一、高中英语任务型阅读
1．请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
In an ideal world, we usually get eight hours of sleep every night, and wake up with enough energy before work. But when we're struggling to balance the responsibilities of everyday life, cutting back on sleep seems to be the only solution. Many of us rely on coffee or energy drinks to get us through the day, instead of making sleep a priority. Sadly, as delicious as it can be, caffeine is not the solution. Being tired not only brings down our energy levels, but also makes us less productive and less motivated. There are concrete steps you can take right now to renew your energy.
Awareness comes first because you have to understand what's going on before you can do anything to change it. Most of us are too busy to notice how fatigue(疲劳) really affects our bodies and minds. What signs of trouble do you regularly display? The patterns of your signs of trouble can give you clues about the negative effects of your fatigue. In addition, it's wise to start thinking about whoever can feel the effects of your fatigue.
Reflecting on the choices you've made can provide clarity, which will help you figure out what needs to be changed. During this reflection, you will be able to understand more about yourself and why you do the things you do. You may decide to forgive yourself for the mistakes you've made. Thinking about the positive aspects of your life will make you feel refreshed and ready to move forward.
Conversing with others not only provides support, but also leads to new perspectives and feedback that can help with treatment and what you need to heal. To start with, have an open mind and an open heart. Limit complaining. Complaints may need to be aired in order to relieve pressure, but if they dominate(占上风), anger will win. Tell the truth. You do not need to tell people everything, but you do need to be honest. Listen carefully because it shows respect. The fourth step is about renewal—getting rid of what is bringing you down and making a fresh start. It's helpful to break the process down. It is easier to make small adjustments than big ones. On occasion, the small steps alone can remove fatigue. For instance, you may not need to change your career but change emphasis. If you feel hopelessly dragged down by fatigue, self-care may be the best prescription.
Four steps to fight fatigue Phenomenon Steps to energy Many people rely on coffee or energy drinks to overcome fatigue. ________ ● Identify the signs of ________ you display regularly, which can give you information about the bad effects of your fatigue. ● Think about the people who can sense your fatigue. Reflection ● Find out the things that need ________by thinking carefully about the choices you've made. ● Think ________, and you will feel refreshed and be ready to renewing your move forward. ________ ● Be open to others but don't ________too much. ● There is no need to tell others everything but you do need to show ________ by telling the truth. ● Show respect for others by________carefully. Plan-and-act ●________ yourself of what brings you down and start afresh. ● Make small________or adopt a self-care attitude. 【答案】 Awareness；trouble；changing；positively；Conversation；complain；honesty；listening；Rid；adjustments/changes
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，作者对于如何恢复精力，给出了一些建议和方法。 （1）考查信息提升，根据第二段中的“Awareness comes first because you have to understand what's going on before you can do anything to change it.”意识是第一位的，因为在你做任何事情去改变它之前，你必须先了解发生了什么。这一部分主要讲了意识，所以填Awareness。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“What signs of trouble do you regularly display?”可知这里填trouble。
（3）考查细心提升。根据第三段中的“Reflecting on the choices you've made can provide clarity, which will help you figure out what needs to be changed.”可知这里意思是仔细思考你所做的选择，找出需要改变的地方。need doing需要做某事，该用法是固定用法，所以填changing。
（4）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Thinking about the positive aspects of your life will make you feel refreshed and ready to move forward. ”可知这里意思是积极地思考，你会感到精神焕发，准备好继续前进。该空修饰动词Think，用副词，所以填positively。
（5）考查信息提升。根据第四段中的“Conversing with others not only provides support, but also leads to new perspectives and feedback that can help with treatment and what you need to heal.”结合表格中的内容，可知这一部分主要讲了谈话，所以填Conversation。
（6）考查信息提升。根据第四段“Limit complaining. Complaints may need to be aired in order to relieve pressure, but if they dominate(占上风), anger will win.”可知这里意思是向他人敞开心扉，但不要抱怨太多。助动词don't后，接动词原形，所以填complain。
（7）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Tell the truth. You do not need to tell people everything, but you do need to be honest.”可知这里意思是没有必要把一切都告诉别人，但是你需要通过讲真话来表现出诚实。作动词show的宾语，用名词，所以填honesty。 （8）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Listen carefully because it shows respect.”可知这里意思是认真倾听，尊重他人。介词by之后，接v+ing形式，所以填listening。
（9）考查信息提升。根据最后一段中的“The fourth step is about renewal—getting rid of what is bringing you down and making a fresh start.”可知这里意思是摆脱让你沮丧的事情，重新开始。祈使句用动词原形，所以填Rid。
（10）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“It is easier to make small adjustments than big ones. 可知这里意思是做一些小的调整或采取自我照顾的态度。作Make的宾语，用名词，所以
填adjustments/changes。
【点评】本题考点涉及信息提升，细节理解和推理判断三个题型的考查，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，从而做出正确答案。
2．Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Life is not easy when you are looking for something worthwhile and ready to learn from the best experiences. ________ Here are some life lessons which people will learn the hard way in majority of cases.
________However people usually get discouraged when it takes more time than they thought it would. At this time, people refer only to people who have already achieved what they want to do. Look at any successful person and you'll notice one thing common in all of them: they took time to learn and mastered their skill like no one else. There is no elevator to success and you have to take the stairs.
Be brave to take the road less traveled. In our whole life, we always want to follow the same path that everyone suggests, do the same thing everyone does, take the same career path everyone takes, wear the same clothes everyone wears, and hang out with the same people we work with. Why? Because we are scared to fail. But when you get bored of life, you realize that you are not meant to do what everyone does and that your destiny is different from anyone else's out there in the world. ________
You don't have to live your life in a way society wants you to. ________Parents sometimes force their children to select a career they don't want because other children have selected that career. Worst of all, people follow them without even asking. There is no harm in believing in old beliefs but when you pursue them before your interest, sooner or later you'll realize that you should first do what you think is right.
A. It takes continuous time and effort to be successful in any area. B. The general rule goes that the harder you try, the greater results you get. C. Many old beliefs are being performed these days and are followed blindly. D. It always takes tests and then fails us to learn anything worthwhile.
