语Everybody保持一致,用单数,且时态是一般过去时。

B. are C. was D. were

5. 复合不定代词的否定

1. not every-表示的是部分否定,意为"并非都,不都"。 ☞ Not everything will go well. 并非一切都会那么顺利。

☞ The teacher didn’t call everyone’s name. 老师并没有点所有人的名字。 2. not any-和no-均表示全否定。

☞ He listened, but heard nothing. 他听了听,但什么也没听到。 = He listened, but didn’t hear anything.

☞ You haven’t called anyone/anybody up, have you? 你没给谁打过电话,是吗?

= You have called no one/nobody up, have you? 方法技巧

巧学不定代词 不定代词美名扬,修饰成分后边藏; 单数动词作谓语,何时何地都一样。

(2019﹒江苏常州卷)Though Kongfu Panda 3 is popular with teenagers, it won’t be liked by ______________. A. nobody C. everybody 【答案】C

B. somebody D. anybody

基础训练

I. 选词(组)填空

something,anyone,everyone,no one,anything,everything,nothing

1. Is there ______________ new in today’s newspaper? 2. ______________ is ready, let’s go swimming. 3. Can ______________ guess what this is? 4. —I can’t hear clearly.

—There may be ______________ wrong with your ears. 5. —Who teaches you English?

—______________. I learn it by myself. 6. —Kangkang, is ______________ here today? —No, Jim isn’t here. He is in hospital.

7. —Jim! Can you see the words on the blackboard? —Sorry! I can see ______________. II. 单项选择

1.(2019﹒北京卷)—Where did you go last weekend? —I ____________ to the Great Wall. A. go

B. went D. have gone

C. will go

2.(2019﹒河南卷)—There is someone knocking at the door.

—It must be the computer repairman. I ______________ him to come to fix my computer. A. call C. called

B. have called D. will call

3.(2019﹒湖北黄冈卷)—I’m sorry, Mr Hu. I ____________ my English exercise book at home. —It doesn’t matter. Please remember ____________ it here this afternoon. A. forgot;to bring C. forgot;to take

B. left;to take D. left;to bring

4.(2019﹒江苏无锡卷)My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I ____________ half of it. A. missed C. will miss

B. was missing D. would miss

5.(2019﹒四川绵阳卷)— Don’t you see the sign "No Parking!" on the right? —Sorry, I ____________. But now I know parking here is not right. A. don’t

B. didn’t

C. hadn’t D. doesn’t

6.(2019﹒山东菏泽卷)—Oh, no! I can’t find my mobile phone! —Well, where ____________ you last put it? A. have

B. do

C. did

7.(2019﹒广西柳州卷)—I ____________ know you can play the piano so well. —Thank you. A. didn’t

B. don’t

C. can’t

8. (2019﹒山东青岛卷)Ladies and gentlemen, attention please! I have ______________ important to tell you. A. nothing C. everything

B. something D. anything

9.(2019﹒重庆卷)I’m sorry I know ______________ about it. It’s a secret between them. A. nothing C. anything

B. something D. everything

10.(2018﹒江苏连云港卷)Don’t worry. There is ______________ wrong with the TV set. It’s only because of power cut. A. something C. anything

B. nothing D. everything

11.(2018﹒贵州黔南州卷)I’ve been so bored for a long time. I hope to have ______________ to do. A. exciting anything C. something interesting

B. nothing exciting D. good something

12.(2019﹒河南卷)—What a bad day!

—Everyone has one of those days when ______________ goes right. A. nothing C. everything

B. anything D. something

13.(2019﹒江苏泰州卷)—Is there else in the classroom?

—It is empty, ______________ is listening to a speech in the school hall. A. anyone;Anyone C. everyone;Anyone

B. anyone;Everyone D. everyone;Everyone

14.(2019﹒山东菏泽卷)—Who taught Zhu Zhiwen to sing?

—______________! He learned singing by himself.

A. Everybody B. Somebody C. Nobody

15. Our school library is very beautiful and it ______________ last year. A. builds

B. was built

C. is built

16. Yesterday I ______________ my leg and that made me ______________ sad. A. broke;felt C. broke;feel

B. break;feel D. break;felt

17. We ______________ a picnic near the bank yesterday.

A. had

B. has

C. have D. having

18. —The exam was very easy, wasn’t it?

—Yes, but I don’t think ______________ could pass it. A. somebody

B. everybody D. anybody

C. nobody

19. Don’t let ______________ in. I’m too busy to see ______________. A. nobody;somebody C. anybody;anybody

B. anybody;nobody D. somebody;anybody

20. —Can you cook eggs with tomatoes?

—Yes, of course. ______________ can do it, because it is easy, I think. A. Anyone C. No one III. 完形填空

The winter vacation is coming. How do you make your vacation 1 from your school life? Here is some 2 for you. Maybe it can help you learn while you have fun!

You can go to visit 3 . There you can see a lot of interesting and valuable things, such as works of art or historical items. That will help you learn more history 4 your country.

