英语句子的意群
【摘要】在各类英语考试中,阅读理解题所占的分值比较高,考生在此题中丢分也比较多,是试题难度大吗?考生回答不是,但又普遍反映说文章中几乎没有生词,可有些句子就是弄不明白其意思,影响了对答案的正确选择而导致失分。究其根源,是考生未能把握好意群在英语阅读理解中的运用。
【关键词】意群 停顿 阅读
人们说话时并不是以单词为单位来进行思想交流的,而是以短句、句子或文段的形式出现。一组联系紧密的单词在一定情况下用来表达思想,这组单词我们就称为“意群”(sense group)。
我们在讲话和读英语的时候就要根据句子的意思恰当的“分割”语言。而这种正确“分割”后的语言段就是Sense Group。
如:It’s better to be prepared for an opportunity and not to have one than to have an opportunity and not be prepared.
宁愿为还没等到的机会去准备也不要等机会来的时候却还没用准备好。
这句话很长,下面我们以意群为单位将其“分割”。
“It’s better to be prepared for an opportunity”、“and not to have one”、“than to have an opportunity”和“and not be prepared”。在每个意群之间我们都需要停顿。如果停顿错了地方,你的英语语调再好也会让人感觉不舒服,这就像人的正常呼吸,如果你改变了呼吸的节奏和频率,你就会感觉不舒服一样。所以,学会抓住意群,恰当的利用停顿是你自然、流畅表达的必要因素!下面是常见的意群单位:
介词短语:at the theatre, in the laboratory, under the table
动宾短语:make a speech, pick up a coin, tell a story
动词+副词:run quickly, wait eagerly, sleep soundly
冠词+名词+动词:the man answered, the problem united
相关的从句:who was sitting behind me, what you said
动词短语+介词短语:give it to her, hear it from him, spell it for me
但在实际阅读中意群的判断却往往复杂得多,下面谈谈意群容易造成错误理解的几种情况:
1.当出现复合句时,但凡是定语从句和宾语从句,若定语从句关系词或宾语从句连接词that被省略,考生经常会打乱意群,读起来不得要领。例如:
①The crafts people buy include things to decorate their homes, clothes for their children and gifts for their friends, holidays, weddings or special occasions.
people buy是定语从句,限制the crafts,假如将The crafts people看作一个意群,则后面的buy include things便没法理解了。
2.非谓语动词-ing形式与-ed形式引起的麻烦。例如:②Assembly will have limited self- governing powers, British say it could be as long as 30 years before the North might be in charge of its own affairs.
这里will have不与limited一起构成将来完成时,will have后应稍有停顿,limited用作形容词,作前置定语,修饰self-governing powers,它们构成一个意群,是“有限的自治权”的意思。
③For those who prefer reading the evening newspaper offers the reader the possibility of reading the news others see and hear on TV.
本句中,reading出现两次,第一个reading是名词化的动名词,不能直接带宾语,后面应有停顿,the evening newspaper不是reading的宾语,它属于下一个意群,是句子的主语;第二个reading是动词的-ing形式,the news是它的宾语。
3.分不清句中词的搭配关系。例如:
④A few bloodhounds and threats cleared the village of all the Indian inhabitants.
此句中的of不表示所有关系,因此不与village构成一个意群,它与cleared搭配,cleared…of…是“从……清除……”的意思。
4.分不清and所连接的成分在层次上的差别。例如:
⑤Among the factors responsible for the higher crop yields per acre are the widespread use of machinery for power, the development of better fertilizers, the breeding of better varieties, particularly semi dwarf wheat and rice and hybrid sorghum and corn, and the more efficient use of irrigation.
例句中连用了四个and,第四个and连接的部分是第一层次,在particularly…corn这部分中,第二个and连接的是第二层次,第一个与第三个and连接的是第三层次,semi dwarf wheat and rice与hybrid sorghum and corn应视作两小项,不可分为四项,semi dwarf既修饰wheat也修饰rice;hybrid同时修饰sorghum与corn。
对于篇幅较大,长句较多的阅读文章来说,弄懂意群至关重要。因此,在平时的阅读练习中,要注重在从句的分析、非谓语动词的辨析、词语的搭配及句子的逻辑关系等方面多下功夫,这样才能不断提高阅读能力。
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