2.3.1.2词义的翻译
词义的确定实际上是理解过程,作为翻译,这还不够,还需要翻译表达出来。翻译表达时最容易犯的错误就是过分依赖词典,往往不顾词所处的上下文和语境,将词典意义生搬硬套到译文中;或者削足适履,词不达意;或者不查词典,望文生义。这些都会造成词义走样,表达不畅。所以在翻译时,要考虑到词所处的语言语境意义和文化语境意义,或引申、或解释、或套用、或褒或贬、或敬或谦、或俗或雅,以达到词义准确,表达地道。
1.词义的引申
(1)具体引申为抽象:将具体事物或形象引申为该事物或形象所
代表的属性和特征。例如:
23There is mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of theimperialists○.
帝国主义的本性既残暴又狡猾。
24Every life has its roses and thorns. ○
每个人的生活都有苦有甜。
25Henry knows he can depend on his family○,rain or shine.
亨利知道不论境遇如何,他都可以把家庭作为靠山。
(2)抽象引申为具体:用抽象的概念或属性表示相联系的具体事
物。例如:
26The movie actor was quite a phenomenon in show business circle○.
那个电影演员在演艺界成了风靡一时的人物。
27The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing○.
对于大多数外国人来说,长城是必不可少的游览项目。
2。词义的褒贬
词语有褒贬之分?原文的用词是褒义,那译文无疑要用褒义,反之亦然。但有时,原文用的是中性词,泽者要根据译文的语境和交际目的,推敲其褒义或贬义,然后选用相应色彩的词语译出。 2.词义的褒贬词语褒贬之分?原文的用词是褒义,那译文无疑要用褒义,反之亦然。但有时,原文用的是中性词,泽者要根据译文的语境和交际目的,推敲其褒义或贬义,然后选用相应色彩的词语译出。
(1)词义本身含褒贬意义,译时相应译出。例如:
28He is a politician○,but not a statesman.
他是一个政客,而非政治家。
29Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President○.
亨利总是吹嘘说他曾和总统谈过话。
(2)原文词义中性,译时根据需要选用褒义词或贬义词。例如:
30It was the ambition for fame and gain that ruined him○.
正是追名逐利的野心毁了他的一生。(贬义)
31Her ambition is to become a professional model○.
她的抱负就是成为一名职业模特。(褒义)
32He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds○.
他欺骗了我,使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。(贬义)
33Deeds are better than words when people need help○.
在需要帮助时,行动胜于言语。(中性)
34Those ○veterans have made a great contribution to the liberatior of the country and their deeds will go down in history.
这些老兵为国家的解放作出了巨大的贡献,他们的功绩将载入史册。(褒义)
3.移植译法
移植译法一般适用于语言缺项或文化缺项的词语翻译。一般刚出现的一些新的英语科技词汇在汉语里一时找不到相对应的词语,所以直接将它们移植到汉语里,成为汉语的新词汇。移植有两种方式,一种是字面直译,一种是音译。例如:
(1)直译:
microwave微波炉 menu菜单
blue tooth蓝牙 gold collar金领
(2)音译:
hacker黑客 intemet因特网
clone克隆 bingo宾果
4.释义译法
释义译法也是处理语言缺项或文化缺项的一种方法。不同于移植译法的是移植译法最终还是通过直译和音译找到了可以替代的词语,而释义译法却最终未能找着对应的概念,只好将原词所含的意义解释出来。这是不得已而为之的一种权宜之计。如果今后找到了相对应的概念,应该还是用诃泽出为好。例如:
blood heat人体的正常温度
redshirt指美国在校学习而体育运动很棒的大学生,因为这些学正通常身穿红色运动衫。
red brick指英国较新的大学,与牛津和剑桥等古老大学不同,此类大学的房子多用红砖建筑。
hot bed指原欧洲原来有些贫穷的工人两人共享一张床,白天上班的人晚上睡,晚上上班的人白天睡,床上总是热的。
以上四例如果用音译或者直译显然是行不通的。音译怪模怪样,直译则不知所云。
5.套用译法
套用译法是指原文的词语可以在译语里找到相对应现成的词语,虽然表层结构有所改变,但深层意义却传达得栩栩如生,清楚明白。成语翻译多用套用译法,一般改变喻体形象。例如:
to laugh off one’s head笑掉大牙
to shed crocodi1e tears猫哭耗子,假慈悲
to be out at elbows近在咫尺
willul blindness装聋作哑
6.象形译法
英语虽然是拼音文字,但也常利用字母的形状或形状描述来表达一些事物。在这种情况下,译文要根据需要采取“象译”或“形译”。“象译”是指根据所指物体的形象来译;“形译”是指根据字母的形状来译。例如:
(1)象译:
V-neck鸡心领 A-tent伞形帐篷
H-beam工字梁 Cross bit十字钻头
V—belt三角皮带 twist drill麻花钻
Y-gun双关枪
(2)形译:
T—Shint T恤衫 X—ray X光
y一ray y射线 L—electron L层电子
2.3.2 词类转换法
由于英汉两种语言的词法有所不同,词的功能也有区别,所以往往某一词类的词在原文中所承担的语法功能要在译文中进行转换才才能获得同样的意义。所谓词类转换法,是指在翻译时原文中的词类不一定要译成译文中的同一词类,为了保持原文的思想和表达上的通顺流畅,原文中的有些词类是可以根据需要转变的。
2.3.2.1 转换成动词
1.名词一动词
①The study of a foreign language is not an easy job.It needs as iduousness and perseverance.
学习外语不是一件容易的事情,需勤奋刻苦,并持之以恒。
②The sight of the esr accident filled her with great terror.
看到车祸使她惊恐万状。
③She is a good singer in OHF school.
在学校里她唱歌唱得很好。
2.介词一动词
④Party officials worked long hours on meagre food,in cold aves,by dim lamps.
