从目的论看《围城》英译本归化与异化的合理性
姓名:陈琼申请学位级别:硕士专业:英语语言文学指导教师:肖运初
20081001
摘要翻译是一种跨文化交际活动,它不但涉及不同语言的转换,而且也涉及不同文化的转换;归化和异化是翻译过程中处理文化信息时常用的两种翻译策略,在翻译过程中每位译者总是面临着是以原语为导向,还是以译语为导向的选择。归化和异化问题,即让读者靠近作者,还是让原作靠近读者之争一直贯穿着中外翻译历史。《围城》英文译本自1979年面世后,在西方赢得了广泛的读者群,美国图书协会曾选其为1979年至1981年度的卓越著作。作者认为,该译作的成功在于合理使用归化和异化策略。本论文从目的论的视角,探讨《围城》英译本中归化与异化在译文中文化转换上的合理应用。根据目的论,“目的决定手段,结果使手段合法",即翻译目的决定翻译策略,如果译文达到了翻译目的,那么翻译过程中所采取的策略就是合理的。《围城》的英译本就很好的体现了这一点,这也为正确看待文学翻译中的归化和异化的运用提供了新的视角。本论文从文化传递入手,通过分析译本的预期目的,从目的论的三法则角度,即目的法则、连贯法则和忠诚法则对原文与译本进行了系统的比较研究,从而探明译者为达到翻译目的所采取的翻译策略,即采取了以异化为主归化为辅的翻译策略。译者通过对钱钟书及其《围城》的译介,达到了传播中国文化,促进文化交流及满足读者对中国文化的期待等目的。译文主要运用了异化策略,同时考虑到译文的可读性译者又采取了一定的归化策略,体现了在文化转化上归化和异化的合理使用。从目的论视角看,这种策略选择是合理的。由此得出结论:在目的论视角下,《围城》译者在文化传递时很大程度地合理运用了归化和异化策略,实现了译本的预期目的,因此我们有理由认为英译本是一部成功译作。关键词:目的论;《围城》英译本;归化和异化;文化传递IVAbstractTranslationisacross-culturalcommunicationevent,whichconcemsnotonlythetransferbetweentwolanguages,butalsothetransferbetweentwocultures.Domesticationandforeignizationexploitedindealingwithculturalfactors.InalwaysfacesaaretwostrategiesoRentranslation,eVe巧translatororchoicebetWeenadheringtotheSL—culture—orientedTL—culture-oriented.Domesticationandforeignization,orthematterof‘‘leaVetheauthorinpeaceaorleaVethereaderinpeace”hasbeenacontroVersyfor,'D懈swithalongtimebothathomeandabroad.theexistingEnglishtranslationof多纥记办2,zg’B甜坦g勖Zwhichisf.eaturedbyitsrichculturalinfo眦ation,achieVeditagreatbysuccesswamwelcomesincewaspublishedinone1979IndianaUniVersityPress.Itwasawardedworks"bytheAmericanBooksauthorbelieVesthatthesuccessof“themostoutstandingacademictoAssociation仔om1980ofits乜a11slationstrategiesof“thelies1981.Theintheproperandemploymentofthetranslationtoforeignizationendsdomestication.AccordingskopostheoⅨjustifiesthemeans”(qtd.inNord,2001:29),thatistosa弘thetranslators’skoposdecidestranslationstrategy’andthetranslationjusti6esthestrategy,whichisembodiedintheEnglishtranslationVersionItalsoproVidesaof月p尸懈sB甜嘲尹dnewperspectiVeforjustlyViewingforeignizationanddomesticationinlitera巧translation.Thispaperisconductedbytheauthorf}omtheperspectiVeofskopostheo巧intheaspectofculturetransmissionintheEnglishtranslation.By1印plyingthebasicrulesofskopostheo拶tothesystematicandcomparatiVestudyofculturaltransmission,theauthorfindsoutthetranslationskillsusedbythetranslatorstoreachitstranslationpu印oses,namely’thedominantuseofforeignizationandtheminoruseofdomestication.ThroughtheintroductionofQianZhongshuand耽记办P馏jthetranslatorsobtaineditsaimsofbroadcastingChineseculture,facilitatingcultureinterchangeandmeetingthereaders’expectationofforeignnaVor.Thetranslationmainlyusesthetranslationstrategyofforeignization;ConsideringtheTTreader’sreadinghabit,certaindomesticationisalsoadopted,whichembodiestheproperemploymentofforeignizationanddomesticationintheculturaltransmission.Therefore,thethesisdrawstheconclusion:FromtheperspectiVeofskopostheoⅨthetranslatorsof而以愆ssB鲫嘲妒dsuccessmllyemployedthestrategyofforeignizationanddomesticationinculturetransmissiontoagreatextent.Sowecan’tsaythatFD朋暇镕BPs嘲雪甜isnotasuccess.Keywords:skopostheo拶;月D砌郇sBgs玉曙谢;foreignizationanddomestication:culturen+ansmission湖南师范大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。学位论文作者签名:予尊、衍、加耐年,7月歹寸日湖南师范大学学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权湖南师范大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。本学位论文属于1、保密口,在2、不保密口。(请在以上相应方框内打“√”)年解密后适用本授权书。作者签名:予彳、圻、日期:加韶年一,月歹。日日期:文瓣年,乙月,。日导师签名:茵逗名,刃onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryin而,一frP.站曰即f辔d:IntroductionInthefieldoftranslationthereexisttwoapproachestowardsdealingwiththeculturaldif佗rencesbetweenthesourCelanguageandtheta唱etoncelanguage,thatis,foreignizationanddomestication.LuXunthat“Beforetranslating,thetranslatorhastomakeadapttheoriginaltextoftheoriginalorsaidadecision:eithertotoretainasmuchaspossiblethef.oreignnaVortext.’’(罗新璋,1984:315)offoreignizationanddomesticationhasaThediscussion10nghistoIyinChinaandabroad.IntheWest,EugeneLawrenceA.NidaadVocatesVenutiadVocatesinfluentialdomesticatingtranslation,whereasforeignizingtranslation.InChina,Mr.QianZhongshu,anfigureintranslationcircle,a唱uedinfaVorofusingdomestication,whileMr.LuXun,印proVingtranslatingoneofforeignization.Buthesaid:“Asfarasconcemed,atranslatorhastotaketwopointsintoaccount:onhand,heshouldtlytomakethetranslationunderstood,ontheotherhand,heshouldke印theoriginalnavor.’’(qtd.in许are均,1998:30)Thatistosay,foreignizationanddomesticationotherinacloselyrelatedtoeachtranslation.Inordertocopewithtransmissionsuccess如llybothinlanguageandcultlⅡ.e,atranslatorhaVetobeskilledatemployingforeignizationanddomesticationaswell(孙致礼,2001).QianZhongshu,whoisconsideredas“oneas肫fc办P”gaisanoVelwrittenbyChinesescholar-novelist.IthasbeenacclaimedofmodemChina’sbestnoVels",orher“greatestnoVel".ThmughouttheChinesenoVel,referencesaremadetoChineseandW.estemliterature,philosophy'高校教师在职硕十学位论文109ic,customs,1aws,educationalsystemsandotherlanguagesandfeminism.ItrichcuItureinfornlationcoVersareassuchasforeignVariousaspectsofculture.0bViously,featureofmeoriginalaisanotablenoVel.inbeUndoubtedlyhowtheprocesstodealwithcultureinformationisandm旬orproblemcan’toftranslating,becauseculturetranslationseparatedinthepI-ocessoftI.anslating.However,.F’D,.f,℃,,BBs玉删thegreatsuccessexistingEn91ishVersionachieVedoneawithawarmwelcomeandwasawardedof‘‘themostoutstandingacademicworks’’bytheAmericanBooksAssociationf而m1980tol981.ItwastranslatedbyJeanneKelly,anAmericanw“terandtranslator’togetherwithNathanandpublishedinsoK.Mao,aChinese-AmericanPress.itHowscholar'didthe1979byIndianaUniVersitytranslationgetsuccessful?Intheauthor’sVie、碥isduetothetransIators’skillmlmanipulationofforeignizationanddomesticationintheaspectofculmretransmission.Howdidthetranslatorsmanipulatethetwostrategiesintheprocessoftranslating?Byresortingtoskoposthethesisisexpectedtofindtheanswer.Skopostheo拶isantheo吼approachtotranslationoriginatedinGennanyinthelate1970s.itisthemostimportanttheo哕ofthe‘Gennanschool’oftoculturalfactors如nctionaltheory,whichattachesgreatimportanceexploringtranslation.Itreflectsa“generalinshift矗。ompredominantlyalinguisticsandratherformaltranslationtheo“estomore如nctionalandsocioculturallyorientedconc印toftranslation”(qtd.inBaker’2004:235)Anditgenerallybroadenstheresearchfieldoftranslation,whichputstranslationresearchinthe仔ameworkofsourceandta唱ettexts,orjustthetransmissionbetweentwolanguages.Inthe仔ameworkofskopos2onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryin,-D础陀,.了B舀把叫:1:29),thatistosay;theo吼“thetheendsjustifiesthemeans"(qtd.inNord,200intendedskoposdecidestranslationstrategy;andthetranslationjusti6esthesis,thestrategy.Thus,skoposanditalsoproVideatheo眄laysagoodfoundationforthefornewperspectiVejustlyViewingforeignizationanddomesticationinlitera秽translation.AssusanBassnettputsit:“Languageistheheartwithinthebodyo‘culture,anditistheinteractionbetweenthetwothatresultsinthecontinuationoflife-ene唱y.Inthesamewaythatthesurgeon,operatingontheheart,cannotneglectthebodythatsurroundingit,sothetranslatortreatsthetextinisolationf如mthecultureathisperil."