E. However, in most circumstances your effort and attempt go well alongside with your desired achievement.
F. But the price we pay to realize this is high because it takes a great amount of courage to follow your own path. 【答案】 D；A；F；C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了几个人生教训。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ Life is not easy when you are looking for something worthwhile and ready to learn from the best experiences.”当你想追寻值得做的事情并准备学习最好的经验时，生活并不总是容易的，此处解释不容易的原因，D. It always takes tests and then fails us to learn anything worthwhile.“它总是考验我们，让我们通过失败来学习有价值的东西”，符合语境。故选D。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“However，people usually get
discouraged when it takes more time than they thought it would.“然而，当人们花的时间比他们预想的长时，他们就会感到沮丧，此处讲的还是关于时间的话题，并与下文形成转折，A. It takes continuous time and effort to be successful in any area.”在任何领域取得成功都需要持续的时间和努力“，符合语境。故选A。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前”But when you get bored of life, you realize that you are not meant to do what everyone does and that your destiny is different from anyone else's out there in the world. “但当你对生活感到厌倦时，你就会意识到你并不是要做每个人都做的事，你的命运和世界上其他人的命运是不同的，此处承接这一话题，F项中的your own path与前面的\"your destiny is different from anyone else's\"相呼应，故F. But the price we pay to realize this is high because it takes a great amount of courage to follow your own path.”但我们为实现这一点所付出的代价是巨大的，因为走自己的路需要极大的勇气“符合语境。故选F。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后”Parents sometimes force their children to select a career they don't want because other children have selected that career.“父母有时会强迫孩子选择自己不喜欢的专业就因为别的孩子选择了那个专业，这是对盲目跟风的举例说明，C. Many old beliefs are being performed these days and are followed blindly.许多旧习最近又开始风行，人们盲目地跟风”符合语境。故选C。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
3．根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Lemon water is pretty popular. It's offered as a free upgrade to regular water at pretty many restaurants.________, others are devotees of the possible health benefits. Here's what may happen if you take up the lemon water habit. Easier weight loss
Studies in mice indicate that the antioxidants(抗氧化剂) in lemons can reduce weight gain despite a high-fat diet. More studies are needed to determine if the results can be applied to humans, but anecdotal evidence is favorable. People who drink lemon water regularly report easier weight loss, though it is unclear if the combination of lemon and water is the fundamental driver.________. Get enough vitamin C
Vitamin C is an important antioxidant that has a ton of health benefits. It can only be gotten from food as our bodies don't produce it alone. Getting your RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance) of vitamin C can lower the risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. Vitamin C is good for your skin and bonds with free radicals (自由电子) that accelerate aging.________, but they're a great source nevertheless. Stabilized moods
Studies have found that smelling lemon scent reduces stress hormones that regulate mood. Drinking lemon water offers this benefit as well as the vitamins and potassium(钾) in the fruit. ________, and high blood pressure is related to stress, so not getting enough potassium can
certainly affect your mood. All in all, lemon water can be a calming drink.
In the end, drinking water is never a bad call, and there is absolutely no reason not to add lemon to it. Drinking lemon water provides some helpful nutrients and antioxidants. Give it a try!________.
A. Lemon is a common smell in all manner of cleaning products B. Potassium plays a huge part in regulating blood pressure C. There is nothing to lose
D. Lemons aren't the highest in vitamin C
E. While some people drink it simply because of its taste F. If adding lemon to water can encourage people to drink more
G. It could be that drinking more water helps dieters to feel full and avoid overeating 【答案】 E；G；D；B；C
【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。从三个方面说明了柠檬水能够有益健康的原因。 （1）下文中的others可知此处表示的some people的看法，因此推断E项：而有些人仅仅因为它的味道而喝它，其他人则是健康益处的忠实信徒。符合语境，故答案选E。 （2）本句位于段尾，有承接总结上文的作用。上文中提到经常喝柠檬水的人更容易减肥，段尾总结说明原因：这可能是因为多喝水有助于节食者感到饱腹感，避免暴饮暴食。G选项代入文中前后连贯通顺，故答案选G。
（3）本段主要说明了柠檬中富含维生素C，D选项中的vitamin C对应小标题，且与后文中的指代柠檬的代词they相对应，故D选项符合题意。
（4）首先本句位于段落中间，有承上启下的作用。且B选项中的Potassium 对应上文 Drinking lemon water offers this benefit as well as the vitamins and potassium(钾) in the fruit.（喝柠檬水提供了这种好处以及维生素和水果中的钾。），选项中的blood pressure 对应后文的 high blood pressure is related to stress（高血压与压力有关）。故B选项符合题意。 （5）段尾综合上文提到了的柠檬水的好处，所以提出give it a try试一试的建议，因为喝柠檬水反正没有什么可失去的，是没有坏处的。故C选项符合题意。 【点评】阅读理解七选五解题步骤
1）分析选项，串联主题：了解文章的主题、大意，会让解题的方向更明确。 2）研究空格前后，对比选项，选择答案。 3）复读短文，核对答案：为了保证答案的正确性，一定要把答案代入原文，进行核对检查。
4．根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
If you travel, you will leave a carbon footprint in your wake. You can't help it. But eco-friendly travel practices can lighten the harm on Mother Earth. Green travel is not a passing trend but a lifestyle choice. ________. Choosing a green destination
No destination is a Green Giant. ________. However, some countries and cities show a deep commitment to Earth-friendly policies and practices. When researching a vacation spot, look for places that naturally embrace the green lifestyle.
Choosing green transportation
What makes Mother Earth proud? Seeing you use your own power to get around. Many adventure tour operators arrange cycling, hiking and walking holidays. ________. The greenest rides typically run on electric power. Switzerland is taking the lead with its hybrid buses and trains powered by hydroelectricity; Japan is running close behind. Choosing a green hotel
Once you are at your destination, if you can get the hotel right, you can make the greatest impact. ________. Look for a fact sheet online, or call the front desk. You can also search for hotels approved by respected certification programs, such as Green Key and the Global Sustainable Tourism Council. ________.
The Earth-friendly choices are numerous: You can sail, bike, kayak, bike, swim, bird-watch and play I-spy-a-monkey in a tree. Visit a local food market, and don't forget to bring a reusable bag for purchases. You can also lend a hand during your holiday. The green movement has changed from how to preserve and protect to how to use less and do good when you're there. A. Choosing green travel B. Choosing green activities C. Next in line are trains and buses D. They all make environmental missteps
E. Most major chains operate in-house green program F. If you plan to drive, consider a fuel-efficient vehicle G. Follow the tips and watch your footprints turn greener 【答案】 G；D；C；E；B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何进行绿色旅游的几点建议。
（1）上文说绿色旅游不是一时的潮流，而是一种生活方式的选择，下文又介绍了绿色旅游的建议，此处需要一个承上启下的过渡句，G项（遵循这些建议，看着你的脚印变得更绿）符合语境，故答案选G。
（2）根据本空前的“No destination is a Green Giant.”可知，没有哪一个目的地是绿色巨人，此处是说它们在环境方面都有不足之处，D项（它们都犯了环境方面的错误）符合语境，故答案选D。
（3）根据本空前的“Many adventure tour operators arrange cycling, hiking and walking holidays.”可知，很多探险旅行社安排自行车、徒步旅行和徒步度假，此处说的还是旅行方式，C项（接下来是火车和公共汽车）符合语境，故答案选C。
（4）根据本空后的“Look for a fact sheet online, or call the front desk.”可知，在网上找一份简报，或打电话给前台，此处应该提到企业或机构，E项（大多数大型连锁企业都有自己的绿色计划）符合语境，故答案选E。
（5）根据本段中的“The Earth-friendly choices are numerous”可知，有很多绿色活动可供选择，B项（选择绿色活动）符合语境，故答案选B。
【点评】七选五阅读解题技巧如下：1.注重句式的对接，比如排比句，祈使句等。2. 注重词汇的衔接：也就是利用上下文所重复的关键词，即词的复现原则进行判断，其中包括同
义词，原词和反义词的复现。3.注重举例或解释等。
5．根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填人空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
When big news breaks, it's easy to get caught up in following the story online. The Internet can be a place to find useful information. ________ Helping kids understand the news and how to separate fact from fiction is an important job for parents and educators.
Here's some advice that parents can offer kids to help them be quicker to judge as they consume news online.
________ In the rush to cover stories, reporters make mistakes, officials don't always have correct information and tidbits (八卦新闻) that sound reasonable often get passed around before anyone has checked them for accuracy.