党的干部每天长时间工作,吃的是粗茶淡饭,住的是冰冷的窑
洞,点的是昏暗的油灯。
⑤Tom rail away and skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up
the steps,across the veranda,and into the porch.
汤姆转身就跑了。他蹦蹦跳跳地越过草坪,跑上小径,跨上台阶,
穿过凉台,进入门厅。
⑥Carlisle Street runs weatward,across a great black bridge,down a hill and up again,by little shops and meat—markets,past single—storied homes,untilsuddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.
卡列斯尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大桥,爬下山岗又爬了上去,经过许多小铺和肉市,又经过一些平房,然后冲着一大片绿色草地中止了。
3.形容词-动词
①Both of the substances are soluble in water.
两种物质都溶解于水。
⑧In those years the Republicans were in.
那些年是共和党执政。
⑨Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.
医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。
注:英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词,在连系动词后作表语用时,往往可转译成汉语动词。常见的这类形容词有:
confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure;ignorant,afraid,doubt-ful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anx-ious,grateful,able等。
4。副词-动词
⑩The meeting WaS over and the pupils rushed out of the classroom.
会议一结束,孩子们便冲出了教室。
⑩She opened the window to let fresh air in.
她把窗户打开,让新鲜空气进来。
⑩As she ran out of the office,she forget to have her hat on.
她跑出办公室时,忘了戴上帽子。
2.3.2.2 转换成名词
1.动词-名词
13 ○To them,he personified the absolute power.
在他们看来,他就是绝对权力的化身。
14me of them were already planning to stafF a new govenment○.
他们中间有些人已经在为新政府计划人事安排了。
15chmaterial ○are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.
这些材料的特点是绝缘性好、耐磨性强。
2.形容词-名词
16They did their best to keep the sick and the wounded○.
他们尽最大的努力帮助伤病员。
17Stevenson was eloquent and elegant-but soft○.
史蒂文森有口才、有风度。但很软弱。
18e Wilde family were teligious○.
王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。
3.代词-名词
19 ○The result of this experiment is much better than those of previous ones.
这次的试验结果比前几次的结果要好得多。
20 ○ dio waves are similar to light waves except that their wave—length is much greater.
无限电波与光波相似,但无线电波的波长要长得多。
21 ○ The girls in your class are much more active than those in our lass.
你们班的女生比我们班的女生活跃多了。
4.副词-名词
22 ○ The old man is physically weak but mentally sound.
那位老人身体虽弱(欠佳),但精神尚好(矍铄)。
23 ○ They have not done so well ideologically,however,as organizationally.
但是,他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。
24 ○ Our school must enable everyone who receives an education to evelop
morally,intellectually,physically and aesthetically in a harmonious way.
我们的学校应该使学生的德育、智育、体育和美育得到全面、协调的发展。
2.3.2.3 转换成形容词
1.名词-形容词
25 ○ The blockade was a success.
封锁很成功。
26 ○ 11 not go to that beast of a place.
我再也不到那个鬼地方去了。
27She is only a chit of a girl○.
她还只是一个黄毛丫头。
注:句26和句27运用了一种短语:n.1+ of +n.2在这个短语中of前的名词1变成形容词修饰of后的名词2以示强调。刚好与一般的修饰情况相反,即of后的名词2作为形容词修饰of前的名词1。
2.副词-形容词
28 ○ It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic.
人们已经证实,气体具有理想的弹性。
29 ○“I suppose boys think differently from girls.”he said.
“我想男孩子的思维方式与女孩子是不一样的。”他说。
30 ○ The committee had prepared meticulously for this plan.
委员会为这个计划做了十分周密的准备。
2.3.2.4转换为副词
1.形容词-副词
31 ○ The helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.
直升机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。
32 ○ This is sheer nonsense.
这完全是胡说八道。
33 ○ Only when we make great efforts in language language learning can we
have a good command of it.
学习语言只有花大气力,我们才能掌握它。
2.名词-副词
34 ○l have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.
我荣幸地通知您,您的请求已经获得批准。
35 ○ When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his instinct is owin him over with his charm and humor.
只要他一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风
趣将这个人争取过来。
36 ○ The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of oming to visit the city poor.
新市长有礼貌地前来看望城市贫民,获得他们的一些好感。
2.3.3 增词法
所谓增词法(Amplification)是指为使译文正确、清楚和更为地道而增用必要的词语,所增之词并非凭空臆造,无中生有,而是原文字里行间映射出来的或原本省略了的词语。
所增之词无论是在句法上或词义上都是必不可少的,绝非画蛇添足。
2.3.3.1 增加动词
原文名词前没有动词,但在逻辑上应有动词施于这些名词意义才能完整。
① here are no speeches,no foreign diplomats,no ordinary Chinese with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.
没有发表讲话,没有各国外交官到场,也没有普通中国人挥舞纸旗、摇动鲜花的场面。
②Comrade Deng Xiaoping at the l l th Party Congress said,“There must be less empty talk and more hard work.”
邓小平在党的十一届全国代表大会上说:“一定要少说空话,多于实事。”
③In the evening,after the banquets,the concei ts and the table ennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communique.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓表演赛之后,他还得起草最终公报。
2.3.3.2增加名词
往往是在原不及物动词的后面增加名词作为其宾语,或在形容词前增加名词成为主谓词组。
④Day after day she came to her work-sweeping,scrubbing, cleaning.
每天她都来干活--扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。
⑤Her mother wadwd for a living after her father died of TB.
她父亲患肺病死后,她母亲就靠洗衣为生。
⑥This T-shirt is indeed cheap and fine.
这T恤衫价廉物美。
⑦He is a complicated man--moody,mercurial,with a melan-choly streak.
