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第十一讲:田园短诗与田园牧歌

2022-08-25 来源:客趣旅游网
重庆交通大学外国语学院课程《英美诗歌选读》电子课件:第十一讲

《英美诗歌选读》课程教案第十一讲首页

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重庆交通大学外国语学院课程《英美诗歌选读》电子课件:第十一讲

第十一讲 田园短诗、田园牧歌

第一节 田园短诗

田园短诗(Idyll)是描写乡村生活中平静、如画的风景和事件的诗歌。如华兹华斯的《写于三月》:

The cock is crowing, The stream is flowing, The small birds twitter, The Lake doth glitter, The green field sleeps in the sun; The oldest and youngest Are at work with the strongest; The cattle are grating, Their heads never raising; There are forty feeding like one!

Like an army defeated The snow hath retreated, And now doth fare ill, On the top of the bare hill,

The ploughboy is whooping: anon-anon; There’s joy in the mountains; There’s life in the fountains; Small sky prevailing; The rain is over and gone! 1

(William Wordsworth: Written in March at Brother’s Water)

诗歌中对湖水、溪水、泉水、绿野、蓝天、山顶、积雪等与雄鸡、小鸟、牛群以及劳作的男女老少相交辉映,构成了一幅美丽自然山水图。这首诗的押韵格式很有特点,一般而言,押双行韵的双行都紧挨在一起,这里押双行韵的第五行和第十行却被另外两对双行分开了。

叶芝的《茵尼斯弗利岛》描写的就是一个世外桃源:

I will rise and go now, and go to Innisfree,

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公鸡正在高唱,/ 溪水不住流淌,/ 小鸟正在啼鸣,/ 湖面满是星星,/ 沉睡着的绿野沐着阳光;/ 不管年轻年老,/ 都随壮汉操劳;/ 牛群正在进食,/ 脑袋始终低着;/ 四十头牛吃草一个样!// 积雪已经消融——/ 像败军的阵容,/ 在秃山的峰巅,/ 它正处境为难;/ 庄稼汉在叫喊:快啦!快啦;/ 山被欢乐充满;/ 泉中生意盎然;/ 云朵悠然飘荡,/ 蓝天渐渐开朗;/ 雨已经停住,雨已经不下!(黄杲炘 译)

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重庆交通大学外国语学院课程《英美诗歌选读》电子课件:第十一讲

And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made: Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee, And live alone in the bee-loud glade.

And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There midnight’s all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet’s wings.

I will rise and go now, for always night and day, I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray, I hear it in the deep heart’s core. 2

(W.B.Yeats: The Lake Isle of Innisfree)

弥尔顿在《失乐园》第四卷中描绘了伊甸园的田园胜景:

A happy rural seat of various view:

Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm; Others whose fruit, burnished with golden rind, Hung amiable—Hesperian fables true, If true, here only—and of delicious taste. ……

meanwhile murmuring waters fall

Down the slope hills, dispersed, or in a lake, That to the fringèd bank with myrtle crowned Her crystal mirror holds, unite their streams, The birds their quire apply; airs, vernal airs, Breathing the smell of field and grove. 3

(John Milton, Paradise Lost, IV, Lines 247~265)

这些诗行中,视觉上有“金色的”(golden)、“晶莹的”(crystal),嗅觉上有“芳香四溢的” 2

我要起身走了,去茵尼斯弗利岛,/ 去那里建座小房,泥土和柳条的小房:/ 我要有九排云豆架,一个蜜蜂巢,/ 独居于幽处,在林间听群蜂高唱。// 于是我会有安宁,安宁慢慢来临,/ 从晨曦的面纱到蟋蟀歌唱的地方;/ 午夜一片闪光,中午燃烧得紫红,/ 暮色里,到处飞舞着红雀的翅膀。// 我要起身走了,因为我总是听到,/ 听到湖水日夜低低拍打着湖滨;/ 我站在公路,或在灰色的人行道上,/ 在内心深出听到那水声。(裘小龙 译) 3

这里是如此气象万千的田园景象:/ 森林中丰茂珍木沁出灵脂妙液,/ 芬芳四溢,有的结出金色鲜润的 / 果子悬在枝头,亮晶晶,真可爱。/ 赫斯珀里得斯的寓言,如果是真的,/ 只有在这里可以证实,美味无比。/„„ 这边的泉水淙淙,顺着山坡 / 泻下,散开,或汇集在一湖中,/ 周围盛饰着山桃花的湖岸 / 捧着一面晶莹的明镜,注入河流。/ 各色的鸟儿应和着合唱,和风,/ 春天的和风,飘着野地山林的芳馨。(朱维之、胡家峦 译)