(Bassnett,2004:culture."(200l:34),the22)Nordalsoholds:“TranslatingmeanscomparingtranslationinVolVestwodiffIerent1anguagesthatrespectivecultures.Itisnotonlyaarecameroftheirtransferbetweenlanguagesbutalsoascommunicationbetweencultures.JustXujunsays:‘‘Languageisthecarrierofculture.whereastranslationisthematchmakerofculture.’’(许均,2003:285)AndSusanBassnettargues:“AcomparisonofOriginalandtranslationwillnotonlyreVealtheconstraintsunderwhichtranslatorshaVetoworkatacenaintotimeandinacertainplace,butalsotheatstrategiestheydeVelopoVercome,orleastworkaroundthoseconstraints.”(LefeVereandBassnett,200l:6)Newmarkalsoholdsthatcomparingthetr,mslationwiththeoriginalistheheartofcritique.atranslationreviewershouldconductaselectiVebutrepresentatiVedetailedcomparisonofthetranslationwiththeoriginal.HeshouldalsotaketheproblemthathowthetranslatorhassolVedtheparticularproblemsoftheSLtextintoconsideration,thengr。oupthemselectiVelyundergeneral3高校教师在职硕十学位论文heads:thetitle;thestllJcture;[…】culturewords;【..】.(2001b:l85—188)prI∞ectisconductedbyBasedonwhathavebeenstatedaboVe,thistheauthorf如mtheperspectiveofskopostheoI’yintheaspectofcultlH.etransmissionintheEnglishtranslation,andbymeansofselectiVeandsystematiccomparingtheoriginalwiththetranslation.Thedissertationconsistsofsixparts.ThepartofIntroductionbrienyintroducesdebatesaboutforeignizationanddomestication,theauthontyof耽fc五册g,theinfluenceofitsEnglishVersion凡厂慨口钌i幽矗thetheasChapterOnebrienyreviewsthedefinitionofthetranslationcriticism,limitationtranslationofequivalence-basedsometheories,onculturalEnglishculturetendencyVersionofcriticism,commentsof胞云幽P,29,foreignizationanddomesticationasatransmissionstrategy'andpointsoutskopostheoWnewperspectiVeoftranslationcriticism.ChapterTwosetsthebasisoftheresearch,introducingthetheoretical行amewoI.kofskopostheoI.y:thedefinitionofskopostheoIMthreesignificantrulesofskopostheory’meritsofskopostheo叫superiortoothertranslationtheoI-yandapplicationofskopostheoIytotranslationcriticism.ChapterThreeexploresthetranslators’skoposofthetranslationwhichdecideforeignizationanddomesticationinordertolayagoodfoundationtostudyhowthetranslatorsemploystrategieswhendealingwithcultureelements.ChapterFour,which印pliesthebasicrulesofskopostheory,namelyskoposrule,intratextllalcoherenceandintertextualcoherencetotheculturaltransmissionof纠色fc办绷ginto,brf陀譬譬B嚣f昭Pd.FinallycomesperspectiVeofskoposdomesticationaretheconclusionofthethesis:Fromthethestrategiestheory,offoreignizationandtoaemployedadequatelyinculturetransmission4OnAdequateEmploylllentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkopOs111eoryin,DmE譬,B船魄础thegreatextentin,b,慨B甜魍g谢.AsF『0rfr器s曰嚣坦g谢istheendsjustifiesmeans.Wecan’tsaythatnotasuccess.Sowhenassessingatranslation,weshouldnotemployequiValenttothesourcetextastheonlyyardstick,butshouldtakethen.anslators’skoposintoconsideration,astheyrenectthetimeofthetranslation,thetranslator’sintention,theintendedreadershipandits如nction.5高校教师在职硕十学位论文ChapteroneLiteratureReViewThischapterbrieflyreviewsthedefinitionofthetranslationcriticism,limitationofequiValence-basedtheories,ontheculturaltendencyoftranslationcriticism,somecommentstheEnglishVersionof陟爸记,i鲫g,strateg弘andofforeignizationanddomesticationbrieflyintroducesskoposasculturetransmissionseI。VingasatheoIynewperspectiVeatranslationcriticism.Inshort,thischapterisexpectedto1ayfortherestchapters.f.oundation1.1TheDelFinitionofTranslationCriticismTranslationC“ticismhasbeeninthema唱inalstatusintranslationstudiesforalongtime.Uptotherecentyears,withmoreandmoreattentionpaidtothetranslation,translationCriticismisgettingmoreandmoresignificantandattractsmoreattentionofscholarsintranslationanstlldyfield.AsNewmarkputsit:‘‘Translationcriticismisessentiallinkandbetweentranslationtheoqanditspractice;itisalsoinstructiveanenjoyableaexercise84一landanessentialascomponentintranslationcourse.’’(2001b:185)Asfaritsdefinitionisconcemed,in鳓砌劣Passess7≯口刀s肠f面刀Dfc砌刀口,ytheprocessaccordingaitisdefinedas:‘‘TranslationcriticismistoqualityandtheValueofaoftranslating,thecenaintranslationcriterion.’’(qtd.in罗平&周仪,l999:144)AndWenJundefinesitas:‘‘Atranslationshouldbeanalyzedandassessedbyanalyzingit’stranslator,pI.ocessoftranslating,it’squality;Valueandef琵ctaswell,byemployingmethodsrelatedtoacertaintranslation6OnAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkopos11heoI‘yiIl乃,.抛譬譬曰绀f秽谚theo够"(2006:9)LuocriticismistoevaluateaPingandZhouYi’sdefinitionis:“1’ranslationtranslation.’’(罗平&周仪,1999:146)、M1ateveraitisdefined,translationcriticismreferstoeValuationoftranslationbyemployingacertaincriterionandplayaVitalroleintranslationstudy.1.2LimitationofEquiValence-basedTheoriesBeforelinguisticsapproachesappeared,translationhadpreViouslybeenregardedasanartoracraR.ButaRerthat,researchersoftranslationstlllcturaltheo—estumtheiremphasistodifrerencesbetweensource1anguage(SL)andta唱et1anguage(TL),andcontinuouslyeVolVingtothecoITespondingrulesbetweenSLandTL.Atthatpoint,translationactiVityisconsideredVieW,asasciencemorethananartoracraR.FromthispointoftheconceptofequiValencegrowsupwhenresearcherslookintoIulesbetweenSLcon.espondingandTL,andaseriesofequiValence-basedtranslationtheoneswerebroughtinthisprocess.Nidaputsforward“如nctionalequiValence".Aminimal,realisticdefinitionof凡nctionalequiValencecouldbestatedas“Thereadersoftranslatedtextshouldbeabletocompl.ehendittothepointthattheyacanconceiVeofhowtheoriginalreadersofthetextmusthaVeunderstoodanda西preciatedr-eadersofait.”Amaximal,idealdefinitioncouldbestatedas‘‘Thetranslatedtextshouldbeabletounderstandandappreciateitasinessentiallythesamemannertheoriginalreadersdid.’’(Nida,200l:87)EquiValence-basedtranslationtheo拶haVedominatedoVer40yearstointranslationhisto叫anditisconsideredthetranslationstandardachieVeequiValenceef.fectbasedon向nctionalequiValence.7高校教师在职硕十学位论文Although如nctionalequivalencehasliberatedtranslationandnotshakentranslators仔omthefettersoffomlalequiValence,itstillhasoffthetraditionalrestrictionsofequiValence-basedtheo“es.Itstillplacessourcetextinmecoreposition;Itstillh01dsmatta略etreadersshouldassourceacquirethesameef.fecttextdoandasZhuHaotong(朱浩彤,2006)pointsout“seekingtheclosestequiValenceinta玛etlan91lage,tomnctionalequiValencewouldleadofsourceoVerdomesticatingandresultinlossculture.’’AndSnell-HombyregardsequiValenceas“illusion.”