Use social media wisely. Some say Twitter is a great source of news in the first few minutes of a tragedy. ________ On the other hand, Facebook can be a great way to connect with friends affected by events in the news and to spread personal news within a more limited circle. Be skeptical. ________ After the Boston Marathon bombing, NBC Sports reported that some runners kept running all the way to the hospital to donate blood for the victims. Not true. There are plenty of websites devoted to exposing false news stories. The Washington Post also has a Fact Checker column that delivers claims made by public officials and politicians. Visit them to find out if a story is true.
Keep it age-appropriate. Kids aren't always ready to digest big, tragic news - especially if the news is about kids, such as school shootings or abuses. The constant repetition of information can be confusing for younger kids, and at the beginning of a news event, parents might not be able to offer any correct answers. ________ A. Remember, breaking news is often wrong. B. It also can be the source of misinformation.
C. If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is. D. Make sure you and your kids aren't falling victim to false news. E. However, after that it just becomes messy and largely inaccurate. F. With social media at your fingertips, it's convenient to express your opinion.
G. Kids who are eager to learn more about certain events can check kid-guided news sources. 【答案】 B；A；E；C；G
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一些父母可以提供给孩子的建议，这些帮助他们在网上阅读新闻时更快地做出判断。
（1）上文提示“互联网是一个可以找到有用信息的地方。”承接上文，B项It also can be the source of misinformation.（它也可能是错误信息的来源。）切题。此处also将上下文连接在一起。故选B。
（2）下文提示“在匆忙报道新闻的过程中，记者会犯错误，官员们并不总是掌握正确的信息，而那些听起来合情合理的小道消息往往会在任何人检查其准确性之前就被传开。”承接下文，A项Remember, breaking news is often wrong.（记住，突发新闻往往是错误的。）切题。故选A。
（3）上文提示“有人说，在悲剧发生的头几分钟里，Twitter是一个很好的新闻来源。”承接上文，E．However, after that it just becomes messy and largely inaccurate.（然而，在那之后，它就变得混乱，而且在很大程度上是不准确的。）切题。该项中的However表示一种转折关系，将上下文仅仅联系在一起。故选E。
（4）根据本段小标题“务必持怀疑态度”。再根据下文提示“波士顿马拉松爆炸案发生后，NBC体育报道称，一些跑步者一直跑到医院为受害者献血。不是真的。”承接标题和下文，C项If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is.（如果某件事听起来好得令人难以置信，那么它很可能不是真的。）切题。故选C。
（5）上文提示“不断重复的信息可能会让年幼的孩子感到困惑，而且在新闻活动开始时，父母可能无法提供任何正确的答案。”承接上文，G项Kids who are eager to learn more about certain events can check kid-guided news sources.（想要更多地了解某些事件的孩子可以查看儿童指导的新闻来源。）切题。故选G。 【点评】阅读理解七选五解题步骤
1）分析选项，串联主题：了解文章的主题、大意，会让解题的方向更明确。 2）研究空格前后，对比选项，选择答案。 3）复读短文，核对答案：为了保证答案的正确性，一定要把答案代入原文，进行核对检查。
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A problem shared can be a problem doubled
People discuss their problems with friends in the hope that they'll gain some idea on how to solve them. And even if they don't find a way to solve their problems, it feels good to let off some steam. Indeed, having close friends to trust is a good relief against poor mental health. ________ The term psychologist's use for negative problem sharing is \"co-rumination\". Co-rumination is the mutual encouragement to discuss problems too much, repeatedly going over the same problems, expecting future problems and focusing on negative feelings. It is more about keeping talking about problems than solving them. ________ In a study involving children aged seven to 15 years of age, researchers found that co-rumination in both boys and girls is associated with \"high-quality\" and close friendships. However, in girls, it was also associated with anxiety and depression (the same association was not found with the boys).
If we look at the theory behind why individuals ruminate, it may shed some light on why friends co-ruminate. ________ So if two people believe rumination is beneficial, then working together to co-ruminate to find answers may seem like a useful thing to do, as two heads may appear better than one. But focusing on problems and negative emotion together can increase negative beliefs and moods — and result in a greater need to co-ruminate.
Traditionally, therapy has not prioritised handling rumination or co-rumination directly as maintaining factors in psychological problems. Instead, approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have aimed to challenge only the content of rumination. Humanistic approaches such as counselling have provided conditions to potentially ruminate on the content of problems.
And psychodynamic (心理动力的) approaches such as psychoanalysis have aimed to analyze the content of rumination.
________ But if this occurs in therapy, a strong therapeutic relationship may well be a positive outcome of co-rumination — regardless of whether the client's symptoms improve or not. And, on the social side, discussing problems with friends doesn't always have to lead to worsening mental health, as long as the discussion involves finding solutions and the person with the problem acts on those solutions. Then, relationships can be positive and beneficial to both parties, and a problem shared can really be a problem halved.
A. According to a leading theory on rumination, people believe that it will help them find answers and make them feel better. B. How you co-ruminate matters too.
C. Focusing on the content of rumination runs the risk of fostering co-rumination between client and therapist.
D. How problems are discussed, though, can be the difference between halving a problem or doubling it.
E. Co-rumination with work colleagues can increase the risk of stress and tiredness, one study suggests.
F. Research shows that co-rumination is a double-edged sword. 【答案】 D；F；A；C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。与朋友过多地讨论问题，反复讨论同样的问题，期待未来的问题，并关注负面情绪，这种被称为 \"共同反刍\"。共同反刍是一把双刃剑，可能会让问题减半，也可能会让问题加倍。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前\"Indeed, having close friends to trust is a good relief against poor mental health.\"可知拥有亲密的朋友确实可以很好地缓解心理健康状况。后文，也就是从第二段开始作者介绍了共同反刍的涵义和利弊。空格处需要承上启下， D. How problems are discussed, though, can be the difference between halving a problem or doubling it. \"但是，如何讨论问题可能是将问题减半或加倍问题的区别。\"切题，故选D。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后\"In a study…with anxiety and depression (the same association was not found with the boys).\"可知下文介绍了一项涉及7至15岁儿童的研究，研究发现男孩和女孩的共同反刍与\"高质量\"和亲密的友谊有关。然而，在女孩中，它也与焦虑和抑郁有关。说明共同反刍既有利也有弊。承上启下， F. Research shows that co-rumination is a double-edged sword. \"研究发现共同反刍是把双刃剑\"切题。F项的researches与后文的the study相呼应。故选F。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前\"If we look at the theory behind why individuals ruminate, it may shed some light on why friends co-ruminate.\"可知作者想用个人反刍的理论来更好地解释朋友间的共同反刍。承接上文， A. According to a leading theory on rumination, people believe that it will help them find answers and make them feel better. \"根据反刍的主要理论，人们相信反刍会帮助他们找到答案并让他们感觉更好。\"切题。A项a leading theory on rumination与前文中的the theory behind why individuals
ruminate相呼应。故选A。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后\"But if this occurs in therapy, a strong therapeutic relationship may well be a positive outcome of co-rumination — regardless of whether the client's symptoms improve or not.\"可知在如果在治疗时出现了这件事(this)，强烈的治疗关系很可能是共同反刍的积极结果 - 无论客户的症状是否有所改善。空格处需要解释后文this指代的是什么，即什么发生了。呼应下文， C. Focusing on the content of rumination runs the risk of fostering co-rumination between client and therapist. \"专注于反刍的内容存在促进客户和治疗师之间共同反思的风险。\"切题。后文this指代的就是C项的内容。故选C。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
7．（2019•江苏）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals (哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull (倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes (类人猿) require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a
full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
