英语的五种基本句型结构：
★ 主语 + 不及物动词 (SV)
★ 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 (SVC) ★ 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (SVO)
★ 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOD) ★ 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(SVOC) 1. S + V
He works. He is studying.
① 主语 ＋ 谓语(vi.) ＋ 状语(从句)
The sun sets in the west. He went nowhere
② 主语 ＋ 谓语(vi.) ＋ 名词短语
We had come a long way. He waited (for) two years. 2. S + V + C
He is a student / in yellow / there…
① 主语 + be + 表语 表语由下列词充当：名词、形容词、副词、 介词（短语）、动词不定式、分词（短语）、动名词、从句等
② 主语 + 其它连系动词 + 表语 这些连系动词包括：appear, continue, feel, go(变成), keep, lie(处于…状态), look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, become, come, fall, get, grow, turn Bob lay sick.
His dream comes true. 3. S + V + O
An idea struck me.
① 主语 ＋ 谓语(v. + prep) ＋ 宾语
It depends on the weather. 备用词：act as, agree on / with / to, arrive in (at), come across, base on, break into, suffer from, lead to, prefer to, think of, fire at, reach for, quarrel about, worry about
② 主语 ＋ 谓语(v. + adv.) ＋ 宾语
I thought over the plan. I thought it over.
备用词：bring out (up), think out, turn off (on , out, down), give in
NOTICE: ● v + adv. + prep. get along with, add up to, do away with, break away with, keep up with, go ahead with, go through with ● v. + n. + prep make use of, make fun of, catch sight of, take care of, take the place of, take a look at, take pride in
③ 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 介词 ＋ 宾语 The teacher punished him for being late.
Congratulate him on his success. Compare this with that. 4. S + V + O + D (间接宾语由代词和名词充当) ① 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 Will you lend me your pen, please ? She bought him many toys.
② 主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 代词或名词
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Will you lend your pen to me, please ? She bought many toys for him.
备用词：pay, give, hand, sell, pass, offer, explain, sing, leave
5. S + V + O + C 宾语和宾补之间的关系有两种：● 主表关系；
● 主谓关系。宾语可由形容词、副词、介词、动词不定式充当 主表：① I find the book interesting. (主谓宾＋形容词) ② I saw him there. (主谓宾＋副词) ③ I found the book on the desk. (主谓宾＋介词) ④ We elected him monitor. (主谓宾＋名词)
主谓：①They saw the thief running away. (主谓宾 + 现在分词） ②Where did you see him knocked down? (主谓宾＋过分词) ③ What makes you think so ? (主谓宾＋动词不定式)
It 句型
1. It + be + adj. + (for sb) to do sth → sth + be + adj. + to do It is not easy to learn English. (English is not easy to learn.) 备用词：difficult, necessary, important, quick, hard, etc. 2. It + be + adj. + of sb to do sth → sb. + be + adj. + to do sth It was foolish of Tom to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire. (Tom was foolish to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire.)
备用词：wise, clever, bright, kind, nice, silly, stupid, cruel, etc. 3. It takes sb + some time + to do sth → sb spends time in doing sth It took him two days to find the elephant. (He spent two days in finding the elephant.) 4. It is no use doing sth.
It is no use regretting your past mistakes. 备用词：no good, useless, etc. 5. It costs sb. + money + to do sth
It cost them 36,000 francs to buy the necklace. → The necklace cost them 36,000 francs . They spent 36,000 franc on the necklace.
They spent 36,000 francs (in) buying the necklace. They paid 36,000 francs for the necklace. They bought the necklace for 36,000 francs. 6. It + be + adj. (n.) + that-clause
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
备用词：natural, surprising, true, wonderful, etc. 7.It + be + adj. + that-clause (should do sth)
It is necessary that he (should) be present at the meeting. 备用词：strange, important,impossble 8. It + be + p.p. + that-clause
it is said that he has been ill for years. (He is said to have been…) 备用词：reported, known, believed, decided, announced, etc.
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9. It + be + p.p. + that-clause (should do sth.)