他是个性格复杂的人--喜怒无常,反复多变,有些忧郁寡欢。
注:有些抽象名词在翻译时可以在其后增加名词使之成为具体的
行为或状态,意义更为明确。同样,有些具体名词在翻译时也可以在
其后增加名词使之成为抽象概念。例如:
⑧After all preparations were made,the planes were flown acrossthe U.S.to Korea.
一切准备工作就绪之后,飞机飞越荚国去韩国。
⑨He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge,and de-clared his son guilty.
他让法官的职责战胜了父子亲情,而判他儿子有罪。
2.3.3.3 增加形容词
⑩With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building social-ism.
中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊!
11 ○ The plane twisted in the sky,trailing flame and smoke.
那架飞机在空中盘绕,拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下来。
2.3.3.4 增加副词
12 ○As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.
他一坐下就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
13In the films of those days all too ○often it was the saine one:boy tfactor driver meets girl tractor driver;they fall in love and drive tractors ogether.
在那时的电影里,总是老一套:男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇。继而相爱,终而并肩开拖拉机。
14Newsmen went flying off to New York○.
记者们纷纷飞往纽约。
2.3.3.5 增加表示名词复数的数词或量词或表多数的词
15 ○Flowers bloom all over the yard.
庭院里开满了各种各样的鲜花。
16 ○There are rows of workshops which he had never seen before.
成排成排的厂房,都是他从没见过的。
17 ○The lion is the king of animals.
狮乃百兽之王。
2.3.3.6 增加量词或单位词
18 ○Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.
一弯新月渐渐地隐没在朦胧的云层里去了。
19 ○Once,they had a serious quarrel.
有一次,他们狠狠地吵了一通。
2.3.3.7 增加概括性的词语或解释性连接语
20 ○The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of message.
美日双方在完全保密的情况下互通了信息。
21 ○Henry Kissinger had slept there before,in July and again in Octber.
这之前,亨利.基辛格曾两度在那里下榻,一次是在7月,还有一次是在10月。
22 ○Yes,I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days.sort of the fashion.
是的,我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜,这也算是有点赶时髦吧。
2.3.3.8 增加背景知识词语(否则意义就不明确)
23 ○I added uP my little moments of pleaSure yesterday.First therewas sheer bliss when l shut the last lunChb0X and had the house to my-self.
我历数了昨日里点点滴滴的聿福时刻。首先,当我盖上最后一个快餐盒,送走孩子们上学后,一人独处家中时,我感到欣喜不已。
14 ○In April,there was the“ping”heard around the world.ln July, the ping
“ponged”.
四月里,全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去,到了七月,美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。
25 ○The expcriment shows that the resistance of an electric conduc-tor is inversely proportional to its cross—section area.
试验表明,导体电阻的大小与导体的横截面积的大小成反比。
2.3.3.9 增加表示时态的词
26 ○He would dot his i’s and cross his t’S in letting his subordinates to know what he had expected of them.
以前,他总是清清楚楚、明明白白地让他的下属们知道他对他们的要求。
27The old man said○,“They say his father zuas a fishman.Maybe he was as por as We are.
老头儿说:“听人说,从前他爸爸是个打渔的。他过去也许和我们现在一样穷。”
28 ○I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.
我原本以为这不过是一种亲热的表示,但现在看来,那是为了嗅嗅羊羔的气味,以确
定它是不是自己的孩子。
2.3.3.10 增加语气助词
29 ○Don’t cry.I’m just making fun of you.
不要哭嘛!我只不过是开开玩笑罢了。
30We talked of a lot of things that night○:of work,of life,of mar—riage,of family,of prospects,and the like.
那天晚上我们谈了许多:工作呀,生活呀,婚姻呀,家庭呀,前途呀,等等。
31It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now ○
and it takes time to do this.
完全有可能眼下正在想办法让我获释,只不过需要时间而已。
注:英语里没有此类像汉语放在词尾或句尾的语气助词,所以在译文中增加此类词时,一定要弄清原文的语气。否则,就会是画蛇添足。
2.3.3.11增加原文中所省略的词语
(1)英汉句法结构不同,在回答句中,英语往往省略重复问句中的部分,而汉语回答通常使用完整句子。
32--Is this your book? ○
-Yes.it is.
-这是你的书吗?
-是,是我的。
33-○what!Don’t you love him?
-Yes,of course,I do.
-怎么?你不爱他吗?
-是啊,我当然爱他。
(2)在排比句或平行句中,英语往往省略重复的部分,而汉语则
使用重复以示加强。
44Reading makes a full man○;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确。
35○Courage in cxcess becomes foolhardiness,affection weakness, thrift avarice.
勇敢过度,即成蛮勇;感情过度,即成溺爱;俭约过度,即咸贪婪。
36○Histories make men wise;poets witty mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to con-tend.
读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞使人善辩。
(3)在比较句中,英语必然省略“比较”后面的部分词语,而汉语则要补充成完整的句子。
37Better be wiser by the defeat of others than by your own○.
从别人的失败申吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训好。
38 The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were own mis-tress.
仆人们愿意服侍她,就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。
39They have done much more for the state in recent years than we have. ○
这些年来,他们为国家所做的事比我们所做的要多得多。
(4)英语中的含蓄条件句往往省略“如果”“要是”等连词,汉语句则要增补译出。
40We would not have succeeded without your help○.
耍是没有你们的帮助,我们就不会成功。
41But without Adolf Hitler○,there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.
然而,如果没有阿道夫.希特勒,那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。
42But ○all this would C0unt nothing had not the orange such delight-ful qualities of taste.
但是,倘若不是橘子有如此甜美可口的味道,那上述一切也就不值一谈了。
2.3.4省词法
省词法(omission)与增词法相反。由于在英汉两种语言中,有些问语的含义和语法功能不同,有些词语在原文中是必要的,而在译文中未必是必要的。如果译出,反而显得拖沓累赘,如果省略,译文则通顺流畅。
2.3.4.1 省略代词
英语多用代词,但在汉语中,只要代词是重复前面已提及的人或事,就可省略。
① But it's the way I alIl,and try as J might,I haven’t been able to change it.