“thatequiValenceisunsuitableasaShestates:basicconceptintranslationtheory:thetem叼“fⅧ厶肼cBapart肺mabeingimpreciseandill—defined(evenillusionoflevelofaRerheateddebateofoVertwentyyears)presentsansymmet哆betweenlanguageswhichhardlyexistsbeyondtheandwhichdistortsthebasicproblemsofalsocriticizesitvague印proximationstranslation’’(200l:22)LiuMiqing(刘必庆,2005:26)“EquiValenceisjustanidealbeyondreach,eVentobilingualtransferenceorwithinthesamelanguagesystemTheproblemwithmaybecasesthesamelanguagefamily.”liesinthefactthatthereequiValence印proachofnon—equiValenceinsourcetranslationcausedbypragmaticdifrerencebetweentheandtargetcultures.1.3TheCulturalTendencyofTranslationCriticismInfluencedbyequiValence—basedtheories,‘‘fIaith如lness"and‘‘naturalness’’haVebeenpursuedbytranslatorsinthepastitdecades.Whenandthreeinthecomestotranslationcriticism,threeimportantstagessignificantshiRsmustbementioned,astheyplayVitalrolesdeVelopmentoftranslationcriticisminthewest.8orIAdequateEmplo皿entofForeigllizationandasDomesticationiIlFDm晒,B鲫垤甜:APerspectiVeofSkoposTheoUThethreestages,knowntoconventionalPhilologistontranslationc^ticism,criticism,isacontribute伊eatmodemshiRs.whichclassicaltranslationcriticismandbasedmuchassessthestyleofsource-text,orthestyleofta唱et—textandwhetheraatranslationisgoodbadbytherateofmistakesexistinginontranslation.StllJctlJralistcriticism,basedgreatattentiontothemodemlinguistics,paystheissueoftranslatabilitybetweendiffIerent1anguagesintheory;andgreaterattentiontotheleVelsoftransmissioninpractice.Deconstructionistcriticism,caresaboutcultureandcommunication,comprehensionandexplanation.(王宏印,2006:32.36)AccordingIy,threeshiRsoftranslationc“ticismoccurs.ThethreemostimpoIrtantshiRsintheoreticaldeVelopmentsintranslationc“ticismoVerthepasttwodecadeshaVetranslator-centredtobeen:(1)theshiRf.romauthor.一centredandandreceiVer-centred(2)theshiRaf两mnewandperspectiVeofaestheticappreciationandscientificperspectiVeofculturalcriticismanalysistoand(3)theshiRf.romdescriptionprescriptiontoexegetictheoryexplanation,butatp1.esentdescriptionisstillusedasthebasicmeans.(ibid.36.39)shiRssuggeststhattranslationcriticismatpresenthasThesegraduallybrokenaway行omthef.etterofequiValence-basedtheories,andlaysgreateremphasisonTTreceiVers,andwhat’smore,ithaspaidmoreaattentiontocultuI.etransmissionintheevaluationoftranslation.AsfIorarecriteriatoevaluateatranslation,BassnettconsidersthattheycloselyrelatedtoAndculture.(qtd.in廖七一,2004:383)inChinaY-anFu’s“fIaith如lness",“expressiVeness"andsupportedasandone“elegance’’(信、达、雅)havebeenregarded9the高校教师在职硕十学位论文andonlymaximalltranslatorsmustobserve.ButthethreeprinciplesfonnulatedbyY.anFufortranslation,especiallysomeofthemethodsrelatedwiththem,seemtobenotcompletelyapplicabletotheworkoftranslationtoday.Later'ProfessorLiuZhongdeproposeshisthreeacharacters‘‘faith如lness,expressivenessandsetofprinciplescloseness’’(信、达、切)asoftranslation,whichseemsmorecomprehensiVeandpractical:1Faithfulness…tobefaim如ltothecontentoftheoriginal;as2ExpressiVeness.———tobe3expressiVeastheoriginal;asCloseness…tobeasclosetotheoriginalstylepossible.(文U重德,2005:24)HoweVer,theseprinciplesoftranslationf.o咖ulatedbythewell一knownscholarsChineseliterature,arenotperfectlyappliedtotheEn91ishtranslationofthesep^ncipleslaysasitseemsthatmuchontransferenceofmeaningandstyleratherthanculturaltransmission.1.4S0meC0mmentsontheEngIishVersionof耽枷P愕f.arthe6rst多绝f幽P门gwrittenbyQianZhongshu,isfamousforitscharacters,soideas,language,plotsandstyle..F’Drfr∈强s上}《’.了玉置gPdisEn91ishversiontranslatedbyJeanneKelly,anAmericanwriterandtranslator,togetherwithNathanK.Mao,aChinese—Americanscholar.Itawaspublishedin1979byIndianaUniVersityPress.ItachieVedsuccessgreatwithawamlwelcomeandwasawardedoneof“themostoutstandingacademicworks’’bytheAmericanBooksAssociation行’om1980to1981.(田蕙兰,马光裕,1997:231)ProfJonathanSpence舶mIOOnAdequateEmployIIlentofForeignizationandDomesticationinAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryFo懒占缈魄谢:changethe1Y|aleUniVersity;declaredviewofAme“cansonthat≯伲fc办P,zgwouldimmediatelythemodemChineseliteraturein刀iPAprill7.ItshowsBDD砖矿Ⅳawmise哕of场以(纽约图书评论)onmodemthespirimalChineseintellectualsinnuencedbytheWestemculture,andthefascinationofthebookliesintheauthor’swisdomandwritingskills.OnJunel3ofthesameyear'FrancisB.Landerwroteanarticlein.S勋纪尺P1,fPⅥ博,literaturesayingthat≯绝fc办P胛gisthebestnoVelinmodemChineseforitspromndity,subtlety’andenlightenmentandit凡llydisplaystheauthor’stalent.(马祖毅,任荣珍,1997:403)oVerIncontrasttothepraisesothetranslation,someothercriticsweredisappointedwiththeVersionthattheybelieVedsomecontentswereintogroupsandmadea“wrong"or“inappropriate",classifyingthemdetailedcomment.Foronexample,inl982,DennisT.Hu(胡定邦)ascommentedthefirstthreechaptersoftheVersioninadequateorfollows:somenottheexpressionsaremisinte印reted;TheTTlanguageisarepure1anguageforitsheaVyChineseflaVor;AndmostidiomstranslatedwithouteVenanliterallyadjustmenttotheTLculture.(张泉,1991:76—88)Hequali6edcametotheconclusionthat‘‘OnlyMr.Qianhimselfcanbetotranslatehisownworl(s.”(ibid.88—89)f而mHongKong,expressedsimilarIn1995,Sunyifeng,ascholaropinionsinhisarticlepublishedsuchproblemsgrammarandasin(劢觑鲫P乃Ⅵ聆s肠幻船乃“朋口厶listinge11rorsmisinte印retationandmisuseofwords,c01location,inandthe‘‘impureEnglishwithuseChinese—flavor,’.(孙艺风,equiValenceas1995:31-36)Obviously,thesereviewerstheonlyyardstick.HoweVer’astranslationcriterion,ithas高校教师在职硕十学位论文itsownlimitations.1.5ForeignizationandDomesticationStrategyasCultureTransmissionAstothetreatmentofculturalelementsintranslation,twonotionsareofgreatimpoIrtance,namelyforignizationanddomestication.Indealingwiththeculturalfactorsintheprocessoftranslating,thesetwo如ndamentalstrategiesdevelopmenttranslationarearecapturingsch01ar’sattentionintherecentinthewestorstudies.WhetherinChina,theremanydebatesaboutthetwotranslationstrategies.At6rst,itistointroducethedefinitionofforignizationandnecessaWdomestication.1.5.1DefinitionofForeignizationandDomesticationTherootofthetermsf.orignizationanddomesticationcanbetracedbacktotheGennanphilosopherShleiennacher.Inl8l3,Shleiennacherpresentalecture跏如厂砌PD搋Mf讹崩D凼矿胁刀J肠≠孵(溉6P,.讲Ponlytwomethodsof∈},苫c五fPc据,zP刀^召7台f办Dc据,zc玉终己膨P,百P纪P,2s).Hef.oundaf.fectingthedomesticreadersunderstandingoftheforeignauthor,0neisthat“thetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeaceasmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardhim”;(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:43-44)theasotheristhat“thetranslatorleaVesthereaderinpeaceandmovestheauthortowardtheapproachofmuchaspossible,ashim."(ibid:59)Theandthefomerisislaterknownforeignization;latterdomestication.tothereaderinoVertoDomesticationmeansbringingtheforeigncultureclosertheta玛etculture,whiletheforeignculture.forei酉nizationmeanstakingthereaderonAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryin而,.抛£,B缈托秽破HoweVer’Shleiermacherdidn’tgeneralizethetwotranslationstrategiesinspecialtems.ItVrenuti’sisLawrenceV-enutiwhodefinesthetwotems.InLawrence砀P7妇,zs肠幻厂§砌V西汤f以劬tochoosehesaid,“Shleiermacherallowedthetranslatorbetweenadomesticationmethod,anethnocentricreductionoftheforeigncultureValues,bringtheauthorbackhome,andethnodeViantpressureonatexttotarget-languageforeignizingmethod,anthoseValuestoregisterthe1inguisticandculturedifrerenceoftheforeigntext,sendingthereaderabroad."(V_enuti,2004:20)Thedomesticatingstrategyentailstranslatinginatransparent,fluentstyleinordertominimizetheforeignessoftheTT.Ontheotherhand,theforeignizingstrategyretrainstheforeignessoftheonginal.InDfc“D,za∥D厂7砌甩s肠f面,2&“讲劣,SchuttleworthandCowiestatethet:woterms.“dornestication’’,intheirwordsis“thetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessofforeigntextforTLreaders".(Schuttleworth&Cowie.,andCowiestateita2004:43—44)Andfor“foreignization",Schuttleworthas:“Ate眦usedbyV,enutitodesignatethetypesoftranslationinwhichTTisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreaksta唱etconVentionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignessoftheo—ginal.”(ibid:59)1.5.2DebatesaboutForeignizationandDomesticationThepairofforeignizationanddomesticationisoRencon如sedwithanotherpairintranslation:literaltranslationareandliberaltranslation.Literaltranslationandliberaltranslationtwotranslationmethodsthatwhilemainlydealwitharelinguisticproblemsforeignizationanddomesticationtwotranslationstrategiesthatstudytranslation仃om13高校教师在彤5硕+学位论文bothlinguisticandculturalangles.InChinathesetwotermsareusedtoaconsiderableextentastranslationmethods,concemingonlyaboutthe1inguisticandculturalelementsintranslation.About‘‘domestication”,LuXunsaidin1935inhisessay’“beforetranslating,thefirstthingtodoistodomesticateortopreseⅣef.oreignnaVor?’’InhisvieW,thelatteriswhatisdesired.“Ifthepu印oseoftranslationisonlyf.orthesakeofreadership,thenwhynotadaptthef.oreignstoriesandcharactersintotheChineseones?Translationisnotjustforthepu印osetocommunicate,buttoenrichthereader’slife:atleast,thetime,theplaceandtheliketraVelingbeastoqoftheSTshouldbetrulystyle,orexposed,abpoad:theWestemtheexotictoatmospheremusteXperienced.’’(罗新璋,l984:299—303)As“foreignization",forisknownaslongtimeintheChinesetranslationcommunity,it“ou-hua/欧化",meaningthattranslationaversions,panicularlyforeign1anguageintoChinese,possessinlinguisticandculturalaspects.Later,theheaVyforeignnaVortenn‘‘ou—hua/欧化’’becomeold—fashionedforitsnarrowsenseinignoranceofputtingChineseintoforeignlaIlguages,andnowadayspopul2urithasbeenreplacedbythemoretem,“foreignization".temswasusedbytheAmericantranslatortoInthewest,thepairofLawrenceVrenutiinl995inhisbook刀iP乃祝刀s肠幻,.§砌V括访f,f纱,areexpressthetwodifrerenttranslationstrategies.TheytheoIyofGen】flanphilosopherA.Shleien:nacher.Thebasedonthemostf.amousrepresentatiVescholarsfordomesticationisE.A.Nida.Thekeywordsdomesticatingdiscourseis“naturalization".Nidaproposed“theclosetnaturalequiValence”and“thebesttranslation14OnAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationin,|D加馁镕占嚣fegP谚APerSpectiVeofSkopos1'11eoryconc印tdoesn’tsoundlikeatranslation”(Nida&11aber,2004:12).AshestatedwhatreallydeseⅣesthenameoftranslationshouldbereVealingoftheonginalmessagebyapplyingtheclosestnaturalequiValentsinofcontentsandintranslationwastemsstyle.Nida’sinconceptof‘‘fhnctionalequiValence”in1964.“Atranslationofformulatedatdynamictoequivalence,’aimedcompletenaturalnessofexpression,‘‘andtriesrelatethereceptortomodesofbehaViorreleVantwithinthecontextofhisownculture"(Nida,2004:l59).“natllralnessofexpression”signalingtheimportanceofafluentstrategy,inVolVesdomestication.Astoforeignizationstrategy,itwasculture.ItsignifiesfonnulatedfirstinGemlaninsourceandconVeystheforeigness1anguage.Lawrence、厂enuti,themajorspokesmanforforeignization,adVocatesthatinsourcetranslationshouldreVealthe“f.oreigness"language.Heputcanforththeprincipleof“resistancy’’:“Suchatranslationstrategybecalledresistancy,notmerelybecauseitchallengestheta唱et—languagecultureeVenasitenactsitsownenthnocentricViolenceontheforeigntext”(Venuti,2004:24).Venutithatadisagreesto“fluency’’.Hestronglyholdstranslatedtextshouldbethesitewhereadif佗rentcultureemergesbasedonaandresistancedominatesandthatatranslationstrategyaestheticofdiscontinuitycouldbestpI.eserVethedif五erence.Tbsumup,domesticationandforeignizationaretwooppositeconceptsoftranslationstrategy:Inf.oreignizingtranslation,atranslatorshouldnotonlyf’aith如1lyconVey“whatissaid”inthesourcesourcetext,butalsostriVetoshow“howitissaid”inthe15text.Inotherwords,高校教师在职硕+学位论文foreignizationrequiresthatthetranslationshouldconfornlthesourcetotheno咖of1anguageintherespectoflexicalexpressionsandculturaltoinformationmaintaintheforeignflaVoroftheoriginal.Butindomesticatingtranslation,thetranslationisbroughtintotheorbitofthetargetlanguageandculture,domesticationrequiresthartthetranslationshouldconfomtothenormofthetargetlanguageand如lfilltheexpectationofthereader.Inthisway;itincreasesthereadabilityofthetranslation.0ntheotherhand,domesticationandforeignizationaspectsofaareactuallytwocontradiction.Theyalwaysexisttogetheratatranslation.InordertoconveythethoughtandnaVoroftheoriginalworkaccuratelyandthoroughly'foreignizationmustbeemployed.HoweVer,toincreasethereadabilityofthetranslation,domesticationisineVitablyused.Inaaword,goodtranslationowestothetranslator’sadequateemploymentofdomesticationandforeignization.1.6SkoposTheoryasaNewPerspectiVeofTransIationCriticismInthethesis,theauthorborrowSkopostheorytoViewadequateemploymentofdomesticationandforeignization.Firstly'itisofloo虹ngattranslation,whichistext-boundstandards.SkoposnoanewwaylongerlimitedbytheconVentionalthoughttohaVecontributedtotheo拶istranslationstudiesinthefollowingthreeaspects(V-emeer’1998:231):16OnAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationinAPerspectiVeofSkoposneoryF|D—陀好口劣f咧:(1)ThemeorymakesexpIicitandconscioussomethingthatistoooRendenied:(2)Theskopos,whic:his(orshouldbe)definedinthecommission,expandsthepossibilitiesoftranslation,increasestherangeofpossibletranslationstrate西es,andreleasestrallslator矗Dmthecorsetofanenforced-andhenceoRenmeanin91ess・literalness;and(3)Itincoporatesandenlargestheaccountabilityof仃amslator’inthathisatranslationmust如nctioninsuchwaythatthe西Vengoalisattained.Secondly,thoughitsufrersf.romcriticisms,suchhaVeanas“notallactionsaim:somehaVecannoaim”(Vermeer’1998:224)and“noteVeqpu巾ose,antranslationbeassignedaintention”(Venneer,1998:226),anhoweVer,V_ermeerrespondedthateVelyactionhasliteraturetranslation.Ittakesplaceaccordingtokissofaaim,sodoesskopos,“notwiththealsosaysMuse"(Vbnneer,l998:224—226).Nordathat“[…】,skopostheorieclaimstobegeneraloruniVersalmodeloftranslation”(200l:l24)Justasapapersays,“Anyliterarywork,whateVeritscontentandtexttype,istheresultoftheauthor’screatiVeaction,whichisalwaysguidedbyacertainskopos.SocanasfIaras1itera哕translationisconcemed,skopostheoI.yalsobeemployedtos01VeitsdifjFicultiesandcon如singisfeasibletoapplyskoposasproblems".(陈刚,胡维佳,2004)Therefore,ittheo哆tothecriticismisaEnglishTranslationofChineseliteratllre.Andtranslationsignificantpartoftranslationtheory,andanessential1inkbetweentranslationtheo叫anditstherefore,it’sc“ticism.nopractice.(Newmark,2001b:84)candoubtthatskopostheorybeappliedtotranslation17高校教师在职硕十学位论文1.7SummaryFromtheaboveliteraturereview'wemaydomesticationproblem,noseethatforeignizationandareasculturalontransmissionstrategiescontmVersialagreementitsemploymentbecauseoftheenomousdi所cultiesofculturaltransmission.However'ifweaputthishardtaskintoouttopower凡ltheoretical行amework,thingsmaycomebeeasier.asSkopostheoWissuchapower如ltheory'sinceitViewstranslationculturalinteractionand“theendsbequiteefjfective,andthecasejustifyourthemeans”,whichtumsouttonotofstudy而,舭榔B嚣f昭谢isanexc印tion.Itishopedthatwithinskopostheory,choiceofstrategyinculturetransmissionmaybeexplainedclearlyandsomeproblemsinitmayalsobesolVedsoundly.Asonaresult,thefollowingchapterwillfocusthestudyofskopostheoU18onAdequateEmployTnentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryin而懒B舀啦雪鲥:ChapterTwoSkoposTheoI了andItsContributiontoT|anslationlranSlanonL:rlnClSmCriticismNordholdsintheintroductiontoherfamouswork7k,zs肠巧,zg以s口purpoS哆舡lActiVily:[…】translatingiscananactiVity.ThismeansthatoratheoryoftranslationbeembeddedinatheoIyofhumanactionactiVity:Theparametersofactiontheo哆mayhelptoexplainsomeaspectsoftranslation.