It is demanded that the homework (should) be finished at once. 备用词：ordered, suggested, required, requested, etc. 10. It seems + that-clause → sb. + seems + to do sth. It seems that they are talking. (They seem to be talking.) 备用词：happen
11. It is + some time since-clause → sb. has + p.p. + for time
It is three years since he came here. (He has been here for years.) 12. It is + 被强调部分 + that (who)
It is through struggle that we learn this truth. 13. It + be time + for sth / to do sth. / that-clause
It is time for supper. It is time to have supper. It is time that we should have supper. It is time that we had supper.
14. It + be + long(时间段）+ before-clause
It will not be long before we turn our hope into reality. 15. It is (just) like sb. to do sth. 该句型为“某人（恰恰）是。。。这个样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满，若用否定式，则表示
怀疑。
It’s like him to leave the work to others. 他就是这样的一个人，把工作推给别人。
It isn’t like him to have said anything like that. 他可不是说出那种话的人。 16. It is up to sb. to do sth.
该句型为“该由某人做。。。”。该句型中up后的to是介词。
There Be 结构
1、主谓一致：
There is a pen and two books on the desk. 2、反意问句：
There used to be a well there, use(d)n’t / didn’t there? 3、各种时态：
There will be a film this afternoon.
There is going to be a lecture tomorrow.
There have been great change in our city since 1988. 4、there be中的非谓语形式：
There are a lot of students waiting outside.
There were eleven people killed in this accident. There’s someone at the door to see you. (There being no bus, we had to walk home.) 5、含情态动词：
There must (may, might) be rain tomorrow. There ought to be no trouble 6、与其它动词连用：
There seems to be a reason for changing their plan. There are likely to be more difficulties than expected.
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There happens to be nobody in the room. I don’t want there to be any trouble.
7、there + v. (there lie/stand/exist/live/remain/used to be/go/…….) There goes the bell.
On the hill (there) stands a house. 8、There is no denying the fact + that从句（不可否认的......）
例句：不可否认的，我们的生活质量已经每况愈下。
There is no denying the fact that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
主谓一致原则
1、or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接并列主语时， 谓语与邻近主语一致
Not only she but also I am going there.
2、as well as, (together) with,,along with连接并列主语时，谓语与前面主语一致 Dr. Smith (together) with his two sons is going Paris. 3、there be 中主语并列时，可随紧挨 be 的词一致或用复数 There is (are) a boy and two girls in the room. NOTICE: There is a pair of trousers here. 4、both, many, several, few作主语时，谓语用复数 Few are here this morning.
5、时间、距离、重量、金钱等的复数作主语，当整体看，谓语用单数 Two feet isn’t long enough. 6、and连接并列主语的情况
① My father and mother are away on business. ② The worker and writer is from Paris. ③ The worker and the writer are from Paris. ④ Bread and butter is a daily food in the West.
⑤ Every (Each, No) desk and every (each, no) chair is made of wood. ⑥one and a half 后面应接复数名词，但其谓语动词应用单数。 7、the + adj. (-ing, -ed)表示一类人，谓语用复数；表示一类事物， 谓语用单数
The rich get richer and the poor get poorer in many countries. 8、Neither (of), Either (of), Each (of)作主语，谓语用单数 Neither of them is a driver.
9、any-, every-, some- no-作主语，谓语用单数 Is everybody here ?
10、动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语，谓语用单数 To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. What I have done is what I should do. 11. all of, some of, any of, most of, none of, plenty of, percent of, half of 等作主语，根据 of 后的词决定 Most of the houses are on show. Most of the work has been done. Ninety percent of the students are girls. Ninety percent of the money is hers.
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12. kind of + n., 由kind 决定
This kind of apples is very good. → Apples of this kind are very good. 13. Such (倒装)
Such is what he said. → Such are his words. 14. east, west, south, north的倒装
East of the city is (lies) a lake. (are / lie two lakes) 15. 强调句中 It’s I who am going to Japan.
16. 定语从句中 I, who am a student, will be a doctor.
17.a great deal of ( a large amount of , a large quantity of , a lot of )
+ 不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
18.a number of , ( a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 可数名词的复数，谓语动词用复数。但the
number of +主语，其谓语动词用单数。
19.代词 none, neither 作主语时，主要根据说话人的意思来决定。
20. 一些只有复数形式的词作主语时( clothes , trousers , shoes , ...)，谓语动词应用复数形
式；但前面有a pair of 修饰时，则用单数。
21. 关系词who, that , which 引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称
取得一致。但one of + 复数名词 + that从句。从句的谓语动词应用复数，而the ( only ) one of +复数名词 + that 从句，从句的谓语动词应用单数。
22. 以what 引起的主语从句 the rest , the remainder 等引起的主语，谓语动词按意思一致
的原则处理。
EXERCISES:
1.Three ______ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter.