但我就是这个脾气,虽几经努力,却未能改变过来。(省略重复人称代词)
②You can never tell.
很难说。(省略泛指代词)
③He spent his childhood in hard work,helping his father on their snlall farm.
他在繁重的劳动申度过了童年,帮助父亲在小农场上千活。(省
略物主代词)
④It’s September,and we’ll be back at school.
九月了,我们都回到学校。(省略非人称代词it)
⑤It was only then that I began to realize we had taken a wrong way.
只是在那个时候,我才意识到我们走错路了。(省略强调句it)
2.3.4.2 省略连词
英语是形合语言,连词用得较多;汉语属意合语言,连词用得较少。所以英译汉时,连词可以省略。
⑥He looked gloomy and troubled.
他看上去有些忧愁不安。
⑦If winter comes,can spring be far behind?
冬天未了,春天还会远吗?
⑧She stud lost in happineSs as she linked hemelf in the mirror.
她对着镜子一照,高兴得忘乎所以。
2.3.4.3 省略冠词
英语有冠词,汉语没有冠词。所以翻译时,一般省略,除非它(们)表示特定意义或数量“一”。
⑨The earth is bigger than the moon,but smailer the the sun.
地球比月亮大,但比太阳小。
⑩A horse is a useful animal.
马是有用的动物。
11The direction of a force Can be represented by an ○ arrow.
力的方向可以用箭头表示。
2.3.4.4 省略介词
一般说来,表示时间和地点的英语介词,译成汉语如出现在句首,
大都可以省略,出现在句尾大都不省略。
12 ○The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
1949年华人民共和国成立。
比较:中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
13Smoking is prohibited in publiC place○.
公共场所禁止吸烟。
14 ○On Sunday the children have no school and get up late than uaual.
星期日孩子们不上学,比平时起床要迟一些。
2.3.5 合词法
英汉语言里都有一种构词现象,为了加强词义,词语的前后部分指同一意思。英语常由“and”连接两词以构成一短语,汉语常由四字构成成语。由于英语“and”短语只指一个意思,所以译成汉语时,干脆译成一个词语,不需译成“……和……”。例如:
15The fishmen managed to escape the storm and returned home ○
safe and sound.
渔夫们成功地逃离了风暴,安全到家。
16 ○That was a grim and tragic Chrismas when I had just lost my
job and WaS involuntarily leisured at home.
那是一个惨淡的圣诞节,我刚失去了工作,赋闲在家。
17 ○The old man is are and busy now,though he was retired from his post.
那位老人虽然已经退休,但现在却很忙。
18 ○In my heart there may be doubt that I deserve the Nobel award over other reed of letters whom I hold in resPect and reverence.
我心里或许还有些怀疑,觉得我并不比其他我所敬重的作家更应该获得诺贝尔奖。
19 ○Lions and tigers can be taught to leap and spring gracefully
when told to do so.
狮子和老虎通过训练,可以按指令优美地跳跃。
2.3.6 正说反译、反说正译法
所谓正说反译、反说正译法是指在翻译实践中,为了使译文忠实于原文而又符合译语的表达习惯,有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法,或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。这里所谓正面和反面主要是指在英语里是否用nO,nOt或者带有de-,dis-,im-,in-,uu-,-less等词缀的词,在汉语里是否用“不”、“非”、“无”、“没(有)”、“未”、“否’等字。如果用了,则算是反面说法。
2.3.6.1 英语从正面表达,译文从反面表达
1.动词
①Please keep the fire burning.
别让火灭了。(比较:请保持火燃烧。)
② The first bombs missed the target.
第一批炸弹没有击中目标。
③ Such a chance was dirtied me.
我没有得到这样一个机会。
2.形容词
④I have read your article.I expect to meet an older man.
拜读了你的大作,没想到你这样年轻。
⑤We are watching the.fluid situation with concern.
我们关切地注视动荡不定的局势。
⑥His refusal is not final.
他的拒绝不是不可改变的。
3.副词
⑦We may safely say so.
我 们这样说万无一失(错不了)。
○8 The subversion attempts proved predictatbly futile.
不出所料,颠覆活动证明毫无结果。
⑨Time is what we want most,but what,alas,many use worst.
时间是我们最缺少的,但,哎,偏偏许多人最不善于利用。
4.名词
⑩They feel great anziety about his sickness.
他们对他的病情深感不安。
11This failure was the making of him○.
这次不成功咸了他成功的基础。
12This would cover my absence from the base○.
这就为我不在基地提供了合法外衣。
5.介词
13This problem is above me.
这个问题我不懂。(我解决不了。)
⑩It was beyond his power to sign suCh a contract.
他无权签订这种合同。
15These planes were held back to protect the home island insteaa of being ○
used where they were badly needed.
这些飞机留在后方保卫该岛,而没有用于其他急需的地方。
6.连词
16I will not go unless I hear from him.
如果他不通知我,我就不去。
17The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered○.
游击队员宁愿战斗到死,也不投降。
7.短语
18we believe that the young generation will prove worthy of our trust○.
我们相信,年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。
19The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.
岛民们发现自己还远远没有做好作战的准备。
20Diet cures more than the doctor○.
药补不如食补。
21A quiet conscience sleeps in thunder○.
白天不做亏心事,夜半不怕鬼敲门。
22The decision has to come○.
决定还没作出。
2.3.6.2 英语从反面表达,译文从正面表达
1.动词
23The doubt was still unresolved after her repeated explanation○.
虽然她一再解释,但疑团仍然存在。
24The ○man jumped over a neighbouring garden wall and disap—Peared among the crowd.
那家伙从邻居花园的围墙上翻了过去,马上在人群中消失了。
25No comrade in the Party must never forget this bitter lesson and we must all ○
take warning from it.