(Nord,2001:1)Inotherwords,translatingorisapurposemlactiVityandeVeqcantranslatorhashisherownpu叩oses.Consequently,skopostheorybeappliedtotranslationcriticism.Therefore,inthisanch印terweonwillmakeI.easonsintroductionofskopostheoIyandgiVeservesasadiscussionthewhyitthetheoreticalfoundationofthisthesis.2.1ABriefIntroductionofSkopostheOryD配ffD,2n砂矿乃口甩s肠ffD,2&“旃醛(Shuttleworth&Cowie,2004:l56)de6nesskopostheowlikethis:skopostheo拶(Gemanskopostheorie,仔omGreekskopos‘pu印ose,goal’):An印proachtotranslationproposedinthelatel970sandtheearly1980sbyReissandstressestheV.emeer.Skoposinteractional,pragmaticaspectsoftranslation,a略uingthatdetren:11inedbythe如nctionortheshapeofTTshouldaboVea11be‘skopos’thatisintendedtom11filintheta唱etcontext.ReissandVemeerformulatethisdetenninedprincipleintoisatwoskoposrules:“aninteractionskoposcanisbeby(orfhnctionof)itspu印ose",and“the19●高校教师在职硕十学位论文saidtoVa拶accordingHanstotherecipient.”InJ.Vbnneer’s‘‘skoposputstheskoposandcommissioninTranslationalAction",Vemeertheo拶inthisway'“Anyfomoftranslationaction,includingthereforetranslationitselemaybeconceiVedasanaction,asthenameimplies.AnyactionhaSaanaim,apu印ose.Theorwordskopos,then,istechnicaltermforthe。aimpu印oseofatranslation"(V|emeer,1998:221).ChristianeisaNord(200l:27)definesskopostheor.ylikethis,“SkoposGreekwordfor‘pu印ose’.Accordingtotoskopostheorie(thetheo巧thatappliesthenotionofskopostranslation),theprime[“nciplepu印ose(skopos)oftheoVer.alldetennininganytranslationprocessisthetranslationaction."Inall,Skopostheo哆isanapproachtot啪slationoriginatedanddevelopedinGenllanyinthe1ate1970s.itisthemostimportanttheoryofthe‘Gennantoschool’culturalof向nctionaltheory,whichattachesItgreataimportance“generalfactorsinexploringtranslation.predominantlyarenectsshiR舶mtolinguisticsandratherformaltranslationtheoriesconceptofmore几nctionalandsocioculturallyorientedintr.anslation"(qtd.Baker,2004:235)Anditgenerallybroadenstheresearchfieldoftranslation,whichputstranslationresearchinthe行ameworkofsourceandta唱ettexts,orjustthetransmissionbetweentwolanguages.2.2ThreeBasicRulesofSkopostheoryTherearesomebasicunderlying‘rules’inskoposinsuchatheoⅨJeremyMunday(2001:79)1iststhemsequence:20OnAdequateEmployTnentofForei鲫izationandDomestica“oninAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheo叫F0rf煳sB昭fPged:(1)Atranslation(orTT)isdetennined(2)ATTisanbyitsskopos.aofrerofinformationintargetcultureandTLconcemingano仃erofinfomationaninasourcecultureandST.(3)ATTdoesnotinitiateofferofinfIomationinaclearlyreVersibleway.(4)ATT(5)Amustbemtemallycoherent.TTmustbecoherentwiththeST.fiVemlesaboVestandinhierarchicalorder,withtheskopos(6)Therulepredominating.Ofthem,three11Jlesareconsideredbasic,whicharerespectiVelyskoposrule,coherenceruleand6delityrule,andwewilldiscussthemindetailinthefollowingsections.2.2.1TheSkoposRuleThetop—rankingruleforanytranslationistheskoposrule,whichsaysthatatranslatingactionisdete珈血nedbyitsskopos.Inotherwords,atheskoposI-uleistheleading11】leofskopOstheoriewhichstatesthattargettranslation(TT)isdetenninedbyitsskopos.V,enneerexplainstheEachtextisproducedforgiVenasskopos1.uleinthef.ollowingway:pu巾oseandshouldservethispu巾ose.Theskopos11Jlereadsafollows:translate/inte印ret/speak/writeintranslationwaythatenablesyourtext/to6】nctioninthesituationinusewhichitisusedandwiththepeoplewhowanttoTheskopositto向nction.(qtd.inNord,200l:29)notruledoesmeanstheSkoposofaparticulartranslationtaskmayrequirea‘f托e’ora‘faith如l’translation,orbetweentwoanythingtheeXtremes,dependingonthepu印oseforwhich21高校教师在职硕十学位论文translationisneeded.Itdoesnotmean[…]thatagoodtranslationshoukl[…]confom200l:29)Anoradapttota唱et—culturebehaViororexpectation[…](Nord,importantadVantageofskoposruleisthatitempowersthetranslatorsandallowsthepossibilityofthesametextbeingtranslatedindifrerentwaysaccordingtothepu印oseoftheTTandthecommissionwhichisgiVentothetranslator.2.2.2TheCoherenceRuleTheCoherencemlespecifiesthatinasenseatranslationshouldbeacc印tablethatitiscoherentwiththereceivers’situation.(qtd.inNord,200l:32)Itisknownas‘‘intratextualcoherence”inV|ermeer’stems.Thatistosay;atranslationshouldbeproducedtobeattheleastlikelytobemeaning向ltotargetculturereceivers.Itisshouldbea_bletobesenseunderstoodbyTTreceiVersandbemadesituationafldcultlJre.JustitsreceiVerandforitscallasintheTTcommunicatiVeNordholds“Atextismademeaning向lbyreceive,’(2001:31)and“AcommunicatiVeasinteractionasonlyberegardedsuccess如lifthereceiVersinte印retitbeingsu衢cientlycoherentwiththeirsituation”(ibid:32)2.2.3TheFideH时RuleThefidelityrulemerelystatesthattheremustbecoherencebetweentheSTandtheTTor'morespeci行cally,betweentheSTinfonnationreceiVedbythetranslator,theinte印retationthetranslatormakesofthisinfomationandtheinfomlationthatisencodedfortheTTreceivers.Thefidelityrulereferstotheintertextualcoherence.onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiveofSkoposT11eo巧iIl而儿陀譬,曰甜橱妒谚andAmongthethreerules,theskoposruleranksintenextualonthetop,coherence(fidelityrule)bothareissubordinatetointratextualcoherence(coherencerule),andSkopossubordinatetotheskoposmle.thepu叩oseoftranslation,whicharetotheo叫focusesaboVeallondetemlinesthetranslationmethodsandstrategiesthatbeemployedinordertoproducea向nctionaladequateresult.Thisresultisthetargettext(TT).Therefore,inskopostheory’knowingthereasonsforasourCetext(ST)istobetranslatedandwhatthemnctionofTTwillbecrucialtotheforthetranslator.Accordingskopostheory,theprimeprincipledeteminingtranslationalanytransla“onprocessistheaction.Consequently’seepu叩ose(skopos)ofthestandardofoVerallthetheeValuatingtranslationisnothingbuttoifthetranslationhasachieVedthepu巾oseon(skopos)oftranslationalactionanddecidingthepu叩ose(skopos)oftranslationalactionisextremelysingni6cant.2.3AdequacyCriticismasaNewCriterionAppliedtO1’ranslationTraditionaltranslationtheoriestendtoemploy‘equiValence’astheonlyyardsticktoassesswhetheratranslationisgoodaorbad;howeVer,skopostheoIyfindsitnotr.ealisticandprI)posesnewconcept:adequacy.Thetraditional‘equiValence’isstatic,resulted—orientedand1aystoomuchemphasisconnotationsleVelslikeoronthequalityofcommunicatiVemeaning,souI℃e—textstylisticonea、ectbetweentheandtheta曙et—textwords,phrases,sentencesandsoon.‘Adequacy’withintheta唱ettextf-rameworkofskopostheo拶ref.erstothequalitiesofawithregardtothetranslationbde£thetranslationshould‘adequateto’the23高校教师在职硕十学位论文requirementsofthebriefItisadynamicconceptrelatedtotheprocessoftranslationactionandref.erringtothe‘goal—onented’selectionofsignsthatareconsideredappropriateforthecommunicatiVepu印osedefinedinthetranslationassignment.