A. hundreds people B. hundred people C. hundreds peoples D. hundred peoples
2. Either you or the president _______ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out
3. I, who ______ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
4. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 ______ in Beijing of China, which ______ known to us all.
A. is to hold; is B. is to be held; was C. are to hold; is D. are to be held; is
5. There _____ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _____ up.
A. were; it B. are; them C. was; it D. is; them
6. Three million tons of coal ______ every year in the city.
A. is exploited B. are exploited C. had exploited D. have exploited 7. Stories of the Long March _______ popular with the young people now.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
8. Mathematics _______ the language of science.
A. are B. are going to be C. is D. is to be 9. Both rice and wheat _____ grown in our country.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
10. ________ either of your parents come to see you recently?
A. Have B. Had C. Has D. Is
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11. What the children in the mountain village need ________ good books.
A. is B. are C. have D. has
12. The whole family _______ TV attentively.
A. are watching B. is watching C. is seeing D. are seeing
13. Nothing but several glasses ________ bought by my father the day before yesterday. A. was B. were C. have been D. would be
14. At the bus stop ______ a soldier and two young people on their way to the village. A. were B. was C. is D. sits
15. If law and order ______, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.
A. are not preserved B. is not preserved C. were preserved D. have not been preserved
16. There ______ little change in that middle school.
A. have B. had C. have been D. has been
17. （省略）What such a sunset is ______ strange to us all.
A. going to be B. / C. is D. that
18. Seventy-five percent of the earth’s surface ______ with water. A. is covered B. is covering C. were covered D. are covered 19. The following ______ some other mental diseases.
A. being B. are C. was D. were 20. Not only you but also I ______ able to help him out.
A. are B. is C. am D. were
21. “ The Kites” ______ us a story of the kite’s history. A. have told B. tells C. were told D. was told 22. You and I _____ twin sisters.
A. were B. are C. is D. am
23. A teacher of English and class teacher _______ us something about volunteer workers. A. are telling B. is telling C. are given D. were given 24. Thousands of tons of rubbish ________ over a large period of time.
A. rots away B. rot away C. has rotted away D. are rotted away
25. Mayor as well as volunteer workers _______ the newly-built stadium.
A. is cleaning B. are cleaning C. were cleaning D. have cleaned
26. Many a student ______ something about Abraham Lincoln.
A. have known B. knows C. is known D. are known
27. The defence works ______ built long ago to keep the enemy away.
A. were B. has been C. had been D. was
28. “ Have you all studied the passage‘Using the Mind against Disease’？” “______ .”
A. Nobody of us has B. Nobody of us have C. None of us has D. None of us did
29. A group of Italian soldiers ______ quickly towards their position.
A. were advancing B. were advanced C. was advancing D. advancing
30. Everyone, men and women, old and young ______ sports and games.
A. is enjoy B. were enjoying C. enjoys D. enjoy
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上周回顾
Small moments sometimes last a very long time. And a few words—though they mean 21 at
the time to the people who say them—can have great power.
I recently heard a story from Malcolm Davis, who has been a professional 22 for the last twenty-four years, mostly in advertising.
As a boy, Davis was terribly shy and 23 . He had few friends and no self-confidence. Then one day, his high-school English teacher, Ruth White, asked the class to write their own chapter that would 24 the last chapter of the novel since they had been reading To Kill a Mockingbird. Davis wrote his chapter and turned it in. Today he cannot recall anything special about the chapter he wrote, or what 25 Mrs. White gave him. 26 , what he does remember is the four words in the paper: “This is good writing.” Four words. They 27 his life.
“Until I read those words, I had no idea of who I was or what I was or what I was going to be,” he said, “After reading her 28 , I went home and wrote a short story, 29 I had always dreamed of doing but never believed I could do.”
Over the rest of that year in school, he wrote many short stories and always brought them to Mrs. White for instruction. “She was 30 , helping and honest. She was just what I needed,” Davis said.