这个惨痛的历史教训,我们全党同志一定要永远记住,引以为鉴。
2.副词
16His carelessly glanced through the note and then left○.
他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。
27Many agreed that the Minister had in effect resigned dishonor-ably. ○
许多人都认为辞职实际上是很丢面子的。
28○“I don’t know if I ought to have come,”she said breathlessly,grasping Phyl’s arm.
“我不知道我该不该来,”她一把抓住菲儿的胳臂气喘吁吁地说。
3.形容词
29All the articles in the museum are untouchable○.
博物馆內一切展品禁止触摸。
30He was indecisive sort of person and always capricious○.
他这个人优柔寡断,而且总是反复无常。
31An unexamined life is not worth living○.
只有不断反思的人生才是有价值的人生。
4.名词
32It was said that someone had sown discord among them○.
据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间。
33I looked into her eyes with disbelief and found what she said was a lie○.
我怀疑地直视她的目光,发现她说的全是谎言。
5.短语
34Don○’t lose time in posting this letter.
赶快把这封信寄出去。
35Students○,with no exeption,are to hand in their papers tomor
row morning.
明天上午学生们统统都要交论文。
36It○’s no less than a fraud.
这简直是一场骗局。
2.3.6.3 或正或反译法
37They excluded children(from)getting in○.
他们不准小孩入內。(他们禁止小孩入内。)
38The two teams tied○.
两队不分胜负。(两队打成平局。)
39He said simply○,“They are all bad.”
他直截了当地说:“他们全是一伙坏蛋。”(他们全都不是好东西。)
49The works of art were left intact○,the money gone.
艺术品原封没动,钱却不翼而飞。(艺术品还在,钱却不在了。)
41The station is no distance at a11○.
车站近在咫尺。(车站一点儿也不远。)
42He is free with his money○.
他花钱大手大脚。(他花钱从不吝啬。)
43The criminal is still at large○.
罪犯还未捉拿归案。(罪犯仍逍遥法外。)
44Between you and me○.
只你我两人私下说说。(别对外人讲。)
注:虽说有些句子翻译时或正或反表达均可,句意也基本相同,但有时也会产生不同效果。如句37○、38○、39○两种译法区别不大,句40○、41○就有文体上的区别了,句42○有褒贬之分,句⑩有叙事与评介之分,句44○有叙事与使役之分。所以对一个句子如何翻译,要根据上下文语境及语域来定。
2.3.6.4 双重否定结构的译法
所谓双重否定就是指两个否定词并用,否定一个词,或者一个否定词否定另一个否定词,其否定意义相互抵消而获得肯定的意义,即常说的否定之否定等于肯定(Two noes make a yes.)。英汉语言中都有双重否定结构用于强调。例如,英语中的“not infrequently”,“no(t)without”,汉语中的“不无遗憾”、“并不否认”,“战无不胜”等均属双重否定。
1. 直译成汉语的双重否定
45Having ○done so much to get the project off the ground,we now find it impossible not to carry it to cornpletion.
既然花那么多的气力把这个工程给启动起来了,我们现在就不能不干下去,直到完成。
46It is impossible but that a nun will make sonle mistakes○.
人不会不犯错误。
47Today○,there’s scaresly an aspect of our life than isn’t being affected by the Internet.
今天,我们生活的方方面面无不受到互联网的影响。
2. 译成汉语的肯定
48There is no rule that has no exception○.
任何规則都有例外。
49He was nothing if not a hypocrite○.
他完全是一个伪君子。
50Not without an ulterior motive did he make that remark○.
他说那话是别有用心的。
3.直译或意译均可
51Nobody but likes her in our class○.
在我们班上没人不喜欢她。(我们班上人人喜欢她。)
52It never rains but it pours○.
不雨则已,一雨倾盆。(一下雨就大下。)
53There is not any advantage without disadvantage○.
无弊则无利。(有利必有弊。)
2.3.6.5 重复否定的译法
重复否定是英语中一种比较特殊的结构,它有两个或更多的否定词同时用于一个句子中,所表达的意义仍然是否定意义,不过,它比单一否定要强调些。这种结构多用于口语或俚语。虽然逻辑不通,但约定俗成。主要有下列三种形式的重复否定,如果在翻译时注意它们,就不会译成肯定了。有时要认真研究上下文,弄清它究竟是肯定还是否定。
1.否定(Not)谓语+否定代词(宾语)
54We never thought of nothing wrong○.
我们从来没想到有什么错。(cf.We never thought of anything
wrong.)
55I don○’t want nothing.
我什么也不要。(cf.I don’t want anything.)
56He never lends his money to nobody○.
他从不借钱给任何人。(cf.He never lends his money to any—body.)
2.否定谓语(或否定词)+hardly,seldom,scarcely等否定副词
He couldn’t hardly believe his eyes when he saw his lost son.
当他见到丢失的儿子时,几乎不敢相信自己的眼睛。(cf.He could hardly believe...)
58Nobody scaercely understood what the stranger said○.
谁都听不懂那个陌生人讲的话。
59I listened for half an hour without scarcely hearing a word.
我听了半个小时,几乎没听到一个词。
3.否定谓语(或否定词)+…neither
60I don○’t like it,neither.
我也不喜欢这个东西。(cf.I don’t like it,either.)
61They would not eat themselves○,and would not let others,nei-ther.
他们自己不吃,也不让别人吃。(cf.…not…either.)
62You would not listen to me○’neither.
你也不听我的话。
2.3.6.6 完全否定和部分否定的译法
英语中的否定句,就其否定范围来说,可以分为完全否定(Com-plete negation)和部分否定(Partial negation)。前者表示“都不”的意思,后者表示“不都”的意思。它们的表达形式也是不同的。
1.完全否定
由no-构成的否定代词或副词+肯定动词构成。例如:
63None of us will go there○.
我们都不去。
64Neither of the books is available○.
