毕业论文（设计）外文翻译
学 院：旅游与城市管理学院 专 业：资源环境与城乡规划管理
二○一二 年 六 月
外文翻译之一
Factors for success in rural tourism tourism development
作者： Suzanne Wilson, Daniel R.Fesenmaier, Julie Fesenmaier and John C,Van Es
国籍：US
出处：Journal of Travel Research
原文正文：
Since the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of tourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.
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Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).
These changes limited rural communities’ economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies.
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Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.
Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion: the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components. While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread
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participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks) directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors
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that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).
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乡村旅游发展成功因素
作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰 国籍：美国 出处：SAGE 出版社
中文译文：
20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。乡村旅游及其相关产业发展策略因其为社会带来的资金收入、增加就业机会及支持零售增长的功能而成为时下最流行的非传统农业发展策略之一。本研究的目的是确定和审查这些因素，帮助农村社区成功走上发展旅游业的创业道路。几个重点群体在伊利诺斯六个农村社区与当地商人和领导人进行了实验。结果清楚地表明重要的社区不是直接就是间接地参与到了乡村旅游的开发中。 20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机的发生已严重阻碍了农村经济的发展，经济结构的调整导致了乡村农业生产力和就业岗位的减少。20世纪80年代在中西部发生的农业危机也导致了农民和重组制农场的减少，迫使一些农户为增加收入而参与非农工作，或离开农场，或宣布破产。农场的危机和制造工作的丢失对农村社区产生了重大的影响。随着农村失业率高于城市水平，实际的收入增长停滞在农村地区（希尔和瑞德1992）。许多商店和农业从农村小城镇消失，毫不奇怪，1992年伊利诺斯州的调查表明，39%的农村居民认为他们的经济前景将恶化（沃尔泽1993）。
这些变化限制了农村社区的经济发展方案，使旧式的发展战略例如制造业的可行性降低，并迫使许多人寻找非传统的方式来维持生活。其中最流行的非传统的农村发展战略当属旅游及其相关的创业机会（艾基尔和哈博1993；鲁洛夫等人。1994）。农村地区因其神秘独特的文化，历史，民族和地理特征而对游客产
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生了特殊的吸引力，（艾基尔和哈博1993）。乡村旅游比起其他的农村经济发展战略例如制造业相对来说开发成本较低且建立较容易。乡村旅游的发展可以带动制造等的发展。乡村旅游可以与其所在地的地方政府和小型企业共同发展，但它的发展并不一定依赖于外部企业或公司。虽然旅游在某些中心地区的发展需要较大的成本投入或者涉及大公司和连锁企业，但是乡村旅游却可以在较少的信贷投资，人员培训和少量资本情况下得到发展。因此，乡村旅游相比较其他的经济发展策略可以在较少投入花费情况下得以发展。此外，乡村旅游不需要涉及依赖外部公司以及他们是否在同一区域的决定。乡村旅游为一些因人口少而可能无法留在农村社区的小公司提供了保障。旅游特别有助于两种类型的小型企业，在农村地区直接参与（例如，旅游景点和酒店、汽车旅馆）和间接参与旅游的企业（例如，加油站和杂货店）。此外，乡村旅游与现有的乡镇企业如农场（例如，采场）发展较好并且可以为家庭农场产生第二收入（奥普曼1996）。尽管有这些好处，其可行性作为一个经济发展战略，乡村旅游，在一些农村地区业有缺点（luloff等人。1994·1989）。如农村制造，它可以使得农村社区之间互相竞争。旅游业的就业，像许多其他服务部门，仍然是美国最低工资支付阶梯（1989）。旅游及和它相关的工作的生产利润往往是季节性的，一年中只有部分。然而，乡村旅游对于农村社区仍然是少数可行的经济选择。像其他的经济发展战略一样，乡村旅游的成功需要若干部分的组成。
旅游开发涉及（1）景点：社区内自然和人为的功能分区；（2）推广：一个社区和旅游景点的潜在游客的营销；（3） 旅游设施：设施（公路，机场，火车，公共汽车），水和电力服务，停车场，标志，及娱乐设施；（4）服务：住宿，餐饮，和各种零售企业需要照顾的游客的需要；（5）餐饮：游客在旅游企业和旅游景点被社区居民和雇员如何对待（甘1988）。除上述列表外，还有旅游企业家促进了旅游的开发。虽然上述成分和社区资产对于旅游开发是十分重要的，只有广泛的参与和贡献，乡村旅游企业家确保广泛的基础，乡村旅游才能成功的发展。研究文学出现了关于如何最好地促进旅游业的发展的研究。一个绘制大量的经济试图的文献，认为对旅游业及其相关的创业机会最好的帮助是建立个人企业，让他们在市场上竞争这一观点，但是，一直精益求精，因为它把旅游业及相关企业及其问题作为孤立的大社区；它不承认相互依存，不同的部门和行动者共