(Nord,2001:35)Fromthecomparisonof‘equiValence’and‘adequacy’,Itseemsthattheyareincompatible,butitisnotalwaysthecase.Skopostheo叫doesn’tnegate‘equiValence’entirely:AccordingtoSkoposisonetheo以‘equiValence’possibleaimunderthegenericconceptof‘adequacy’anditmeansaadequacytoskoposthatrequiresthattheta唱ettextorservethesamecommunicativefunctionmnctionsasthesourceteXt,thuspreseⅣing‘invarianceoffunctionbetweenSosourceandta略ettext’(Nord,200l:36)thenewcriterionofcomparedwiththetraditional‘equiValence’,‘adequacy’allowsmorefkedomfortranslatorsandmorepracticalityfortheta唱ettext.2.4AdVantages0fSkoposTheoryComparedwithothertranslationtheories,Skopostheo叫hasitsuniquemeritsasthefollowing.2.4.1DethronementofSourceTIextIntheframeworkofskopostheory,thesourcetextisno10ngerthefirstandforemostcritedonforthetranslator’sdecisions;itisthevarioussourcesjustoneofofinf.onllationusedbythetranslator.Inthetraditionaltranslationtheories,equiValence—baseditisemphasizedthatneedstointhetranslationprocess,themeaningofthetothesourcetextbetransferredta玛etreceiversequally.Sourcetexttakesthecentralpositioninthe24OnAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheo叮in而惝曰甜f昭谢:wholetranslatingprocess.AndthewholetranslationprocessisreVersible.、№订einskopostheoIMthetranslationp-ocessisin.eVersible,Guidedbythetranslationthesource-languagebrieeofthetranslatorselectscertainitemsf如moa研info肌ation(ori酉nallymeantforsource-cultureofaddressees)aJldinthetargetprocessestheminordertoformanewo行打info肌ationlanguage,f如mwhichtheta唱et-cultureaddresseesandintumseleCtwhattheyconsidertobemeaJling如linmeirownsituation.Inthese2001:321te咖s,thetranslationpmcessisineVitable.(Nord,2.4.2EmphasisIntheon1’argetReceiVerframeworkofskoposatheory,oneofthemostfactorsdetenniningthepu印oseofintendedtranslationistheaddressee,whoistheaudienceoftheta唱ettextwiththeirculture-specificwo订d—knowledge,theirexpectationsandtheircommunicatiVeneeds.EVeI.ytranslationisdir.ectedatanintendedaudience,sincetotI‘anslateameans‘toproduceaddresseesinta玛etInatextinata唱etsettingforta玛etpu印oseandta唱etcircumstances’.(Nord,200l:12)theskoposcanaddition,inskopostheoIy,bedescribedas“VariableofthereceiVer,’.(qtd.Nord,200l:29)inotherwords,theta唱et-textreceiVeristhemainfactordecidingthetarget—textskopos.MoreoVer,intratextualbeunderstandableatextcoherencemleemphasizesthatta唱ettextshouldtotheta唱etreceiVer.Thus,atranslatorshouldproducethatatleastlikelytobemeaning向ltota唱et—culturereceiVers.高校教师在职硕十学位论文2.4.3Emphasison11ranslator’sSubjectiVi够translationisaAccordingto“Skoposdesignedtotheo哕’,thehumanactiongreatareachieVeaspecialgoal;theactionoftranslatingisinnuencedbytheta唱etcultllre.Enlightenedbythesestatements,we如llyawarethatthetranslator’smoreorsubjectiVesubjectinitiatiVeacanbeperceiVedlessinhisidentityasthewithspecialgoalintheactionoftranslating.ItiscommonlybelieVedthattheValueofthetranslationdependsonwhetherthetranslatorcanachieVehisgoalimpliedinhisthetranslationintheta玛ettranslatorengageinofthehardlyaculture(许均,2003),which,intlJm,makescomplexconstmctionofrelationsmainlycomposedsubjectiVeaVoidandobjectiVefactors.Asbythesearesult,thetranslatorcanbeinginnuencedobjectiVeafactorswhiledemonstratinghisthetranslatortranslationassubjectiVeinitiatiVe,andtoundersuchsurecirCumstance,oftheasfinditnecessarywenasmakeofthesubIjectthetranslationstrategy'whichisregardedthedirectdemonstrationofthetranslator’sinteⅣentionintheInasourcetext.word,inthe纳meworkofskopostheo阱thetranslatorisallowedthenexibilitytodecidewhichapproachwouldworkbetterinthegiVensituation.ThetranslatororcultllreworkerthusenjoysthelicensetoaspanicipateactiVelyintheproductionofthefinaltext.JustGentzlersays“Incomparisontoothertranslationtheoristscitedinthisbook,the如nctionisttheoristshavedonethemostthemmaketoequalstatuswithtoempowertranslators,eleVatingtoauthors,editors,andclients,entmstingthemdecisionsthatbestrealizetheappropriate,rationalintendedcross—culturalcommunication."(Gentzler,2004:71)26onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposT11eoryiIl,.D肋℃,,B卵魍g谢:2.5SummaryAsummaqmayhelpInustounderstandskopostheo拶toallserveastheoretical仔amework.the1ightofskopostheoⅨactionisgoVemedbyitspu叩ose.Inthetranslationprocess,itisthesourcetextnottheskoposofonbutthatofthetranslator’sthatmatters.Focusingtheexpected向nctionsofthetranslationintheta唱etcultureratherthantheequiValentef.fectoftheta玛ettexttotheencouragedtomakegoodusesourcetext,translatorsareofVarioussourceofinf.onnationandtheyenjoytheflreedomofwhatstrategytofollow.Thusskopostheo叫hasshakenoffthetraditionalrestdctionsofequiValent-basedtheories,whichplacesourcetextinthecoreposition.Inofaword,skopostheoI。yisamilestoneintheeVolutiontranslationtheo矽‘bybreakingthetwo—thousand-year-chainoftheo呵reVolVingaroundthefaithfhlVs.freeaxis"(Gentzler,2004:71),widensempowersInourtherangeoftranslationandespeciallytranslator'eleVatingtheirstatusequalwithauthor.short,thebasicrulesofskopostheory’itsmeritssuperiortotraditionaltranslationtheo眄anditsuniquecriterionmaypavethewayfIorthefbllowingdetectionoftranslators’skoposindecidingf.oI.eignizationanddomestication.J%—£r‘E,.sB巴,,曙耐高校教师在职硕+学位论文ChapterThreeTheTranslators’Skoposof,b,1驴脚曰幺鲥驯DecidingF0reignizationandDomesticationInthe仔ameworkofskopostheoIy,theprimeprincipledetennininganytranslationprocessisthepu印ose(skopos)oftheoVeralltranslationaction.Thetop—rankingruleforanytranslationisthusthe‘skoposrule’,whichsaysthat‘theendVersionatranslationalactionisdeterminedbyitsskopos;thatisjustifiesthemeans’.(qtd.inNord,2001:29)Asfartranslators’skoposastheEnglishtheof多绝配厅P略isconcemed,thedetemineschoiceofthestrategy.Inthischapter,wewilldetectthetranslators’skoposanddiscusshowtheyinfluencethechoiceofdomesticationandforeignizationintheprocessoftranslating.3.1T0ArouseScholars’InterestinQianZhongshuandHisW0rksThetranslator’ssaysinpre£lceof尺)厂眺榔B船f昭以锄ongCh’enChun哥shuram(stheforemostMentieth-centu叫oneChinesenoVelists,andhisnoVeloftheWd-ch’eng(乃,胞£.,B甜f昭P力isnoVels.greatest觚entieth-centu拶ChineseWei-Ch’eng【…】TIlepresenttranslationofrenectsthatrenewedinterest,anditishopedmatitwillgenerateeven目广eaterinterestinCh’enChung-shuandhisworks.Thepassageclearlyshowsthetranslators’attitudetoQianandhis28onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomeSticationAPerspectiVeofSkopos111eo叮in而r,陀豁口缈崛鲈d:耽f幽P侮foremostTheybelieVethat“Ch’enChung—shuranks锄ongthe(凡懒B缈,绍谢)theauthorinpeacetwentieth-centu叫ChineseisonenoVelists,andhisnoVelW-ei—ch’engChineseofthegreatesttwentieth—centu叫noVels.’’TheiradmirationfortheauthorasjustifiesthemotiVationtoleaVemuchaspossible,andmoVethereadertowardhim.Ontherelationshipbetweentheauthontyandthetranslator’sattitude,Newmarksays,Ifthetextiswellw—tten(i.e.themannerisasimponantasthematt%anandallthewordsa们talcomponentoftheacknowledgedaumoritynuanceonideas),and/oriftheSLwriterishissubject,metranslatorhastoregarditissubtleandeve叮oftheauthor’smeaning(panicularly’ifdi蕊cult)ashaVingprecedenceoVertheresponseofthereader-一assumingthatthereaderisreaCtpromptly.Andagain,ifnotrequiredtoactormeSLoratextisentirelyboundupwiththecultureoftheSLoracommunity…aanoVelhistoricalpieceordesc订ptionattemptingtocharact嘶zeplaceororcustomlocalcharacter-.