两本书都弄不到。
65He went nowhere last Sunday○.
上星期天他哪里都没去。
2.部分否定
由表完全意义的代词(all,both,every)或表部分意义的代词(some,something,somebody)或副词(somewhere,somehow)+not构成。例如:
66All的未必都是金子。
67Both pictures are not well painted.
这两幅画并不都画得好。
68Every one cannot answCr this question.
并非人人都能回答这个问题。
2.3.6.7 迂回肯定
英语中有时为表达一种强烈的肯定意义,故意用一种否定的形式
来表示。一般用动词的否定形式十程度副词的比较级或原级。
69He didn○’t half love the girl.
他非常爱那姑娘。
70I couldn○’t agree with you more.
我太赞成你的看法了。
71She can○’t see you quick enough.
她很想尽快和你见面。
72I couldn○’t feel better.
我觉得身体好极了。
2.3.6.8 否定转移的译法
一般说来,在英语否定句中,动词否定由not十动词构成,但有时动词前面并无not,却被句子前面转移而来的not所否定。否定常在复合句中发生转移,所以翻译这类句子时,要特别注意。
(1)含宾语从句的复合句,原否定主句谓语的否定词转移到宾语
从句的谓语动词上。一般用于表示信念、推测、愿望之类心理活动的
动词,如think,believe,.feel,suppose,imagine,consider,should
say等。
73I don○’t think this book is worth reading.
我认为这本书不值一读。
74I don○’t suppose anyone will object to your suggestion.
我想没有人会反对你的建议。
75We don○’t feel he is telling a true story.
我们觉得他讲的不是真话。
(2)含状语或状语从句的句子,原否定(主句)谓语的否定词转移
到状语(从句)上。否定词(not)由谓语转移到状语是比较难以把握
的,翻译时要从上下文语境或语调上加以注意。
76It did not rain all the V month○.(V表示降升调)
(=It’s not true that it rained all the month.)
不是整个月都在下雨。
比较:It did not all the\month.(\表示降调)
(=For the whole month,it did not rain.)
整个月都没下雨。
77I didn○’t buy the book because I was interested in V poetry.
(=I bought the book,not because I…)
我买那本书并不是因为我对诗歌感兴趣才买的。
比较:I didn’t buy the book because I was interested in\poetry.
(=I didn’t buy the book,because I...)
我没买那本书,因为我对诗歌感兴趣。
78The engine didn○’t stop because the fuel wan finished.
引擎停止运转并不是因为燃料耗尽的缘故。
79○Bill Gates didn’t drop out because he wanted to avoid work to start his own company.
比尔.盖茨辍学并不是想逃避学业,而是为了开办自己的公司。
80Don○’t scamp your work because you gre pressed for time.
不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。
句78○、79○、80○三例可从句子本身的逻辑意义上识别,否定词必须转移,否则句子便没有意义。
3.3.7长句的翻译
英语句子之所以较长,一般是三个原因造成的:一是修饰语后置,理论上可以无限延伸,二是联合成分多,三是句法结构复杂。英语长句在公文文体、论述文体、科技文体和文艺文体中较为常见。翻译英涪中的长句一般分为理解与表达两个步骤。英语属于形合语言,长句依靠各种连接词语以及各种语法形式连贯起来,长句关系错综复杂但条理清晰。所以,理解原文既要分析原文的句子结构,又要理清语法结构所表达的内在含义与相互关系。然后,根据具体的分析结果,按照汉语特点和表达方式的需要综合考虑,不拘泥于原文的语言形式,正确地译出原文的意思。
翻译一个英语长句的典型过程可以分为六步[2]:
第一步,紧缩主干,析出主谓结构,识别谓语形态,确定时态、语
态、语气等;
第二步,辨析词义,识别其他词语形态及其语法关系,判断词义,
确定词义;
第三步,区分主从,识别修辞语与被修辞语,主句与从句,判断各
成分之间的内在联系;
第四步,捋清层次,推断句子思维逻辑发展形式及重心;
第五步,调整搭配,按汉语习惯形成主谓宾配列及各式搭配,调整
各层次语序,捋顺表达法;
第六步,炼词、炼句,考虑文体的适应性,并作出调整。
英语长句的重要翻译方法主要有前置法、切断法、拆译法、倒置法、插入法和综合法。翻译长句是一种难度较大的综合技能,在实际測译中,往往需要同时使用以上几种翻译方法。
3.3.7.1 前置法
前置法就是把英语中的后置修饰成分在翻译成汉语时置放在中心词之前,使修饰成分在汉语中形成前置。因为汉语的正常语序是修饰语前置,因此,只要修饰成分不是过长,不会出现拖沓,可以尽量将英语后置修饰成分前置,使句子结构紧凑,浑然一体。例如:
①The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.
大会对于足以危及国际和平与安全之情势,要提请安全理事会注意。
② A water supply for a city usually includes a storage reservoir at the source of the supply,a pipeline from the storage reservoir to the dis-tribution reservoir near the city,and finally the distribution pipes butied in the street,taking the water to the houses,shops,factories, and offices.
城市供水系统通常包括位于水源的蓄水池,连接蓄水池和城市附近配水池的管线,最后还包括埋在街道地下,把水送到千家万户、商店工厂与机关的配水管道。
③ However,even the prescient Tocquevil1e,whopreditced150 contending world powers,could not have foreseen that the national that potentially could decide the world balance of power in the last decades of the twentieth century,and that could become the most pow-erful nation on earth during the twenty-first century,would be China.