21 A. much B. little C. well D. ill 22 A. report B. designer C. writer D. teacher 23 A. weak B. independent C. troublesome D. helpless 24 A. follow B. change C. connect D. explain 25 A. help B. encouragement C. grade D. words 26 A. Therefore B. However C. Meanwhile D. Besides 27 A. improved B. developed C. changed D. enriched 28 A. chapter B. novel C. note D. explanation 29 A. everything B. something C. nothing D. anything 30 A. encouraging B. careful C. strict D. effective
1. With the old worker ____ , we finished the work on time. A. help us B. helped us C. helping us D. to help us 2. — What are you going to do this afternoon?
—I’ll probably go for a walk later on ____ it stays fine. A. as far as B. so long as C. even if D. as if 3. ____ the window, his finger was cut but it was not serious.
A. Cleaning B. While cleaning C. To clean D. When he was cleaning 4. My parents had to use ____ they had to buy the house in which we are now living.. A. what B. what that C. all what D. that 5. — Did you hear the gunshot last night?
— Yes, ____ was when I was just about to enter the room ____ I heard it. A. there; when B. it; when C. it; that D. there; that 6. After ____ seemed a very long time, the badly wounded soldier came back to life. A. that B. it C. which D. what 7. — Who would you rather have ____ your computer?
— My friend.
A. repairing B. to repair C. repaired D. repair 8. You can never imaging what great difficulty I have ____ your house. A. decorated B. decorating C. to decorate D. for decorating
[1]One out of many important things for the whole family to do is to have dinner together. Researchers began reporting the benefits of family dinner about a decade ago,
focusing mainly on how it affects children. Studies show that those families who eat dinner at least 3 or 4 times a week together, benefit in many ways.
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[2]Eating together helps families achieve open communication and build stronger and healthier relationships. Children have better grades at school and are bette r adjusted as teens and adults, and the entire family enjoys healthier nutrition. For many families, eating dinner together proves to be a good and effective way to reduce the risk of youth rates of addiction, and helps to raise healthier children. It is also a great time to share the events of the day, discuss news and ideas and just be together and enjoy each other's company.
[3]During dinner time parents have better opportunity to show that they are the prior to their children. Sitting at the same table and sharing meals is where and when parents can find out more about their children's school performance, daily activities and attitudes toward life. When parents have all this information they can better direct their kids toward positive things in life. They also have better chance to reduce the possibility that children will get involved with alcohol, tobacco , and illegal drugs.
[4]However, family researchers say that the benefits of family dinner by no means can be considered as automatic. Parents can sit down to dinner with their kids every day and achieve nothing. ___________________________if there is too much arguing going on, if there is no meaningful conversation or, what is even worse, if there is just plain silence during gathering. 76. What is the main idea of the text? (no more than 8 words)
________________________________________________________________
77.Complete the following statement with proper words. (no more than 8 words)
by having dinner togther, family members can __________________ and develop closer ties among them.
78. Fill in the blank in paragraph 4 with proper words. (no more than 8 words)
_________________________________________________________________
79. What information can parents probably get about their children at family dinner? (no more than 12 words)
_____________________________________________________________
80. What does the word ‘it’(line 3 paragraph 1) probably refer to?(no more than 3 words)
____________________________________________________
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(1．BDADC 6.AACBC 11.BAAAB 16.DCABC 21.BBBBA 26.BDCAC)
76. families benefit from eating together/ having dinner together is beneficial to families 77. achieve open communication
78. no family dinner can benefit/ family dinner may not benefit
79. their children’s school performance, daily activities and attitudes toward life 80. family dinner。
4. 解析：选D. 主语the Olympic Games 意为：奥运会，谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形式；后半部分为which引导的非限制情定语从句，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
12.解析：选A. 此处指：家里的各个成员，所以谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形式。
15. 解析：选B. 此处主语law and order 指的是同一个概念，所以谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式. 17. 解析：选C. 本句是主语从句，缺谓语，所以要用第三人称单数形式。 23.解析：选B. 本句主语是同一个人，谓语用第三人称单数形式。
24.解析：选B. 本句主语是tons, 是复数形式，rot是不及物动词，不可用被动形式。 29.解析：选A. 主语a group of 在本句中表示具体每个人。
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