Reading in the 5 is also a good choice. You can find different kinds of books there. You can read lots of English storybooks. It is 6 for your English learning.

Traveling with your 7 is also exciting! Also, you can do many outdoor activities, such as climbing the mountain, going to the beach. But you should always tell your parents 8 doing any of these things.

B. Someone D. None of us

It is a good idea to make a vacation book. You can write 9 in the vacation book: what you want to do for your vacation and what you see during your vacation. You can also draw something you like most on your vacation to make it more interesting. When a new term begins, you can 10 it with you to share your experience with your friends. 1. A. same 2. A. reason 3. A. stores 4. A. on 5. A. home 6. A. helpful 7. A. friends

B. different B. advice B. hospitals B. about B. library B. bad

C. easy

D. hard D. problem D. places D. at D. shop D. difficult D. father D. because D. another thing D. tell

C. answer C. museums C. in

C. school C. easy

B. parents B. when B. anything B. take

C. mother C. before

8. A. after 9. A. nothing 10. A. bring IV. 语法填空

C. something C. talk

I went to Sydney with my parents last month. We went there for the summer vacation. I was so excited about the 1 .We did many things there. On the first day, we 2 Sydney Opera House(悉尼歌剧院) in the morning. Then we 3 some delicious food for lunch. After lunch, we went to Taranga 4 . We saw lots of kangaroos (袋鼠) and koalas there. The kangaroos were very 5 and the koalas were very cute! In the evening we 6 along Darling Harbor (达令港). Then we had dinner at a restaurant 7 the harbor and next we went back to the h 8 to relax. There are a lot of interesting places to 9 in Sydney. We went to the beach and had fun the next day.

It was an exciting trip. I really e 10 the vacation there! I hope to go there again.

参考答案

I. 选词(组)填空 1. anything 5. No one II. 单项选择

2. Everything 6. everyone

3. anyone 7. nothing

4. something

1. B 【解析】句意:——上个周末你去哪里了?——我去长城了。根据时间状语last weekend可知此处用

一般过去时,因此要用动词的过去式went。故选B。

2. C 【解析】句意:——有人在敲门。——一定是电脑维修人员。我给他打电话来修理我的电脑。因此先

打电话,然后维修人员来修理它,因此用一般过去时,故选C。

3. D 【解析】句意:——胡老师,对不起。我把英语练习本落在家里了。——没关系。请记着今天下午把

它带到这儿。forget忘记;leave离开,落下;结合句意应是已经落在家里,故用一般过去时,故为left。bring带来;take拿走;根据here可知此处是带来,用bring,故选D。

4. A 【解析】句意:我的心思不在他刚才所说的内容上,所以我担心我刚才错过了一半的内容。A. missed

一般过去时;B. was missing过去进行时C. will miss一般将来时;D. would miss过去将来时。根据句意可知,表示过去错过了一半的内容,所以用一般过去时,故选A。

6. C 【解析】句意:——哦,我找不到我的手机了。——噢,你上次放在哪儿了?描述过去放在哪儿的,

用一般过去时态。一般过去时的疑问句,要借助助动词did,动词要用原形。故选C。

7. A 【解析】句意:——我不知道你钢琴弹得那么好。——谢谢。A. didn’t一般过去时态,指过去的状态

及过去发生的动作;B. don’t一般现在时态,指经常性、习惯性的动作;C. can’t不能,指能力;不可能,表示否定的推测。根据语境,说话时我已知道你钢琴弹得好,不知道是过去的状态,用一般过去时,故选A。

8. B 【解析】考查复合不定代词。句意:女士们,先生们,请注意!我要告诉你们一些重要的事情。something

某事,某物,常用于肯定句中,也可用于表示请求的疑问句中;anything 任何事,任何物,可用在否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中;everything 每件事,一切事;nothing = not anything;而 not everything 并非/不是所有的东西/事情。这些复合不定代词都作单数看待,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。形容词修饰复合不定代词要放在被修饰词之后。所以选B。

9. A 【解析】考查不定代词的用法。句意:对不起我完全不知道关于那件事,那是他们之间的秘密。A. nothing

没有; B. something某事; C. anything任何事; D. everything每件事情。根据It’s a secret between them可知,既然是他们之间的秘密,所以这里应该指的是不知道。故选A。

10. B 【解析】考查不定代词的用法。句意:不要担心,你的电视机没有毛病,只不过是停电了。A. something

某事;B. nothing没有事情;C. anything任何事情;D. everything每件事情。根据It’s only because of power cut.可知,是停电了不是电视机坏了,故选B。

11. C 【解析】考查不定代词。句意:我无聊好久了。我希望有有趣的事情做。根据句意可知本句是希望做

有趣的事,表示肯定,用something;形容词修饰不定代词时,放在被修饰词之后。故选C。 12. A 【解析】考查不定代词的用法。句意:——多么糟糕的一天!——每个人都有这么一天,没什么好事。

nothing没什么; anything任何事; everything一切; something某事;根据What a bad day!可知是不好的一天,因此是没什么好事,故用代词nothing,故选A。