然而,即使是150年前曾预言过关国和俄国将成为相互争夺的两个世界大国的托克维尔,也未能预见在20世纪最后几十年具有决定世界均势潜力并成为21世纪地球上最强大的国家,将是中国。
3.3.7.2 切断法
切断法是指翻译英语长句的一种“化整为零”的方法。在翻译英语长句时,可以按照英语原来的语序,以意群为单位,以句中关系词为关节点,切成若干汉语分句。切断法既可以保留英文原来语序,减少漏译,又容易做到层次清晰、脉络分明,而且能产生汉语特
有的节奏感。例如:
④ It is very easy to bring some books from the bookstores and li-braries,but to leam the knowledge in the books and put the knowledge into practice is by no means an easy job.
从书店和图书馆带一些书回来是轻而易举的。然而,从书中学得
知识并把这些知识运用到实践申去就决不是那么简单的事情了。
⑤ Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the serious—1y ill do not want to know the truth about their condition,and that in—forming them risks destroying their hope,so that they may recover more slowly,or deteriorate faster,perhaps even commit suicide.
研究结果表明,大多数医生深信身患重病的人不想知道他们的真实病情如果告知实情,则有可能使他们完全失去希望,从而使他们恢复得更慢,或恶化得更快,甚至自寻短见。
⑥ While the present century was in its teens,and on one sunshine morning in June,there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinker-ton’s academy for young ladies,on Chiswick Mall,a large family coach.(Thackeray,Vanity Fair)
当时我们这世纪刚开始了十几年。在六月里的一天早上,天气睛朗,契息克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。
3.3.7.3 拆分法
拆分法就是将英语长句里的某些成分(词、词组或从句)从句子主
千中拆开另行处理。通常,拆分下来的成分很难采用切断式顺译,也
很难把它们包孕在句中,切实可行的办法是将它们拆分,根据句子的
总体需要,或置于句首,或放在句尾,以求达到顺畅自然。例如:
⑦ I must say that his statement was laudable for its frankness and quite plausible on the basis of premises which,I’m afraid,are invalid in the context of the United Nations Charter.
应当说,他发言坦率,这是值得称赞的,听起来也颇有道理,然而按照联合国宪章的精神,这些话所依据的前提恐怕是站不住脚的。
⑧ The President said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Repub—licans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in he end would.
deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.
在一次记者招待会上,问题集中于昨天的选举结果,总统就此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种
情况最终会使共和党失去在众院中长期享有的优势。
⑨Intellectually emancipated at a time when women of good family were not encouraged to do anything more ambitious than dabble in the arts, she became the editor of a review entitled Correspondance des Familles in which she was bold enough to publish essays by some evolutionary socialists.
当时,有教养的人家对于女子至多不过让她们对艺术稍事涉猎,
并不鼓励她们去做比之更有抱负的事情。但她不受旧思想的约束,担
任了一家名叫《家庭通讯》杂志的编辑。她在这个刊物上大胆地发表
了一些革命社会主义者的文章。
3.3.7.4倒置法
倒置法是指在翻译英语长句时将其断成若干个短句,然后按汉语
表达需要进行重新安排,或局部调整,或全部颠倒,使译文分句的顺
序恰恰与英语原句相反。根据汉语的表达习惯,在翻译英语长句时,
可以视情况按意群进行部分倒置或全部倒置。
⑩You well see what I mean when I tell you about the first project I ever did after I finished my bachelor is degree at the university.
当我把取得学士学位后承办的第一项工程的情况告诉你之后,你就会明白我这话是什么意思了。
11And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts ○that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of eh stiff resistance
that gets in the way.
由于受到顽固抵抗,吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领战略要地的敌人
甚至还没有能占领外围地带,这一事实使我增强了信心。
12In reality○,the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science is again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago—although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now,and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a friction of it.
虽然积累起来的知识要多得多,而且任何个人也只渴望了解其中
的一小部分,但事实上,各科学之间界限却变得模糊不清,科学再次近似于200年前那样的“单一整体”。
3.3.7.5插入法
插入法是指在翻译英语长句时,利用破折号、括号或前后逗号,将难以处理的句子成
分插入到译句中。插入法一般有两种情况:一是英语原文就有插入语,汉语译文采用原文的做法;二是英文原文虽然没有插入语,但附加成分多,结构复杂,翻译时不得不将某些部分插入在汉语语句中。
使用插入法必须注意以下三点:一是译文中的插入语部分不宜太长,以免与主干相隔过远,不合汉语读者阅读习惯;二是汉语插入语应该尽量紧接被注释或补充的成分;三是插入一种不得已的变通手段,在汉语中不宜多用。
13The behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a ○ number of factors,including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.
流体在管道中流动的状态受到许多因素(包括流体的黏度和泵送的速度)的影响。
14The snow falls on every wood and field○,and no crevice is for gotten:by the river and the pond,Oil the hill and in the valley.
雪,在四处飘落着。它落在树上,落在田野,落在河边、湖畔、山脉、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。
15If ○you go to visit Nobel’s old residence,the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his rife, you can catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records.
如果你参加诺贝尔的故居——在那座房子里,这位伟大的化学家过了一辈子的独身生活——你会看到一个堆满试验记录的书架。
3.3.7.6重组法
有英语长句结构特别复杂,分句之间内在逻辑关系比较晦涩,
纯粹使用上述某一种方法不能很好地将其翻译成汉语。这时,就要根
据英语语句的具体情况,结合上下文语言环境,理清该长句的结构,将原文意思完全弄懂,然后按照汉语的表达习惯,或按时间日先后,或按空间位置,或按逻辑联系,顺译逆译结合,主次分明地对长句进行重组。重组法彻底摆脱了原文语句的形式约束,能比较轻松地做到译文语言自然、行文流畅。但对新手来说,重组法比较难以驾驭,原文的风格因素极易被忽略,还容易发生疏漏等状况。例如:
But we are much lees conscious of the extent to which woke provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
但是我们对工作在促进精神生活方面所起的作用,则知之甚少。对比起来,这方面的作用虽然是无形的,却更加至关重要,它是人生过得充实还是空虚的决定因素 。
17This ○hope of“early discovery”Of lung cancer followed by surgical cure, which currently seems to be the most effective form of therapy, is often thwarted by diverse behaviors the rate and direction of growth of the cancer.