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重庆交通大学外国语学院课程《英美诗歌选读》电子课件:第十一讲

(odorous)、“芳馨”(smell),听觉上有流水的“淙淙”(murmuring),鸟儿的“合唱”(quire=choir),味觉上有果子的“美味无比”(delicious taste),伊甸园的美景通过这四种感觉被人类始祖所感知。诗人没有在这里提到触觉,这或许是因为伊甸园中那棵致命的知识树上的禁果是不可以随意触摸的缘故。

第二节 田园牧歌

田园牧歌(pastoral poetry)就是牧人所唱的歌,或关于牧人的诗,在欧洲具有悠久传统,可追溯到古希腊诗人特奥克里托斯(Theocritus, 310?~250?BC)和古罗马诗人维吉尔(Virgil,70 ~19BC)。到了文艺复兴时期,牧歌已经发展成为一种被普遍采用的形式。

斯宾塞的《牧人月历》(The Shepheardes Calender)包括十二首牧歌,除头尾两首,均用对话写成,前面有序诗,后面有一小节尾声。月历形式被用作诗的框架,十二首牧歌每首都与一年的某个月份相应,每个月份既有各自不同的劳作和娱乐,又符合季节的特征和环境氛围,同时也暗示特定的宗教节日。牧歌的中心人物叫柯林•克劳特,他是牧人,也是牧人世界的歌唱家,他歌唱自己钟爱的农家姑娘罗莎琳,渴望获得她的爱情。

以其中的《十月》(October)开始卡狄和皮尔斯的对话为例,卡狄道:

Piers, I have pypèd erst so long with payne, That all mine Oten reeds bene rent and wore: And my poore Muse hath spent her sparèd store, Yet little good hath got, and much lesse gayne. Such pleassaunce makes the Grashopper so poore, And ligge so layd, when Winter doth her straine.

The dapper ditties, that I wont devise, To feede youths fancie, and the flocking fry, Delighten much: what I the bett for thy? They han the pleasure, I a sclender prise. I beate the bush, the byrds to them doe flye: What good thereof to Cuddie can arise? 4

皮尔斯回答道:

Cuddie, the prayse is better, then the price, The glory eke much greater then the gayne: O what an honour is it, to restraine

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皮尔斯,我过去长期地卖力吹笛,/ 以致我所有的牧笛都破旧不堪:/ 我可怜的缪斯把她的存货耗完,/ 却没有得到好处,更不曾获利。/ 这样的欢乐使蚱蜢极其可怜,/ 虚弱无力地躺着,为冬天所压抑。// 美妙动听的小曲,我经常编出,/ 以投合青年人的心意,使成群的鱼秧 / 欢天喜地:我怎能因此而更强?/ 他们乐滋滋,我却获奖赏不足。/ 我敲打灌丛,鸟儿朝他们飞翔:/ 这对于卡狄又能有什么好处?(胡家峦 译)

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重庆交通大学外国语学院课程《英美诗歌选读》电子课件:第十一讲

The lust of lawlesse youth with good advice: Or pricke them forth with pleassaunce of thy vaine Whereto thou list their traynèd willes entice.

Soone as thou gynst to sette thy notes in frame, O how the rurall routes to thee doe cleave: Seemeth thou dost their soule of sence bereave, All as the shepheard, that did fetch his dame From Plutoes balefull bowre withouten leave: His musicks might the hellish hound did tame. 5 (Edward Spenser: The Shpheardes Calender, October)

卡狄代表受挫的诗人,皮尔斯是卡狄的同伴。也可以说,卡狄和皮尔斯代表诗人的不同侧面。每个诗节是以抑扬格为主的五韵步,押韵格式为abbaba,属吻韵变体。

马洛的牧歌《热情牧人的情歌》最为人们熟知,其开始和结尾部分如下:

Come live with me and be my love, And we will all the pleasures prove That valleys, groves, hills, and fields, Woods, or steepy mountain yields.