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同参与旅游；（6）多数旅游小企业，特别是在农村地区，没有资源，实现自身或社会旅游产品的开发（甘1988；·1985；帕和bejou1995）。反对这一观点的是社区旅游业发展的企业家（莫非1985）。顾名思义，该方法认为，旅游是一个社区和产品，随着旅游企业创业技能的发展，以及当地社区（例如，当地的领导和正式或非正式网络）直接参与旅游的开发和促销的努力（莫非1985）。而社区的办法可能是一种有效的方式，推动旅游业的发展，创造了必要的共同合作，合作是一个复杂而艰难的过程。企业资源共享的同时，也有竞争的要求。地方政府可以看到合作发展旅游业是有风险的，或者他们可能担心失去地方决策的控制（黄和斯图尔特1996；贾马尔和盖茨1995）。了解这些问题，合作研究这些因素，对于社区旅游业的发展是必要的。本研究的目的是确定和审查这些因素，帮助农村社区成功发展旅游业,创造创业机会。本研究额外进行了对在乡村旅游发展中的乡村旅游企业家，一个被忽视的群体的研究（斯托科夫斯基1990）。
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外文翻译之二
Rural Tourism and Economic Development
作者： Martha Frederick 国籍：U.S
出处：SAGE Publication
原文正文：Tourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives——economic, sociological, psychological, and anthropological. Ryan’s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, Valene Smith’s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.
Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More
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important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities of minimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations, restaurants, and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential.
The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy; however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists’ major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic, social, anthropological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast.
Benefits of tourism
Perhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most
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communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations.
Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism development uses these resources, which are “free” in the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development. Mieczkowske cites the Alps, “dying” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces, and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity.
Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities. The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase. Also, tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing.
Fourth, rural tourism havens tend to be growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smith found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population
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growth equal to or exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew 37.9% and in the 1980s, they grew at a still impressive rate of 24.6%.
Fifth, tourism is a labor-intensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ low-skill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The low-skilled nature of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue.
Finally, tourism development means more income and profits for tourist-related businesses. Local income from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local income, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect benefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plants create relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases.
Aside from the fact that not all communities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost.