The Cost of Thinking Introduction •Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two ________ of human beings. The ________ of large •The larger brains may not be better because of the cost. human brains •The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy. •The animal brain requires less ________when the body is at rest. •Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles. The ________ of walking •Walking upright makes it easy to find food or ________against upright enemies. •Freed hands can serve some ________ purpose and perform complex tasks. •Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and ________ the size of brains. •Walking upright results in ________ sufferings. Conclusion • With a large brain, human beings ________ other beings in terms of intelligence. • Weak and marginal, human beings remained ________ of meat-eating animals. 【答案】 characteristics；disadvantages；energy；impact(s)；guard；other；limits；physical；beat；fearful/afraid
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：大大的大脑和直立行走。超大的大脑使人类拥有更高的智商，但却消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类擅长寻找食物和抵御敌人，解放了的双手来更复杂的事。但却让人类遭受腰痛和颈部疼痛等。人类成为地球上最强大的动物，享受无与伦比的优势，却对食肉动物怀有恐惧。
（1）信息归纳题。根据第一段“all human beings share defining characteristics ,such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.”可知，大脑袋和双腿直立行走的能力是人类共有的特点(characteristics)。故填characteristics。
（2）信息归纳题。此题就是对第三段内容的总结。第三段主要叙述了人类的大脑大的缺点。因此本空格填写disadvantages。
（3）信息来源题。根据第三段中的“a huge brain is a huge drain--consumption of energy ”以及“It (the brain) consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest.By comparison the brains of apes require only 8% of rest- time energy”可知，人类巨大的大脑是一个巨大的能量消耗。 当身体处于休息时，大脑要消耗25%的身体能量。相比之下，类人猿的大脑只需要8%的休息时间能量。人类与动物相比，动物需要的能量（energy）要比人类少。故填
energy。
（4）信息归纳题。分析空后的75--78小题所在的第五段和第六段的内容可知，此部分主要叙述了直立行走对人类的影响。故填impact(s)。
（5）信息转换题。根据第五段的第一句“Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies.”可知，另一个独特的人类特征是我们直立行走。站起来，更容易找到食物或敌人。找到敌人，就是为了防御敌人。因为or为连词，在此句中连结两个动词短语，故空格填动词。“guard against...”为固定搭配，意为“防御......”，故填guard。
（6）信息来源题。根据第五段中的”...their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes ,like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands. ”可知，解放了的双手可以用于做其它的事，即有其它的目的。故填other。
（7）信息归纳题。根据第五段“walking upright has disadvantages. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on four and a relative small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge , especially when the bones had to support an extra -large skull.” 可知，直立行走也有缺点。我们祖先进化了上百亿年，骨骼也只能支撑四肢行走和有一个相对较小的头。直立行走对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，限制了人的头脑的大小。故本空填limits。
（8）信息转换题。根据第六段“..., Humankind paid for its vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.” 可知，直立对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，人类为自己的视力和灵巧的双手付出了代价，换来的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出，直立导致身体方面的(physical)痛苦，故填physical。
（9）信息归纳题。根据最后一段“We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.”可知，我们假设大脑越大，优势越大。很明显，这些使得人类成为地球上最强大的动物。由此可推断出我们的大脑比动物大，在智力方面人类比动物更聪明，即在智力方面击败了(beat)其他动物。故填beat。
（10）信息归纳题。根据最后一段“...humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat--eating animals.”可知，尽管人类享受着所有这些优势，但也是弱小的生物。因此尽管拥有巨大的大脑和锋利的石器，但也曾经对食肉动物仍旧害怕/恐惧。因为空前是系动词，故本空要填形容词(afraid/fearful)可知，此处要填名词，故填fearful/afraid。
【点评】本题考点涉及信息归纳，信息转换题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，根据上下文的逻辑关系，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。
8．Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Life on a Ship
We three children were very excited when we walked up the gangway (舷梯) of the British flagship China Star and saw officers, crew and staff rushing around. A Chinese housekeeper led the way and helped Uncle Jean and Aunt Reine with our luggage. Victor, Claudine and I lagged behind. The housekeeper was tall and thin and towered over everyone. ________ As we followed him down a narrow corridor towards our cabins, Victor whispered to me, \"One thing about having no hair at all on your head, you always look neat!\"
Though I was still feeling nervous and tongue-tied because it had only been three days since Aunt Reine took me out of St. Joseph's, I laughed out loud. That was the effect Victor had on people. ________ \"Boys to the right and girls to the left,\" said Uncle Jean. Our two cabins were directly opposite each other. Inside, everything was neat, bare and clean. While Aunt Reine, Claudine and I were unpacking, there was a knock on the door.
Victor stood there, wearing a bright-red and orange life-jacket. \"Why are you wearing that?\" Claudine protested. \"Our ship hasn't even sailed yet!\" \"In case the China Star starts going down. Then you'll really be sorry you're not wearing one yourself. Here! Let me show you something!\" ________ Our cabin was below deck. Outside we could see nothing but deep dark water. Claudine became alarmed. \"Mama, how often does a ship sink?\" she asked. Before Aunt Reine had time to reply, Victor quipped with a straight face, \"Only once!\" Aunt Reine and I could not help laughing in spite of ourselves. But then Victor did something my brothers would never have done. He took off his life-jacket, slipped it on his sister and showed her how to adjust the straps. ________ At night, our housekeeper brought in a tiny roll-out bed because there were three of us. A. Once Victor hid in a lifeboat for half an hour while we searched everywhere. B. His head was completely hairless, and he was obviously unsteady. C. He and Claudine made me feel at ease as soon as I met them.
D. There were only two narrow twin beds in our cabin, each covered with dark blue sheets. E. He parted the curtain and looked out of the round window of the ship.
F. He jumped out as we passed below him, scaring and delighting us at the same time. 【答案】 B；C；E；D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，叙述了作者和另外两个小伙伴登上名为\"China Star\"的船之后的所见所闻以及个人感受。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ The housekeeper was tall and thin and towered over everyone. ”是对管家外表的介绍：又高又瘦；以及空后\"One thing about having no hair at all on your head\"可知，管家（the housekeeper）没有头发。故该句承接前文，依然要介绍管家的外貌，还要提到没头发这一点，故选B。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“ Though I was still feeling nervous and tongue-tied because it had only been three days since Aunt Reine took me out of St. Joseph's, I laughed out loud. That was the effect Victor had on people. ”尽管作者仍然感到有点紧张，但是听了Victor说的话之后，也情不自禁地哈哈大笑。这就是Victor对他人的影响力。该空承接前文，仍然要提到作者的同伴带给他的感受， C. He and Claudine made me feel at ease as soon as I met them. “我一见到Victor和Claudine，他们就使我感到很舒服。”符合语境，古训啊C。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前Victor要让Claudine和作者看点东
西。下句提到他们看到外面深而暗的水。那么该空就应该叙述Victor为了让他的同伴看到外面而做的举动， E. He parted the curtain and looked out of the round window of the ship. “他打开窗帘，向窗外看去。”承接上文，符合语境，故选E。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“ At night, our housekeeper brought in a tiny roll-out bed because there were three of us. ”因为我们有三个人，所以管家拿来一张床。那么，前句应该提到床的问题， D. There were only two narrow twin beds in our cabin, each covered with dark blue sheets. “我们的小屋里只有两张窄的双人床，每一张都覆盖着深蓝色的床单。”承接下文，符合语境，故选D。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
9．请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格里填上一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Asthma(哮喘) is a long-lasting breathing disease that affects millions of Americans, many of whom are children. People who get asthma will suffer from lack of breath, difficulty in breathing or coughing--which are caused by the tightening of the muscles in airways. Untreated asthma can lead to poor lung function and death, but asthma can also be effectively controlled with proper treatments.