人们希望“早期发现”肺,随之进行外科手术治疗;外科手术治疗目前看来是治疗肺癌最有效的疗法。可是,由于肺癌生长速度和生长方向等生物学特征差异很大,“早期发现”
的希望常常化为泡影。
18In ○that infinitesimal fraction of time,inconceivable and immeasurable, during which the first atomic bomb converted a small part of its matter into the greatest burst of energy released on earth up to that time, Prometheus had broken his bonds and brought a new fire down to earth, fire three million times more powerful than the original fire he
snatched from the gods for the benefit of man sortie five hundred thou—
sand years ago.
在这难以想象、无法计算的刹那之间,普罗米修斯挣脱了身上的锁链,又把新的火种送到了人间。这时第一颗原子弹把它的物质的一小部分化为地球上迄今所能释放出来的最大的能量。这个新火种与大约五十万年前普罗米修斯为了造福人类从天庭盗走的旧火种相比,其威力要大三百万倍。
3.3.8 英语特殊句型的翻译
本节所说的特殊句型主要是指英语惯用法结构和一些翻译难度较大的句式。它们有些已经存在比较固定的译法。遇到这些难译的特殊句型,就应该多分析,多思考,多联想上下文,多进行逻辑推理。在此,本书将列举一些典型结构,希望能借此探讨翻译特殊句型的技巧和思路。
3.3.8.1 倒装句的翻译
作为英语中一种常用的句式,倒装是指颠倒句子的主谓语或其他
语法成分,以达到强调、承上启下、使描写生动等功效。倒装句的形式
和修辞功能丰富多样,翻译时要选用适当的语言形式,表达出原文的
倒装目的。例如:
①Proudly,the captain hoisted the flag.Softly,a bugle sounded.
船长升起了旗子,满心自豪;喇叭声响了起来,清脆悦耳。
②Even more interesting is the probability that life on other plan—
ets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution.
更为有趣的是,其他行星上的生命可能已经处于更先进的进化阶段。
③Particularly remarkable,Mr.Holton said in an interview,is the extent to which their interest in physics dominates the correspon-dence despite their personal difficulties.
尤其难能可贵的是,霍尔顿先生在一次会见中说,尽管他们各自
都有困难。但他们在通信中对物理学的兴趣竟然占着重要的位置。
④ No less obvious is the fact there are great numbers of people so constituted or so brought that they cannot get so much pleasure out processes and experiences which result in a rich,significant life.
同样显而易见,大多数人天性如此,或教养如此,以至于他们不能从丰富的、有意义的生活方式和生活体验中得到如此多的乐趣。
3.3.8.2 强调句的翻译
英语中无论是口语还是书面语都离不了“强调”,“强调”的方法也多种多样。在口语中一般借助语调的变化来表示,也就是重读句中要强调的某个词或某个部分。在书面语中可以通过词汇手段、语法手段或修辞手段来进行强调,以加强语势。英语中有些词在句中起强调作用,强调句中的动词、名词、数词、形容词、副词等。常见的有do,goodvery,only等;语法手段表强调指的是英语中的某些固定的强调句型,表强调的句型主要有it强调句和what强调句;修辞手法表强调指的是一些倒装句,为了强调句中的某一成分,或者用来描绘动作,抒发情感,或为保持句子的平稳而使用倒装句。在翻译强调句时,要善于把握强调的内容,并采用恰当的方式在译文中传达出来。例如:
⑤She is the only woman for the position.
她足那个职位的最佳人选。
○6What the professor has been doing for years is studying the sub-ject.
教授几年来干的事情就是研究这个问题。
⑦It is only shallow people who judge by appearance.
只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。
⑨ Yet it is not he who sings loudcst and jokes most that has the lightest hearts.
引吭高歌和最爱玩笑戏谑之人,其心情并不见得很轻松。
3.3.8.3 省略句的翻译
语言以简洁为贵,人们在说话与写作时,出于句法结构和修辞的需要,在保持句子意思完整的前提下,常常省去某些不必要的成分。英汉两种语言中都存在省略句。省略的形式多种多样,可以省略主语,也可以省略谓语或宾语,既可以省略一个成分,也可以省略多个成分,翻译省略句,关键是对省略成分的准确理解,然后,根据语言表达习惯,在译文中增补省略的成分,或者在译文中继续采用省略的策略。
例如:
⑩ Courage in excess becomes fool hardiness,affection weakness,thrift avarice.
过度的勇气变为蛮勇,过度的爱变为溺爱,过度的节俭变为贪婪。
⑪ History makes man wise;poetry witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to con—tend.
历史使人明智,诗歌使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,论理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
11The cultural and customs of America are more like those of Eng○—land than of any other country.
美国的文化和风俗习惯与其他国家相比,和英国最为接近。
3.3.8.4 比较句的翻译
英语的比较方法复杂,表现形式多种多样。从翻译的角度来看,译者必须关注的应是句子的真实含义,而不是句子的比较形式。译者一定要细心分析,万分小心,稍不留意,就会“差之毫厘,谬之千里”。例如:
12I am no more fond of playing poker than he is○.
我同他一样,都不喜欢打扑克。
13I am not more fond of playing poker than he is.
我并不比他更喜欢打朴克。
14It is nothing that piracy to detain fishing boats on the high seas○.
在公海上扣留渔船简直是海盗行为。
15Air is to us as water is to fish○.
空气对于我们,犹如水对于鱼一样重要。
16He would be the last man to say such things○.
他决不会说出这种话。
17No degree of attention justifies the importance of the issue○.
对此重要问题,即使最大的注意也不过分。
18○He’d rather be buried with the belt under a mountain of rock than trust another bank.
他宁可知这条腰带一起被埋入石山下,也不愿意再去相信任一家银行。
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