一thetranslatorhastodecidedwhetherisentitledto,supplementa叫infonnationa11dnotthereaderrequires,oreXplanation.(Ne、mark,2001a:Nodoubt,‘‘agreatestnoVel"is“wellwritten"and“aforemostnoVelist"is‘‘anacl(Ilowledgedauthontyunderstanding,thetranslatorsonhissubject".Basedonthisoneof耽七五P馏managedinbothways:onashand,theyregardedeVe叫nuanceoftheauthor’smeaningprecedenceoVerhaVingtheresponseofthereader’,t咖ngtoconVeythe‘‘flavor’oftheSLtext,acombinationofexoticlanguageandculture;ontheother高校教师在职硕+学位论文hand,theyoff.eredthereaderlotsofnotes,mostofthemcontainingaculturalelements,sincethetexttypeoftheSTistonoVelwhich‘‘intendedwriteaboutacertainsegmentofsocietyandacerrtainkindofpeopleinmodemChina.”(theauthor’spreface)Moreover,耽fc办P,zgisnotonly“acomedyofmannerswithmuchhumor'asatire,acommenta叮oncourtshipandonemamage,andasastudyofcontemporaryman”,buta“ascholar’snoVel’’thetranslatorscommentedintheirintroduction.Throughsection1,referencesareoutthenoVel,particularlyinmadetoChineseandWestem1iterature,suchasphilosophy;logic,laws,educationalsystems,andotherareasforeignlanguagesandfeminism.Theauthor’sknowledgeisheisprobablyforasowidethatmodemChina’sforemost‘‘scholarnoVe“st”,adesignationspecialclassoflitera叫men‘‘whoutilizedathefIormofalongnarrativenotmerelytotellkindofintellectualandstorybuttosatisfytheirneedsforanotherlitera巧self-expression.”(translators’introduction,xii)Sinceitis“ascholar’snoVel”,thestrategyoftranslationisnaturallydifrerentfromthoseofthepopularliteratureworks.orscientmcandlogicaltechnicalofTherefore,foreignizationbecomesthechoice耽fc办e悟’stotranslators.Newmarkassignsseriousliterature(belles-lettres)ofthethecategoWexpressiVe如nction.(Newmark,200la:21)‘‘Ingeneral,asemanticthetranslation(somethinglikeforeignizedtranslationbyauthor)iswrittenattheauthor’slinguisticlevel[…】andusedfor‘expressiVe’text."(Newmark,2001b:47)Nord如nctionisbelieVesthat“expressiVeThissender-onented’’(Nord,200l:42)meansthatanexpressive如nctionVerbalizedinthesource—texthastobeinte印retedinmAdequateEmplo舯entofForei印izationandDomesticationin而mE箔胁f曙耐:theextremistVenutiAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheorytermsofthesource—cultureValuesystem.Evenadmitsthatthetranslationstrategyofforeignizationismoreacceptableinthecircleoftheintellectuals.(郭建中,2000:199)Tbsumup,whathavebeenstatedabovedecidesthetranslators’choiceofforeignizationinculturetransmissioninthe202notesinitcanF6厂£陀,,B钌f昭P吐andclearlyillustratethepoint.3.21bBridgetheGapBetweenTwOCulturesObViously;it’sQianZhongshu,aleamedscholarwhohadagoodcommandofbothChinesecultllreandWestemculture,thatstimulatethetranslators’strongwishto击sseminatetheChineseculture.Andhisbookp绝记办P馏isamodemclassicworkinChineseliterature.Itisself-eVidentwasselectedtobetranslated.Thett.anslatoI.shopedtotwoculturesZhongshu.bytranslatingtheworkofawhy臃fc^P行gbridgethegapbetweenasremarkablescholarAndwhat’sQianmore,Mr.Mao,oneofthetranslators,isaChinese—originscholar,likemanyotherChinese-back铲oundscholarsiseagertospreadChinesecultlJre.thatmakesthestrategyofforeignization,foritsadVantageoftransplantationof“theforeigness”oftheST,dominantlyemployedintheprocessoftranslation.Inaddition,thesocietycircumstancespromotecommunicationofthetwocultures.Inearlyl970s,morespec讯cally’inl972,normaldiplomaticSino-Ame订canrelationshipwasestablished.SeVeralyearslater,in1978,China’s“ref’onnandopening—uppolicy'’implemented,andaChina’sstatusintheworldwaspromotedgradually.Asresult,agreatchangetookplaceinthestudyofthemodemChinese1iteratureabroad,3l高校教师在职硕+学何论文i.e.moreeffortswerelaidonthetextsthanonpolitics.(张泉,1991:15)Inaddition,theequalculturalcommunicationbecamepossible.Atthesametime,thetimeatthet11mof1980,tosomeextend,isthetransitionalperiodoftheAmencantranslationtheories.Traditionally,thecriteriaoftranslationis‘‘6delityandloyalty,’withtheorientationoftheauthorandmeST.Later.schoolsofcommunicationandcultureemphasizemoreaboutthereaderandtheinfluenceoftheTT.Sincethelastyearsof1980s,thetaskoftranslationhasbeenchangedinto‘‘preservingthedif.ference’’ratherthan“keepingthesameness".TheadistinguishedrepresentatiVeofthemoVementisVrenuti,whoadVocatestranslationofforeignizationor“resistance’’toretainthelinguisticsandculturalcharacteristics仔omtheperspectiVesofliterature,cultureandreasonsp01itics.Theasforthisinclinationislinkedwithmanyfactorssuchpolitics,economyandsocie_ty;theeVe卜increasingcommunicationofallthenationsintheworld;andtherapiddeVelopmentoftranslationitself(郭建中,2000:326)Undersuchcircumstances,thetranslators’of耽fc五P门gineVitablytoemploytheforeignizationstrategytoremainChineseflaVorandmakeitpossibletobridgethegapbetweenthewestemcultureandChinesecultllre.Asinthetranslation“ItwastowardtheendofJuly'equiValenttothe“san一向’’periodofthelunarcalendar一—・thehottestdaysoftheyear.’’(这是七月下旬,合中国旧历的三丛,一年最热的时候),bysupplement,thetranslationretainstheemployingtranscriptionwithnaVoroftheo“ginallanguageandef.fectiVelyintroduceChineseculturetoEnglishreadersatthesametime,withthesupplementtheTTreadertounderstanditeasily:Inthisway;thecultul.egapiswellbridged.32onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryiIl,’D儿陀站B邸f删3.31陆MeetTTReader’sExpectationofChineseCultureAsmentionedabove,thetranslatorsoff砀r仇曼镕B甜f昭Pdregardthewasthesourcetextas“ascholar’snoVel",besides,theEnglishVersionThesefIactssuggestthatapublishedbyIndianaintendedTTreadersUniVersityPress.areintellecmalsorscholars.TheyhaVehigherreceptionleVelandmoreexpectationofChineseflaVor'moreoVer,theyhaVesumcientabilitiestodeducethemeaningoftheimportedwordswiththeirintelligenceandimagination.Inconside^ngtheTTreaders’highreceptionleVel,thetranslatorst叮toemploythestrategyofforeignizationtopreservetheChineseflaVor.Asinthetranslationwithelementsrelatedtoreligion“ashappyCh’anganwiththeasT’angSan—tsangretumingtosutras’’(大有唐三藏取到佛经回到长安的快乐)byaemployingliteraltranslationwithknownasnote(T’angSan—tsang(596—664),alsoaHsuan—tsangandTripitake,wastoIndia,whereheVisitedChineseBuddhistpriestwhojoumeyedoVeritsholyplaces,andbroughtbacksixhundredcopiesofthesacredbooksofBuddhism.In645,whentoChinaheretumedwithaReranabsenceofseVenteenyears,hewasreceiVednotpublichonors.),translatorsonlyefrectiVelyconVeyedtothemeaningimpliedintheoriginallanguage,buthelpreaders’expectationofChinesereligiousculture.meettheEn91ish3.4T0CatertoTTReaders’ReadingHabitInthef.rameworkofskopostheolMSkoposcanbedescribedasa“VariableofmereceiVer’’.(qtd.Nord,2001:29)ThismeansmatthereceiVer,isthemainfactordetenniningtheta玛et-teXtSkopos.And“a33高校教师在职硕十学位论文textismademeaning如lbyitsreceiverandforitsreceiVer.’’