Research is discovering genes that contribute to the development of asthma. This development has pointed researchers to the role of indoor and outdoor pollution as environmental factors that contribute to the increased occurrence of asthma. The Indoor Pollution
Indoor pollution has increased with the developments in building materials and in heating and air conditioning systems. In addition to poisonous gases that come from paint, other materials like dust and perfumes used in household products such as washing powder are recycled continuously through the house, winter and summer.
Unlike the days before central heating or before whole-house air conditioning, these materials and chemicals cannot get out of modern homes. Most often, they cause breathing problems in the members of the family with the least-developed autoimmune(自身免疫的) systems. Proper venting (通风) and use of environmentally-friendly building materials and carpeting can help reduce the presence of these chemicals. The Out door pollution
Researchers have also established outdoor pollution's role as a probable cause of asthma. Asthma has been proven to result from some fuel products. Smog and the small matters carried by it have been recognized as a factor which leads to asthma since the 19th century when London saw more and more diseases in the industrial population. Industrial pollutants and other chemicals which are produced in water treatment and open treated water like that found in the swimming pools also contribute to increased cases of asthma as well as other illnesses. Those most affected by the increase of industrial and environmental pollution are children. Although much has been done to control the levels of pollution in the US, there still remains much to do as it is a worldwide phenomenon. Until an international effort can be made to limit carbon emissions, the occurrence of environmental asthma will probably continue to increase.
The ________ between asthma and air pollution The ________ of ● lack of breath ● difficulty in breathing ● coughing The possible ________ ● poor lung function of untreated asthma ________ contributing Indoor to the increased pollution asthma ●It is ________ by building materials and heating and air conditioning systems. ●________ some poisonous gases, dust and perfumes worsen pollution. ●Some material and chemicals________ in modern homes. Outdoor pollution ●Smog and the small matters carried by it cause asthma, which is proven by a(n) ________ number of lung diseases in the industrial population. ●Industrial pollutants and other chemicals in water are________ to people's health.79 to people's health. Conclusion Only when all countries join together to limit carbon emissions can people be ________ rom suffering environmental asthma. 【答案】 relationship／relation／connection／association／link；symptoms；consequences／results／effects；Factors；caused/ increased；Besides；remain/ stay；increased/ increasing；harmful；prevented/stopped/ kept/ away/ free/ freed
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，分析了哮喘产生的原因，从室内污染和室外污染两个方面来进行阐述。
（1）考查推理判断。本文讨论了哮喘和空气污染的关系，从中文“关系，联系”出发，答案范围广。故填relationship ／relation ／connection ／ association ／ link。
（2）考查推理判断。结合第一段对哮喘发病情况的解释，可选择出总结词“症状”。故填symptoms。
（3）考查细节理解。根据“Untreated asthma can lead to poor lung function and death,”可知，这里是指“结果”。故填consequences／ results／effects 。
（4）考查概括归纳。根据第二段中的“This development has pointed researchers to the role of indoor and outdoor pollution as environmental factors that contribute to the increased occurrence of asthma.，”结合题目含义，这里是因素。故填Factors 。
（5）考查细节理解。根据“indoor pollution has increased with”结构，其实就是因果关系，所以这里是被动结构。故填caused/ increased。
（6）考查信息归纳。根据“in addition to” 进行替换，“除了，还包括”的意思。故填Besides。
（7）考查推理判断。根据\"these materials and chemicals cannot get out modern homes\"指的是这些材料并没有随时间消失，一直存在。故填remain/ stay。
● death asthma （8）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“saw more and more diseases in the industrial population. Industrial pollutants and other chemicals which are produced in water treatment and open treated water like that found in the swimming pools also contribute to increased cases of asthma as well as other illnesses.”，可知是越来越多的疾病。故填increased/ increasing。 （9）考查推理判断。根据“saw more and more diseases in the industrial population. Industrial pollutants and other chemicals which are produced in water treatment and open treated water like that found in the swimming pools also contribute to increased cases of asthma as well as other illnesses.”可知，这类污染物对人体有害，会导致疾病。故填harmful 。
（10）考查推理判断。根据最后一段，得知是阻止be from doing 固定搭配，表示否定含义。故填prevented/stopped/ kept/ away/ free/ freed。
【点评】本题审计推理判断，细节理解和信息归纳三个题型的考查，是一篇健康类阅读，要求考生在理解所给材料的基础上，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。
10．任务型阅读
Green is not always referring to the color. In some cases, it is the term used for being environmentally friendly. If you've been looking to replace your furniture, consider going green because environmentally friendly furniture offers many benefits. Here are a few tips to get you started on your hunt for the perfect eco-friendly furniture.
First, environmentally friendly furniture isn't harmful to your health. Also its manufacturing process doesn't cause damage to the environment in any way. Besides, by purchasing eco-friendly products, you prevent deforestation and global warming to some extent in your own way. You do your part in protecting the environment. Environmentally friendly furniture is cost-effective as well.
The materials that are used in furniture are what make them green. Materials can be good for the environment either because they are materials that are considered renewable resources or they are all natural. A lack of chemicals and toxins (毒素) in green furniture also means it is a better choice for the environment. It may be hard to imagine that a sofa or a table could actually be a green product but they really can be depending on what they're made of.
There are a lot of renewable sources that manufacturers could use when building the furniture, so you should be keeping an eye out for them. Bamboo can be an excellent replacement for wood and can also replace plastics and metals in some furnishing. Cotton is a sofa fabric that is safe for the environment and it can be replenished (补充) often. Hemp is also a renewable source that can be used for fabric and twine.
Recycled materials also can be made into green furniture. Metals can be recovered and remade into new things such as frames and foundations for sofas. Recycled plastic can also be made into furniture such as tables and chairs. Touching up old furniture instead of buying new items is very cheap way to be green. Yard sales and second-hand stores sell furniture too and buying the used means new things won't be made, so no more damage has to happen to the earth.
Therefore, when you want to hunt for the perfect environmentally friendly furniture, you should try to know the type of materials which are used in building the furniture.
