1．虚拟语气的概念
2. 虚拟语气用于非真实条件句
3. 虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用
4. 在某些句型中使用虚拟语气
5. 虚拟语气的一些其他用法
虚拟语气
1. 虚拟语气的概念
如果句子表示的是与事实相反的主观设想或实现的可能性极小的事态，或表示愿望、请求及建议等，那么句子的谓语动词便用虚拟语气，其特点是谓语动词的形式（时态）与实际意义不一致。例如：
If you went on a diet now you would lose weight. 假如你现在节食，你就会减轻体重。（言下之意是你现在并没有节食）
2. 虚拟语气用于非真实条件句
2. 1 形式和用法
用于非真实条件句中，虚拟语气表示和客观事实相或可能相反的假设、愿望等。虚拟
语气用于非真实条件句时谓语动词的主要形式如下：
(1) 与现在事实相反
假如我是你的话，我永远不会告诉他这件事。
如果他的祖父还活着，他会非常高兴地看到他长成这么帅的小伙了。
If his grandfather were alive,I would read the book in the original.
如果我会法语，我就看这本书的原著了。
(2) 与过去事实相反
If he had arrived on time, he would have had the chance to see the famous scientist. 要是他准时到的话，他就有机会看到那个著名的科学家了。
If you had studied hard, you would have passed the examination.
如果你当时刻苦学习的话，你就会通过考试了。
If he had acted on his father’s instructions, he wouldn’t have been in that position.
假如他听了父亲的教诲，他就不会落到那样的境地了。
(3) 与将来事实相反
If it snowed heavily tomorrow, we would be able to make a snowman.
如果明天下大雪，我们就能做个雪人了。
If I should do the experiment, I would do it some other way.
要是我要做这个实验的话，我会用其他什么方法做。
If he should have enough money, he would buy it.
假如有足够的钱，他就会买下它。
If you were to take the job, you would become richer.
如果你接受这份工作的话，你会富起来的。
2. 2 值得注意的问题
（1） 错综时间条件句
当条件从句与主句所表示的行为在时间上不一致时，动词的虚拟形式要根据它们各自表示的时间做出调整。这样的条件句被称为错综时间条件句。例如：
If you had not said harsh words to your wife last night, she would not leave home now. 如果昨天晚上你没对你妻子说刻薄话，她现在就不会要离家了。
If I were you, I would have taken his advice then. 要是我是你，我那时就会听他的建议了。
（2） 连词if的省略
在书面语中，当虚拟条件从句中有were, had, should时，可省略if，而将它们置于从句主语之前（这时从句结构出现倒装）。例如：
Were I still at school, I would work harder for my exams.
Had we invited her, she would have come.
但如虚拟条件句为含有not的否定形式，省略if时，not不能与助动词had, should或were同时提前。例如：
Were I not late, I would be sitting in the front row now.
（3） 含蓄条件句
句子表层没有通常使用的if来表示条件，但条件隐含在上下文中。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。 可用介词with, without, but for 或连词but，副词otherwise, 动词不定式、动名词、分词或比较级等来表示含蓄条件。例如：
With more time, my mother could have made more delicious food for you.
时间多一些的话，我妈妈就有可能为你们做更好吃的食物了。（介词短语）
Without/But for your kindly help, we would have failed.
没有你们的好心帮助，我们就不会成功.（介词短语）
A more responsible person would not have done the work like that. （比较级）
To have been more careful, he couldn’t have made so many mistakes. （不定式）
Reading without thorough comprehension wouldn’t do you much good. （动名词）
Seen at a distance, the glass necklace might have passed for genuine diamond. （分词短语）
We didn’t know his address; otherwise we would have sent it to his house.（副
词）
3. 虚拟语气用于某些从句中
3. 1 虚拟语气用于宾语从句
（1）用于suggest, order, demand等动词后的宾语从句
在动词advise, command, demand, desire, direct, insist, move, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge 等表示命令、请求、建议、要求等动词后，从句谓语形式是：(should)+动词原形。例如：
The doctor advised him that he (should) stay in bed for at least two weeks.
She demanded that we (should) let her in.