And we will sit upon the rocks, Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks, By shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals. …

The shepherds’ swains shall dance and sing For thy delight each May morning: If these delights thy mind may move, Then live with me and be my love. 6

(Christopher Marlowe: The Passionate Shepherd to His Love)

这首诗用的是抑扬格四韵步诗行,押韵格式为aabb,属双行韵。诗中的牧人向姑娘表达了爱慕之心,语言朴素洗练,感情强烈大胆,这与当时很多情诗的凄婉哀怨情调大为不同。但我 5

皮尔斯:卡狄,受赞扬要比获奖赏更好,/ 荣耀比起利益来,也要大得多:/ 多么光荣啊,把青年不羁的欲火 / 加以约束,给他们以忠言相告:/ 或驱策他们前进,以诗情的欢乐,/ 把他们受到感染的欲念诱导。// 一旦你编好了你的曲调音韵,/ 乡民们是怎样依恋在你的四周:/ 你像把他们的感觉灵魂夺走,/ 犹如那一个牧人, 他还没获准 / 就接他妻子离开普路托的冥府:/ 他音乐的力量把地狱的恶犬驯顺。(胡家峦 译) 6

来跟我同住,做我的爱侣,/ 我们可以亲自来领取 / 俊俏的峰峦、林野和谷峪 / 给予我们的全部乐趣。// 我们可以同坐在岩石上,/ 看牧童牧放一群群牛羊,/ 潺潺小溪边,涓涓细流旁,/ 听小鸟美妙的歌声回荡。// „„牧童们在五月每天的早晨,/ 要叫你高兴,就跳舞歌吟:/ 然后这些能打动你的心,/ 那就来同住,做我的爱人。(屠岸 译)

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重庆交通大学外国语学院课程《英美诗歌选读》电子课件:第十一讲

们能注意到,牧人只是单方面表达了自己的情感,他能否打动姑娘,能否赢得姑娘的芳心,从这首诗里找不到答案。沃尔特•罗利爵士替姑娘作了相应的回答:

If all the world and love were young And truth in every shepherd’s tongue These pretty pleasures might me move To live with thee and be thy love.

But Time drives flocks from field to fold; When rivers rage and rocks grow cold; And Philomel becometh dumb; The rest complains of cares to come. ……

But could youth last, and love still breed, Had joys no date, nor age no need, Then these delights my mind might move To live with thee and be thy Love. 7

(Sir Walter Raleigh: Her Reply)

从姑娘的回答看,姑娘几乎不可能成为牧人的爱人。

弥尔顿的《黎西达斯》是哀歌,但用的是牧歌体,其中一些诗行很有牧歌的味道:

For we were nursed upon the self-same hill, Fed the same flock, by fountain, shade, and rill; Together both, ere the high lawns appeared Under the opening eyelids of the Morn, We drove a-field, and both together heard What time the grey-fly winds her sultry horn, Battening our flocks with the fresh dews of night, Oft till the star that rose at evening bright

Toward heaven’s descent had sloped his westering wheel. Meanwhile the rural ditties were not mute, Tempered to the oaten flute,

Rough Satyres danced, and Fauns with cloven heel From the glad sound would not be absent long; And old Damœtas loved to hear our songs. 8 7

若世间万物和爱都年轻,/ 若牧人每一句话都真诚,/ 美丽的快乐会让我动心,/ 去与你相伴做你的爱人。// 但时光把羊群赶回羊圈,/ 当河水咆哮山石生寒,/ 而夜莺不再唱他的歌曲,/ 其余的抱怨未来的忧虑。//„„但若青春常在,爱情长青,/ 欢乐不问日子,不限年龄,/ 这些快乐能打动我的心 / 去与你同住做你的爱人。

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重庆交通大学外国语学院课程《英美诗歌选读》电子课件:第十一讲

(John Milton, Lycidus, Lines 23~36)

这是诗人回忆跟密友爱德华•金一起从早到晚放牧的美好时光。他们一同驱赶羊群,谛听大自然的妙音,唱歌吹笛,连森林之神撒蒂尔(Satyre)、长着偶蹄和半人半山羊形象的快乐牧神芬恩(Faun)以及老牧神达摩塔斯(Damœtas)都跑来或跳舞或听歌。

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因为我俩在同一小山上长大,/ 放牧同一羊群,在泉边、泽畔和荫下;/ 当高原的草场还在朦胧里,/ 晨曦熹微的时候,我们就在一起。/ 我们一同在田野上 驱赶羊群,/ 一同谛听中午闷热时蝇蚋的声音。/ 早起喂养羊群,草上的鲜露晶莹,/ 时常直到夜晚明星出现,晶光熠熠,/ 经行中天,直到西斜而低垂。/ 同时,少不了唱唱农家小调,/ 跟燕麦秆牧笛和谐,清音飘渺;/ 粗野的撒蒂尔们闻声起舞,/ 那些偶蹄的芬恩就快快赶上,/ 连老达摩塔斯也爱听我们的歌唱。(朱维之 译)

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