Environmentally friendly furniture ________ ●It is ________ to your health ●Its manufacturing process________damaging the environment in any way. ●It prevents deforestation and global warming to some extent ●It helps you________some money as well. Requirements of the ●The materials should be renewable and natural materials green furniture ●The materials________fewer chemicals and toxins. ●Bamboo can be used to________wood, plastics and metals. ●Cotton is a soft fabric which can be often replenished. ●Hemp is also a good material. Recycled materials ●Metals can be recovered and ________to make new things ________frames and foundations for sofas. ●Recycled plastics can be made into tables and chairs. ●Purchasing________furniture is also a good idea conclusion It is ________to know the type of materials used in the furniture while you're hunting for the perfect eco-friendly furniture. 【答案】Benefits/Advantages；harmless/beneficial；avoids；save；contain/have；replace；reused/recycled/used
；
like
；
second-hand/used/old
；
better/necessary/important/vital/essential
【解析】【分析】如果你想换家俱，可以考虑选择绿色环保家俱，本文主要介绍了环保家俱的优势以及这种家俱材料的选择等有关事宜。
(1)根据右栏中可知，所列内容都是Environmentally friendly furniture的优势，可知答案为Benefits/Advantages。
(2)根据第二段第一句environmentally friendly furniture isn't harmful to your health.（环保家俱对你的身体是没害的。）可知，答案为harmless/beneficial。
(3)根据第二段第二句Also its manufacturing process doesn't cause damage to the environment in any way.（在某种程度上它的制作过程也没有对环境引起伤害。）可知，答案为avoids。 (4)根据第二段最后一句Environmentally friendly furniture is cost-effective as well.（环保家具也能帮助你节约钱。）可知，答案为save。
(5)根据第三段中A lack of chemicals and toxins (毒素) in green furniture also means it is a better choice for the environment.（这种材料含有较少的化学物质和毒素。）可知，答案为contain/have。
(6)根据第四段中Bamboo can be an excellent replacement for wood and can also replace plastics and metals in some furnishing.（竹子可以代替木材、塑料和金属。）可知，答案为replace。
(7)根据第五段中Metals can be recovered and remade into new things such as frames and foundations for sofas.（金属可以回收，改造成新的东西如沙发的框架和底部）可知，答案
materials Materials often used in Renewable 为reused/ recycled/used。
(8)根据第五段中Metals can be recovered and remade into new things such as frames and foundations for sofas.（金属可以回收，改造成新的东西如沙发的框架和底部，）可知，答案为like。like可以表示“像，如同”。
(9)根据第五段中Yard sales and second-hand stores sell furniture too and buying the used means new things won't be made, so no more damage has to happen to the earth.可知，买二手家俱也是一个好主意，故答案为second-hand/used/old。
(10)根据最后一段you should try to know the type of materials which are used in building the furniture.可知，你应该试着了解建筑用的材料的种类也是有必要的。故答案为better/necessary/important/vital/essential。
【点评】本文主要考查考生对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。做题时可以采取以下步骤：阅读全文，掌握主要内容、作者的意图、文章的感情基调等；找出和题相对应的关键词；根据文章整体结构，再次通读全文，重点关注逻辑关系和关联结构，最终确定答案。
11．任务型阅读
Nobody likes to think they are “that guy” at work.________. So, what are some of the rudest things that people do at work — and why shouldn't you do them? Behaving in an unacceptable way
The most common form of this is eating smelly foods at lunchtime. Other things alike include body smell and its opposite, the wearing of strong perfume, messy desks, or bad breath.________.
Checking email on your phone when you're talking to other people
A recent survey shows that 49 percent of people said their bosses checked their phones while talking with them.________. If you've ever wondered why your team members are unmotivated, this may be why. In fact, when you're talking to someone at work, you should reject any non-important calls. ________
Do you like the sound of your own voice? Great. Perhaps it's time you learned to like the sound of other people's voices too. If you interrupt others when they speak, they'll dislike you and discount whatever you're saying. And if you routinely take up three quarters of the meeting with your monologues（独角戏）, people will turn off and, quite rightly, start checking email on their phones. However, if you listen to what others say and show interest by asking intelligent questions, they'll love you and be likely to give you their support when you speak. Showing off how much you earn
________. If you show off your income to someone and then discover you get less than them, you'll look like a fool. If you earn more, they'll feel tired of you. So keep them guessing and hide your earning power in quiet ways — like always paying for the team coffees. A. Talking all the time B. Being a good listener
C. Team-working can never be ignored
D. All these things will become part of your personal brand
E. It's better to be modest when you talk about your incomes
F. Bad behavior at work is common — and often we do it without thinking G. An interesting email is more valuable than the person you are actually talking to 【答案】F；D；G；A；E
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了不受人欢迎的人的几种不良行为。 （1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Nobody likes to think they are ‘that guy at work.”没有人喜欢在工作中认为自己是“那个家伙”。承接上文，F.Bad behavior at work is common — and often we do it without thinking“工作中的不良行为是很常见的——通常我们会不假思索地去做。”切题。故答案为F。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“The most common form of this is eating smelly foods at lunchtime. Other things alike include body smell and its opposite, the wearing of strong perfume, messy desks, or bad breath. ”最常见的形式是在午餐时间吃发臭的食物。其他相似的东西包括身体的气味和它的对立面，浓香的香水，凌乱的办公桌，或口臭。承接上文，D.All these things will become part of your personal brand“所有这些都将成为你个人品牌的一部分”切题。该项中的All these things指上文中smelly foods和Other things alike。故选D。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“A recent survey shows that 49 percent of people said their bosses checked their phones while talking with them.“最近的一项调查显示，49%的人说他们的老板在和他们说话的时候会检查他们的手机；再根据空后“If you've ever wondered why your team members are unmotivated, this may be why.“如果你曾经想过为什么你的团队成员没有动力，这可能就是原因。”承接上下文，G. An interesting email is more valuable than the person you are actually talking to“一个有趣的电子邮件比你实际交谈的人更有价值”切题。该项承接上文，引出下文内容，故答案为G。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“Do you like the sound of your own voice? Great. Perhaps it's time you learned to like the sound of other people's voices too. ”你喜欢听你自己的声音吗？太好了。也许是时候你学会喜欢别人的声音了。可知A. Talking all the time“一直在说”切题。，故选A。
（5）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段标题“炫耀你挣了多少”。根据空后“If you show off your income to someone and then discover you get less than them, you'll look like a fool.“如果你向某人炫耀你的收入，然后发现你比他们少，你就会看起来像个傻瓜。承接下文，E. It's better to be modest when you talk about your incomes“当你谈论你的收入时，最好是谦虚一点。”切题，故选E。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
12．阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
One out of many important things for the whole family to do is to have dinner together. Researchers began reporting the benefits of family dinner about a decade ago, focusing mainly on how it affects children. Studies show that those families who eat dinner at least 3 or 4 times a week together, benefit in many ways.
Eating together helps families achieve open communication and build stronger and healthier
relationships. Children have better grades at school and are better adjusted as teens and adults, and the entire family enjoys healthier nutrition. For many families, eating dinner together proves to be a good and effective way to reduce the risk of youth rates of addiction, and helps to nurture healthier children. It is also a great time to share the events of the day, discuss news and ideas and just be together and enjoy each other's company.
During dinner time parents have better opportunity to show that they are the prior to their children. Sitting at the same table and sharing meals is where and when parents can find out more about their children's school performance, daily activities and attitudes toward life. When parents have all this information they can better direct their kids toward positive things in life. They also have better chance to reduce the possibility that children will get involved with alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs.
However, family researchers say that the benefits of family dinner by no means can be considered as automatic. Parents can sit down to dinner with their kids every day and achieve nothing. Family dinner may not benefit if there is too much arguing going on, if there is no meaningful conversation or, what is even worse, if there is just plain silence during gathering. （1）What may be the best title for this passage? (no more than 8 words) （2）What benefits can children get from eating together? (no more than 15 words)
（3）How do you explain the underlined word \"nurture\" in Paragraph 2? (no more than 2 words) （4）What information can parents probably get about their children at family dinner? (no more than 15 words)
（5）What should be avoided at the dinner table according to the author? And why? (no more than 15 words)
【答案】 （1）The Benefits of Eating Together/ The Benefits of Family Dinner/ Family Dinner Brings Lots of Benefits.