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乡村旅游和经济发展
作者：弗雷德里克 国籍：美国
出处：SAGE 出版社
中文译文：
旅游业是一种十分受欢迎的经济发展战略。作者审查三本不同的书籍，研究了旅游业的各种社会科学观点——经济，社会学，心理学，人类学。赖安的新书是综合性的，涵盖几乎所有主要议题例如旅游；旅游体验；销售。米哈乌详细的描述了美国东南部的乡村旅游发展所带来的负面影响。最后，缬草烯的书介绍了因乡村旅游发展导致乡村文化发生改变的国际研究案例。尽管他们有不同的侧重，但是三本书全部都认为，旅游开发具有的成本效益和改变目的地的环境是不可避免的，精心的策划和营销可以减轻旅游业的发展对乡村造成的影响。
乡村旅游作为经济农村和城市发展的灵药越来越受到人们的欢迎。目前较为突出的地方经济发展战略中可以追溯到几个工业旅游的特点。旅游相关工作大多是低技能的工作，这是一个适合许多农村居民的较好的工作。此外，旅游业有潜力创造出一个具有有利条件的、气候宜人的，拥有古迹使人产生兴趣的出口基地。更重要的是，旅游业策略与当代政治哲学和减少政府预算参与投资有关。伴随旅游产生的住宿，餐饮，娱乐活动，被认为是必然由私营部门提供的。批评发展旅游业中工资低及没钱途的工作及对当地自然环境和腐败的当地文化及习俗。此外，并不是每一个管辖地区或纳税区域都具有发展旅游的潜力。
旅游业的研究，正如经济方面的文献研究，借鉴了一定范围广泛的学科。福特的经济学课运用在处理旅游业对当地经济的影响；然而，经济学家无法描述谁是游客或他们为什么旅行。人类学家的最大贡献是确定和研究旅游发展开发对当地文化造成的影响。心理学家可能对于旅游动机更为关注，却忽视了旅游发展的影响。显然，完整的旅游业定义包括经济，社会，人类学，和心理的观点。一个有力的休闲旅游：克里斯瑞安法是以社会科学的角度观察并以多学科的方法来研究旅游。与此相反，在对世界各地的案例研究发现，主人与客人：缬草烯编辑的
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旅游人类学，旅游从历史和人类学的角度，发现重点是旅游的影响文化和涵化过程。背后亮点：米歇尔认为乡村旅游对东南亚当地农村妇女产生了影响，旅游业在农村地区的影响侧重于经济和文化影响。
旅游的好处：
也许是旅游的优势是它被视为即使是最小的社区公共资源。大多数社区考虑的就是较细微的公共投资等例如新的道路，历史标志，镇清理，店面康复，销售。人们期望私营部门能提供酒店，汽车旅馆，餐饮，娱乐，和其他旅游住宿。
其次，旅游对于公众来说是一个比较容易理解的概念，需要获得当地公众的支持。社区居民对自身社区骄傲导致居民认为他们的家乡可以为旅游者提供他们所需要的。当地旅游业建设具有较强的本地优势，如历史古迹，山等地的自然美，气候宜人，或清洁空气。旅游开发利用的这些资源，意义上是“自由”的，旅游产业没有为他们支付任何成本。在某些情况下，这些经济价值较小的旅游资源没有被开发。Mieczkowske 引用了阿尔卑斯山，“死亡”钓鱼或英国城镇新工厂和加拿大的沿海省份及加勒比群岛等具有地方旅游经济价值的自然景观。
第三，几十年“烟囱追逐”的经验一直令许多社区人们感到失望。竞争是激烈的，只要制造产生产就业继续呈下降趋势，其余生产竞争就会增加。此外，旅游业被视为一个比制造业清洁的环境。
第四，乡村旅游发展一直保持增长的趋势。这一年被称为人口转变，因为它是美国在历史上第一次农村人口增长速度高于城市地区。在背后，斯密斯发现，在她对东南地区的84个乡村研究中有65个旅游县在70年代的人口增长等于或超过全国的增长速度。这些县增长了37.9%，在80年代，他们的成长率保持在了一个仍然令人印象深刻的24.6%。
第五，旅游业是劳动密集型产业，创造了大量就业机会，雇佣那些可能仍面临着失业的低技能工人和青年。旅游业的对技能要求较低的工作对于那些教育文化背景较低的人来说是非常合适的。这些工作的增加帮助削减了福利并且提供一个收入来源。
最后，旅游业的发展带来更多的收入和利润以及与旅客有关的业务。在局部地区的地方旅游所得又用于旅游支出，从而导致更多的地方收入，甚至更多的地方工作机会。这种旅游的间接的好处是通过测量区域旅游业的经济影响达到的。
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瑞安的书中有一部分介绍了用来衡量旅游业的经济影响的技术。许多其他研究也侧重于衡量旅游的经济影响。相比之下，其他来源的经济活动，特别是边远县，创造了相对较少的直接和间接的好处。例如，核电厂，垃圾处理场，和许多制造厂创造了相对较少的工作机会和产生少量本地采购。
事实上，并非所有的社区都可以成为旅游区，旅游开发需要一定的成本。似乎每一受益的旅游的发展都有一个相应的成本。
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