[注]1. 当suggest不表示“建议”时，则无须用虚拟语气。例如：
Their cool response suggested they didn’t like the plan. 他们冷漠的反应说明他们不喜欢这个计划。
2. insist后接从句时，从句可以用虚拟式，也可以不用虚拟式：
They insisted (that) I (should) stay. 他们坚持我应该留下来。
She insisted that Jim must leave, or she would call the police. 她坚决要吉姆走开，
否则她便报警。
（2）用于wish后的宾语从句
动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气表示实现可能性极小或与事实相反的情况，意为“…就好了”，“真希望…”，“但愿…”。从句中的谓语动词在虚拟语气中的主要形式如下：
a. 与现在情况相反的愿望：
I wish I were (was) still young . 但愿我青春依旧。
We wish we had a large sum of money for the project. 要是我们有一大笔钱来做这个项目就好了。
b. 与过去情况相反的愿望：
He wished (that) he hadn’t done such a foolish thing. 他真希望自己没做过这样
的傻事。
We wish we could have had an opportunity for the activity. 我们要是也能有机会参加那次活动就好了。
c. 将来不太可能实现的愿望：
I wish I could go to the Disneyland with my father. 我要是能和爸爸去迪士尼乐园就好了。
She wishes he would come to see her during the holidays. 她真希望他假期能来看她。
（3）用于would (had) rather (sooner), would (just) as soon和would prefer后的宾语从句中
这些结构表示希望或婉转的责备，和wish及if only用法相近，动词用过去式表示现在或将来的情况；用过去完成时表示过去的情况。例如：
I would rather he told me the truth now. 我真希望他现在就告诉我真相。
I would just as soon he came here earlier next time. 我宁可他下次早点来。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long. 我倒希望他不要在那儿呆得太久。
3. 2 虚拟语气用于主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中
（1）用于主语从句
句型为“It is +形容词/过去分词+that从句（主语从句）”。从句中谓语形式是：(should)+动词原形。常用的这类形容词或分词有： advisable（合理的）, arranged（准备好的）, compulsory （强制的），decided（确定的）, demanded（要求的）, desirable（理想的）, essential（必要的）, imperative（绝对必要的）, important, natural, necessary, ordered, preferable（更好的）等。例如：
It is essential that every child have the same educational opportunities.
It is important that you should not forget what you must do. It is advised by the doctor that you should give up smoking.
(2) 用于表语从句和同位语从句
虚拟语气常用于表示建议、命令、请求等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，从句中谓语形式是：(should)+动词原形。常见的这类名词有：advice, decision, desire, demand, idea，order, motion, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion等。例如：
The plan is they (should) go to help the orphanage regularly.
Our demand is that our wages (should) be increased by 20%.
It’s our suggestion that we (should) have a meeting at once.
3. 3 虚拟语气用于状语从句
（1）在正式文体中，以lest, for fear that, in case引导的状语从句，从句谓语形式多用should+动词原形。例如：
He set the alarm clock lest/for fear that he should wake up late. 。
He took his umbrella with him in case it should rain.
[注]在以上 in case类状语从句中也可不用虚拟语气。例如：
He kept the camera in front of his chest in case it was damaged.
（2）在whatever, however等带ever的复合词引导的让步状语从句中常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用（should）+动词原形。例如：
Whatever be your excuse, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.
However hard it should be, I would carry out my plan.
但也可用may (might) + 动词原形的形式。例如：
Whatever might come, we won’t make concession.
（3）在even if (though) 引导的让步状语从句中常用虚拟语气，形式同if引导的虚拟条件句。例如：
Even if you were as strong as a horse, you couldn’t lift the giant rock.
即便你力大如牛，你也无法举起这块巨大的石头。
Even though he had been very busy, he would have spared some time each week to see his old mother.
即使他一直很忙，他每周都会抽出一些时间去看他那年迈的母亲。
（4）在as if, as though等引导的方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其用法与wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气用法相同。例如
He acted as if nothing had happened.
She loves her pupils as if they were her own.
[注]as if（或as though）引起的从句在表示较大的真实性或可能性时，从句要用陈述语气。 例如：
It is becoming dark. It looks as it’s going to rain.
4. 在某些句型中使用虚拟语气
（1）在“It’s (high /about) time (that)…”句型中，谓语动词用过去式，表示一种婉转的提议或建议，可译为“（现在）该…”。例如：
It is time we started the work.
It is high time you made a decision. 你该做出决定了。
（2）用于if only引导的感叹句，其意义相当于“How I wish +宾语从句”。该结构中的动词形式也与wish的宾语从句动词形式相同。例如：
If only he could come! 我真希望他能来。
If only I had a notebook. 我要是有个笔记本电脑就好了。
（3）用于to think引导的句子中，表示“没想到……”。例如：
To think I that trusted him! 没想到我竟然相信了他！
5. 虚拟语气的一些其他用法
5. 1. 表示委婉或客气
在口语中，谓语动词常用should/would/could/might加动词原形构成的虚拟语气形式表示语气的委婉或客气。例如：
Could you lend me a hand? 请帮我一下好吗？
Would you please turn up the TV a little? 你把声音调高一点好吗？
5. 2 表示建议或劝告
在这类虚拟语气结构中，常常有固定的句型。例如：
You’d better follow your teacher’s instructions. 你最好听老师的话。
You might as well call back in a couple of days. 你不妨过两天再打电话来。
5. 3 表示愿望、祝愿或诅咒
May our friendship last forever! 祝我们的友谊万古长青！
Long live liberty! 自由万岁！
God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！
Money be hanged! 该死的金钱！
Far be it from me to hurt your feelings.我决不愿伤害你的感情。
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