（2）They have better grades at school and are better adjusted when they are older. /Children can communicate with their parents and enjoy their company. （3）Raise. /Bing up. /Educate.
（4）They can learn more about their children's school performance, daily activities and attitudes toward life.
（5）Silence. Because without communication no one can get any benefit at the dinner table. /Quarreling. Because it brings about a bad atmosphere that benefits no one. /Meaningless conversation. Because it does not bring any benefit to anyone.
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了父母和孩子一起吃饭的好处，一起吃饭有助于家庭实现开放交流，建立更紧密和更良好的关系，父母通过一起吃饭可以更加了解孩子的变化。但同时沉默、争吵以及无意义的谈话应当在聚餐时避免。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Studies show that those families who eat dinner at least 3 or 4 times a week together, benefit in many ways.”以及文章内容可知主要为讲述家人聚在一起吃饭的各种好处。故答案为The Benefits of Eating Together/ The Benefits of Family Dinner/ Family Dinner Brings Lots of Benefits.
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Children have better grades at school and are better adjusted as teens and adults”可知在一起吃饭的孩子们在学校有更好的成绩，在青少年和成
年人中更容易适应；以及“It is also a great time to share the events of the day, discuss news and ideas and just be together and enjoy each other's company.”可知孩子们在一起吃饭更能交流分享新闻和想法，享受彼此的陪伴。故答案为They have better grades at school and are better adjusted when they are older.或Children can communicate with their parents and enjoy their company.
（3）考查词义猜测。根据上文“For many families, eating dinner together proves to be a good and effective way to reduce the risk of youth rates of addiction, and helps to”对许多家庭来说，一起吃晚餐被证明是一个很好的和有效的方法来降低青少年上瘾的风险可知，一起吃晚餐有助于抚养教育出健康的孩子们。故划线部分单词意思为“抚养；教育”故案为Raise. /Bing up. /Educate.
（4）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“Sitting at the same table and sharing meals is where and when parents can find out more about their children's school performance, daily activities and attitudes toward life.”可知一起吃饭时父母可以了解孩子学习成绩、日常活动和生活态度。故答案为They can learn more about their children's school performance, daily activities and attitudes toward life.
（5）考查概括归纳。根据最后一段中的“Family dinner may not benefit if there is too much arguing going on, if there is no meaningful conversation or, what is even worse, if there is just plain silence during gathering.”可知如果有太多的争论，如果没有有意义的谈话，或者更糟糕的是，如果在聚会期间只有简单的沉默，家庭聚餐可能没有什么好处。即作者认为聚餐时应当避免沉默、争吵或是无意义的谈话。理由并不唯一，言之有理即可。故答案为Silence. Because without communication no one can get any benefit at the dinner table. 或是Quarreling. Because it brings about a bad atmosphere that benefits no one.或是Meaningless conversation. Because it does not bring any benefit to anyone.
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断，词义猜测和概括归纳四个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。
13．任务型阅读
Many people think only professionals—engineers, accountants, teachers, etc.—have careers.________ Even if you've never had a paid job, you still have a career. Your career is the sum of your life and work. It includes all your activities and experiences. Your schooling, your volunteer work, and even your relationships with your family are all big parts of your career.________
During your career, you will have a variety of jobs, occupations and roles. People used to think of a job as full-time, permanent, paid work done for an employer at a work site. But in our changing world, a job is a set of duties or tasks. It can be paid or unpaid________ Even someone who is self-employed has a job.
An occupation is a group of jobs with similar responsibilities that require a common set of skills.________ Programmers may have permanent or temporary jobs working for specific employers, be self-employed, work full-time or part-time, be paid for their work or volunteer
their services. They may change jobs or hold several jobs at one time but, until they change the type of duties or tasks they perform, they are still computer programmers.
________ We all play a number of roles in our lives and our roles often change over time. For example, Kris works four days a week as a receptionist in a clinic and takes evening courses in social work. She also sews gymnastic wear for her neighbor who sells it at summer markets. Now Kris has at least three roles. A. A role is a part you play. B. Actually everyone has a career.
C. In other words, your career is your life story. D. For example, computer programmer is an occupation. E. As a matter of fact, a job is different from a role in some way. F. It can be completed at a work site, at home, or somewhere else. G. The following is about your work, your family, and your life story. 【答案】B；C；F；D；A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了我们每个人都有一份职业，其实我们的职业就是我们的生活和工作的总和。
（1）根据后句Even if you've never had a paid job, you still have a career.可知，事实上，每个人都有一份职业。故答案选B。
（2）根据前句Your schooling, your volunteer work, and even your relationships with your family are all big parts of your career.可知，所有的一切都是你的职业。故答案选C。 （3）根据前句But in our changing world, a job is a set of duties or tasks. It can be paid or unpaid.和后句Even someone who is self-employed has a job.可知，它可以在工作地点、家里或其他地方完成。故答案选F。
（4）根据前句An occupation is a group of jobs with similar responsibilities that require a common set of skills.和后句Programmers may have permanent or temporary jobs working for specific employers, be self-employed, work full-time or part-time, be paid for their work or volunteer their services.可知，计算机程序员是一份职业。故答案选D。
（5）根据后句We all play a number of roles in our lives and our roles often change over time.可知，我们在生活中都扮演着许多角色，并且我们的角色随着时间而改变。故答案选A。 【点评】1．理清句际间意义的关系：文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成，各个层次，各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致，但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的，各句之间都有一定的语脉，从逻辑意义上来看，语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉，理清句际间的关系，进而理解语段或全文的内容。
2．找出句子之间的连接性的词语：文章的语句间的组合，除了从语句间的意义关系分析外，还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握，因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系有承接关系。
14．任务型阅读
You may be more interested in a boxing or yoga studio. If you are interested in variety, you'll be better off going with a larger complex that might contain equipment for sports, for example. Pay more attention to the importance of position.________ So pick a sport that fits your sense when a visit would typically occur. The fitness equipment should be close to your home or workplace. Whether to make it convenient or inconvenient is often one of the greatest barriers to success.
Take advantage of free trials.________ During your visit, you want to think about the number of people using machines, the friendliness of the staff, and whether showers are offered there. ________ The two primary places to check for dirt and stain are in the locker room and the comers of the workout rooms. Also pay attention to smell. Make sure there is a way to easily clean equipment.
Talk with personnel about the busiest times and the number of members using the gym on a typical day.________ Learn about membership packages, extra fees and guest passes for friends and family.
By thoughtfully considering gyms and fitness center you can ensure you will actually like your choice and use your membership. Considering the right aspects will help you pick good equipment.________
A. Make sure everything is clean. B. The places should be comfortable to use. C. Good health is of great importance for you.
D. It's easy to ignore your body when you have a busy day. E. The fitness center you like will offer a chance to try them out. F. Find out whether they require pre-class registration or reservations. G. So you can jump into achieving your fitness goals and improving your life. 【答案】D；E；A；F；G
【解析】【分析】本文告诉你如何选择合适的运动设备来健身。如果你对多样性运动感兴趣的话，你最好选择一个更大的复杂的存放运动器材设备的地方。（在原文基础上有改动）考虑到正确的方面将帮助你挑选合适的设备，所以这样你就可以实现你的健身目标和改善你的生活。
(1)根据上句：更加注意位置的重要性。可知，当你一天忙碌的时候，你很容易忽视你的身体。故选D.