13. B 【解析】考查不定代词的用法。句意:——在教室里有人吗?——教室是空的,大家在学校礼堂正在

听演讲。anyone=anyone,任何人,经常用于疑问句或者否定句中;everyone大家,每一个人。结合句意,故选B。

14. C 【解析】考查不定代词辨析。句意:——谁教的朱之文唱歌?——没有人,他自学的唱歌。A. Everybody

每个人;B. Somebody某人,有人C. Nobody没有人。从后句He learned singing by himself.(他自学的唱歌)可以推测出,没有人教他,没有人:nobody。故选C。

17. A 【解析】句意:昨天我们在公园附近野餐。根据时间状语yesterday可知此处要用一般过去时,即had,

故选A。

18. B 【解析】句意:——考试非常容易,是吗?——是的,但我不认为每个人都能考过。somebody某

人;everybody每个人;nobody没有人;anybody任何人。根据yes可知,其本人可以通过考试,根据but转折可知,其认为有部分人无法通过,可知不能每个人通过,故选C。

19. C 【解析】考查不定代词的用法。句意:不要任何人进来。我太忙了不想见任何人。don’t表示否定,

应该用anybody;too...to...结构意为"太……而不能……",也表示否定。故选C。

20. A 【解析】考查不定代词。句意:——你会做西红柿鸡蛋吗?——当然了,任何人都会做。我认为太

简单了。Anyone 任何人;Someone 某人;No one 没有人;None of us我们当中没有一个,所以选A。

III. 完形填空

【文章大意】这篇短文作者主要针对假期提出了几点建议,我们可以去参观博物馆,可以图书馆看书,也可以和朋友一起去旅行。并且可以写一本有关假期的书,开学后和朋友们分享自己的经历。

1. B 【解析】考查语境理解及形容词。same 相同的;different不同的;easy轻松的,容易的;hard努力

的,困难的。结合语境可知此处指的是,让你的假期生活不同于学校生活。故选B。

2. B 【解析】考查语境理解及名词。reason原因,理由;advice建议,忠告;answer答案;problem问题,

难题。联系后一句描述可知此处指的是,这儿有一些建议给你。故选B。

6. A 【解析】考查语境理解及形容词。helpful有帮助的;bad坏的,糟糕的;easy轻松的,容易的;difficult

困难的。结合语境可知此处指的是对你的英语学习有帮助。故选A。

7. A 【解析】考查语境理解及名词。friends朋友;parents 父母;mother 母亲;father父亲。联系本段描

述可知此处指的是和朋友出去旅行。故选A。

8. C 【解析】考查语境理解及连词。after在……之后;when 当……时;before在……之前,以免;because

因为。结合语境可知此处指的是在做这些事情之前,告诉你的父母。故选C。

9. B 【解析】考查语境理解及不定代词。nothing 什么也没有;anything任何事情;something一些事情;

another thing 另一件事情。联系后两句描述可知此处指的是,你可以在这本书里面写任何东西。故选B。

10. B 【解析】考查语境理解及动词。bring带来;take拿,取,接受;talk;D. tell 告诉,讲述。结合语境

可知此处指的是,你可以带上它和你的朋友一起分享你的经历。故选B。 IV. 语法填空

【文章大意】这篇短文中作者主要讲述了上个月和父母一起去悉尼过暑假的经过。文章介绍,作者参观了悉尼歌剧院、野生动物园、达令港,整个旅途非常令人兴奋,他希望能够再次去悉尼游玩。 1. trip 【解析】根据语境可知句意为:我对这次旅程非常兴奋。这是对整个旅程的回顾,故应填:trip。

2. visited 【解析】根据语境可知句意为:我们参观了悉尼歌剧院。联系上文可知,作者他们是到悉尼度假,因此不免会参观一些名胜古迹,故应填:visited。

3. had 【解析】根据语境可知句意为:然后我们午餐吃了一些美味的食物。因为是午餐,所以主要是吃东西。故应填:had。

4. Zoo 【解析】根据下文We saw lots of kangaroos (袋鼠) and koalas there的描述并结合知识可知,Taranga Zoo这里指的是悉尼最大最出名的野生动物园Taranga Zoo,故应填:Zoo。

5. friendly 【解析】根据语境可知句意为:袋鼠很友好,考拉很可爱。结合the koalas were very cute的描述可知,这里是指两种动物的特性,故可填:friendly。

6. walked 【解析】根据语境可知句意为:晚上我们沿着达令港散步。walk along表示“沿着……走”,因为是叙述过去的事,故应填:walked。

9. visit 【解析】根据语境可知这里指的是在悉尼有许多好玩的地方可参观。这里是动词不定式作后置定语,故应填:visit。

10. enjoyed 【解析】根据语境可知句意为:我真的享受在那里的假期。结合所给首字母提示可知,这里指的是“喜欢”、“享受”,故可填:enjoyed。

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