(2)根据上句：利用免费试用的机会。可知，你喜欢的健身中心会给你一个尝试的机会。故选E。
(3)此空是段落首句，根据上下文可知用祈使句，在A/F中选。再根据下句：检查污垢和污渍的两个主要地方是更衣室和健身房的人。可知，要确保一切都是干净的。根据句意可知选A。
(4)根据上句：与员工谈论最繁忙的时间和每天使用健身房的会员人数。再根据空格下句：了解会员包、额外费用和朋友、家人的通行证。可知，弄清楚他们是否需要预注册或预订。故选F。
(5)根据上句：考虑到正确的方面将帮助你挑选合适的设备。可知，所以这样你就可以实现你的健身目标和改善你的生活。故选G。
【点评】考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。做题时，学生需注意速读全文，了解大意知主题，浏览选项，在上下文中找到信息词、句，并注意空前，空后间的逻辑关系，运用上下文所重复的关键词推断理清结构，确定答案
15．（2018•浙江）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience. Of course, you want to make sure that you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood. The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.________
Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property(房产) neat, clean, and in good repair. ________By choosing to keep the outside of the home in great shape, you will help to improve the look and feel of the area.
Second, take the overall appearance of the neighborhood seriously. When going for a walk. Take along a small garbage bag. ________This small act will let your neighbors know that you care about the area.
________ If a neighbor is going to be out of town, offer to collect mail and newspapers. If a neighbor suffers an illness, offer to do the grocery shopping. Let them know you are there to help in any way this acceptable, while still respecting the privacy of your neighbor.
________By following the basic rules of respecting others, taking care of what belongs to you, and taking pride in the appearance of the neighborhood in general, you will quickly become a good neighbor that everyone appreciates.
A. In general, keep an eye on their property while they are gone. B.A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in small ways. C. Being a good neighbor is more or less about considerate behavior. D. Sometimes neighbors may go to the supermarket together to do shopping. E. Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passing car, pick it up. F. People tend to lake pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting. G. Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly 【答案】G；F；E；B；C 【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文，介绍了乔迁新居后更好更快地融入新社区的四大策略：如保持清洁卫生、做个热情的有心人等。
⑴G 此处是承上启下的句子，即呼应上一句“确保你做一个好邻居应该做的事”，后概括下文“做一个好邻居应该注意那些技巧”，故答案为G。
⑵F 根据下文强调的outside of the home，联系到上文keep your property(房产) neat, clean, and in good repair，所以此处谈论如从外观上让邻居接受你，故答案为F。
⑶E 前文的small garbage bag是为了“pick up waste paper”准备的，后一句的This small act就是指捡废纸的这一举动，故答案为E。
⑷B 此处是本段的主题句，后一句中的offer to collect mail and newspapers正是帮助邻居做一些小事情的表现，所以答案为B。
⑸C 此处是本段的主题句，后一句中的respecting others, taking care of what belongs to you, and taking pride in the appearance of the neighborhood 均是considerate behaviors，故答案为C。
【点评】这是一篇说明文，重在考查上下文之间的逻辑关系，答题时首先浏览文章主旨，并理解各个选项所表达的含义。然后再读短文，选出最能使上下文语义通顺的选项，注意段落大意，空格前后的关键词等信息，完成后要通读一篇，看语义是否通顺，是否符合逻辑，必要的话做适当修改。
16．Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Decades of research has demonstrated how junior employees benefit from being mentored (指导). Guidance from senior colleagues has also been shown to enhance mentees' job performance and satisfaction.________
We were especially interested in understanding how mentoring might help mentors who work in stressful occupations. Mental health is a growing concern within occupations that play important social roles, such as medical professionals, firefighters, and police officers. And because policing is one of the most stressful occupations, with high levels of mental health and well-being difficulties, we conducted a study of a formal mentoring program in an English police force.
________ It was designed to support the development of junior officers by giving them a way to discuss concerns and receive guidance. Our study involved two parts. First, we conducted a field experiment: we compared the mental health of 17 mentor-mentee pairs to a control group of 18 pairs of senior and junior officers that did not participate in the program. Second, we interviewed both the mentees and their mentors separately.
Our experiment results showed that people who served as mentors experienced lower levels of anxiety, and described their job as more meaningful, than those who did not mentor. We learned from our interviews that mentoring afforded senior officers, as well as junior officers, a chance to discuss and reflect on concerns. ________By acknowledging that these anxieties were common, both mentees and mentors grew more comfortable in discussing them and in sharing different coping mechanisms.
Why does mentoring have this impact on mentors? ________ Despite the pressures that comes with their roles — including abuse, difficult decision making, and the risk of death — police officers tend not to seek support from other officers, including more senior colleagues. This is to avoid negative stigma, a shameful reputation, associated with mental health disorders. Mentoring thereby offered a way to build trust within a relationship that laid a foundation for open and honest communication of sensitive topics.
A. We believe it offers a way to receive support that is often lacking.
B. The mentoring program was launched in 2013 in one of the police forces in England and Wales. C. Formal mentoring programs provide an opportunity to encourage the discussion of difficult and sensitive topics.
D. However, what we are wondering is why mentoring has such great impact on mentors as well
as mentees.
E. Mentors heard their mentees' accounts of anxiety and realized these feelings — which they also shared — were common.
F. We know far less, however, about how mentoring might benefit mentors themselves. 【答案】 F；B；E；A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在对别人的指导过程中，不但使被指导人受益，而且使指导人也很受益。（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前\"Decades of research has demonstrated how junior employees benefit from being mentored (指导). Guidance from senior colleagues has also been shown to enhance mentees' job performance and satisfaction. \"可知，几十年的研究已经证明了初级员工如何从被指导中获益。来自资深同事的指导也被证明可以提高学员的工作表现和满意度。所以小题1要与前面的句子形成转折关系，以此来表明自己的观点。 F. We know far less, however, about how mentoring might benefit mentors themselves. \"然而，我们对指导如何使指导者受益知之甚少\"符合句意。故选F。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前\"And because policing is one of the most stressful occupations, with high levels of mental health and well-being difficulties, we conducted a study of a formal mentoring program in an English police force.\"可知，由于警察巡务是压力最大的职业之一，心理健康和幸福方面的困难程度很高，我们对英国警方的一个正式辅导项目进行了研究。所以小题2要承接上文来说明辅导计划开始的时间和地点。 B. The mentoring program was launched in 2013 in one of the police forces in England and Wales. \"辅导计划于2013年在英格兰和威尔士的一支警察部队中启动\"符合句意。故B选项切题，选B。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后\"By acknowledging that these anxieties were common, both mentees and mentors grew more comfortable in discussing them and in sharing different coping mechanisms.\"通过承认这些焦虑是普遍存在的，学员和导师在讨论这些问题和分享不同的应对机制时都变得更加自在。所以小题3要与下一句一同在说明担任导师的人比没有导师的人焦虑程度更低的原因。 E. Mentors heard their mentees' accounts of anxiety and realized these feelings — which they also shared — were common. \"导师们听到了学员们对焦虑的描述，并意识到他们也有相同的感受，这种焦虑感是普遍存在的\"符合句意。故E选项切题，选E。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前\"Why does mentoring have this impact on mentors?\"可知，为什么辅导对导师有这样的影响？所以此空是对上一句的回答。 A. We believe it offers a way to receive support that is often lacking. \"我们认为，它提供了一种获得经常缺乏的支持的方式\"符合句意。故选A。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
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