(Nord,2001:readers’rec印tioninto31)Therefore,thetranslatorshouldtaketheconsideration.AsNewmarkstates:AtraIlslationisnonnallywrittenandintendedsourceforatargetlanguagereader--一evenifthelallguagetextwasw^ttenfornoreaderatall,【…】Thetranslatorhastoassisthisreader.Inplainmakeorte肌s,itisusuallyforhimtoindicatethesenseofapassagethantoaVoidtheissuebyrenderingitor‘correctly’.HemayhaVet0explainemphasizecontracts.transposeallusions,supplyareasons,【…】itishisdutytomakehisVersionlittlemoreaccessibletothereader,tofindattheleastsomepatteminnon—sense.【…】Themoredi街cultthelanguage,themoreVersionseVidentlymeactoftranslationconsistsarefeasible,andthemorea0fan‘actiVe’inte印retationaRer‘rec印tive’comprehension.(Newmark,200la:l28)AshowthereceiversusetheTTdependsontheirownexpectations,needs,previousknowledgeandsituationalconditions,inconsideringTTreaders,thetranslatorshavetoresorttodomesticationtoincreasethereadabilityofthetranslation.Comparedwithforeignization,byadoptingtheexpressingwaysfamiliartota唱etreaders’,domesticationtheta唱etreaderstheotherhand,sensecanmakeonmeoVerlapsexistingindifIferentcultllresandthetranslationmakemoresmoothandeasiertounderstand.Translatorsshouldtakeaccountofta唱etlanguage,eVenwhenit’stheirownmothertongue.Because“Eachlanguagehasitsowngenius"(Nida&Thber'2004:3)Thatistosay;eachlanguagepossessesonAdequateEmployrnentofForeig【lizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryin而m℃鼯脑fI掣破certaindistinctiVecharacteristicswhichgiVeitword-buildingcapacities,uniqueaspecialcharacter’e.g.,pattemsofphmseorder,[…】,proVerbs,mustrespecttheandsong.Hence,‘‘Tbcommunicatee日’ectiVelygeniusofeachonelanguage.’’(ibid.:4)Thatameansratherthanbemoanthe1ackofsomefeatureinlanguage,onemustrespectthefeaturesoftheI.eceptorlanguageandexploitthepotentialitiesofthelanguagetothegreatestpossibleextent.RatherthanforcethefomalstructureofOnelanguageuponanother’theefIfectiVetranslatorisquitepreparedtomakeanyandallf.omalchangesnecessa叫toreproducethemessageinthedistinctiVestllJcturalfornlsofthereceptorlanguage.Asintheexample“MissPao’sb曼垒坠!Yi墨墨坠堡h垒!堡垒墨!!Q±h鱼星Y星,andyougotyourfilljustlookingatheranddidn’thavetoeat."(鲍小姐委鱼Ⅲ餐,你看饱了,不用吃饭了。),thetranslatorschangedthestmctureoftheoriginalsentencetoTTbutadoptedthefonTlfamiliarreaders.,fo啪isnolostbutmeaningispreserved.Inthisway’TTreadershaVetranslation.difjFicultytounderstandthe3.5SummaryAshasbeendetectedandexpounded£LboVe,theciI℃umstancescontextofdecidedthetranslators’skopos.Inthesocialtime,thetranslatorsintendedtoarouseAmericaatthathi曲一educatedAmericans’interestdisseminateChineseculturetoinQianZhongshuandhisworks,soastobridgetheculturegapbetweenChinaandAmerica.Atthesametime,thetranslatorswantedto向lfinhigh-educatedAmericans’expectationofChinesenaVorandcatertotheirreadinghabit.InthelightofsopostheoWtheintendedcommunicatiVepu叩oseofthetranslationdetenninesthe35高校教师在职硕十学何论文overalltranslationprocess.Therefore,inordertoachieVetheirskoposoftmnslating蹦吝f幽鲫g,theforeignizationinculturaltranslatorsemployedbothdomesticationandtransmission.Inshort,thedetectionoftranslators’skoposmaypaVethewayforanalyzingadequateemploymentofdomesticationandforeignizationinthefollowingchapter.onAdequateEⅡlploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerSpectiVeofSkoposTheoryiIl,'D,.触豁曰船fPg甜:ChapterFourAdequateEmploymentofDomesticationand量1Foreignization0relgnlZanoninIn,D,.矿,.PSS占缈Z理P口JI[汤,.矿,留ss曰缈妇PdInthischapter,theauthorwillcategorizecultureelementsrenectedin,伲fc办P,曙andstudydomesticationandfor.eignizationexploitedadequatelybythetranslatorsinthelightofbasic11JlesofskopostheoIy4.1TheClassificationofCultureElementsRenectedin多跆记厅P,曙Asmentionedintheprecedingchapters,矿绝fc矗2,曙,whichhasbeenacclaimedChineseas“oneofmodemChina’stwobestnovels”,hasreferencestoliterature,andWrestemphilosophy,areas.logic,customs,laws,ofeducationalsystems,andotherareTherefore,Va“ousaspectsChinesecultureinformationisholds:ainVolVed.Undoubtedlyhowtodealwithculturemajorproblemintheprocessoftranslating.AsNord“Translatingmeanscomparingculture”(200l:34),thetranslationinVolVestwodiffIerentlanguagesthatcultllres.Itisnotareca州ersoftheirrespectiVebutalsoonlyatransferasbetweenlanguagescommunicationbetweencultures.JustXujunsays:“Languageistheca币erofculture,whereastranslationisthematchmakerofculture.’’(许均,2003:285)Astocultllre,itiswellknownthatitisacomplexandeVasiVeconcept.ManyscholarssuchtoasanthrI)p0109ists,linguistsandtranslationtheoristshaVetrieddefineitindifjF;。】℃ntways.It’swidelyacceptedthattheearliestreasonabledefinitionwasproposedbyEdwardB.1hylor,theflatherofculturalanthropology,in刀i8P,0肌Z“yPC“Zm彤in1871.He37高校教师在职硕十学侮论文definescultureas‘‘thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belieeart,morals,customsandanyothercap£lbilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.’’(qtd.in刘宓庆,1999:27)As£趸rareasculturalelementsintranslationfiveconcemed,Nidaclassiflesthemintoculture;categories:1)ecologicalculture;2)materialculture;3)socialculture;and4)religious5)linguisticculture(qtd.in周志培,2004:491)as:1)ecology;2)materialAdaptingNida,Newmarkcategorizesthemculture;3)socialculture—-workactivities,pI。oceduresandandleisure;4)o玛anizations,customs,andconcepts5)gesturesandhabits.(Newmark,200lb:95一l02)Giventhecategoriesclassmedbythetwosch01arsanddistinctcultllreinformationreflectedin厢吝f如明gweclassi矽culturalelementsreflectedinW色fcJIlP馏’intofourcategories:culturerelatedtothoughtsandspeech,culturerelatedtolocalcustoms,culturerelatedtomaterialpeculiartoChinaandreligiousculture.4.2AdequateEmploymentofForeignizationin助,f陀豁曰船五曙甜Foreignization,astrategyusedintranslatingprocesstokeeptheforeignnaVorofST,isdominantlyemployedbytheauthor'inordertoasachievetheintendedskoposofthetranslationthree:toarousementionedinchaptertosch01ars’interestinQianZhongshuandhisworksandmeetTTreadersexpectationofforeignnaVor.todisseminateChineseculture,topromotecross-culturecommunication,Inforeignizingtranslation,atranslatorshouldnotonlyfaith如llyconVey“whatissaid’’inthesourcetext,butalsostrivetoshow‘‘howitissaid’’inthesourcetext.Inotherwords,foreignizationrequiresthatthetranslationshouldconf.ormtothenomlofthesourcelanguageintherespectoflexical38onAdequateEmploymentofFbreignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryill,|D砌℃船曰部fE蒯:expressionsandonginal.InculturalinfomlationtomaintaintheforeignflaVoroftheofthissection,we’lldiscusstheadequateemploymentforeignizationinculturaltransmissioninEnglishtranslationof矽绝记办P,zganddiscussindetaildifrerentemploymentoftechniquesofforeignizationfordifrerentpu印ose.T.echniquesofforeignizationincludethefollowingways:literaltranslation,literaltranslationwithaasupplement,anote.literaltranslationwithnote,transliterationandtransliterationwith4.2.1CultureReIatedtoThoughtsandSpeechPeoplefromdi仃erentcount眄haVedifrerentwaysofexpressingarethemselVesbecausetheValue,cognitiVefocusandthinkingpattemdi仃.erent.Thesedifferencesandetc.BasedonarerelFlectedinidioms,proVerbs,wordplaytothis,foreignizationisemployedbythetranslatorkeeptheoriginalf.aVorwithoutdistortingtheonginalmeaning.Butithardforatranslatortoke印theformandthecultlJralconnotationatthesametime.Inordertopreservethemostculturalinfomationsourceofthemeaningwithoutchangingthelinguistictranslatorsresorttolitel.altranslation.fomofthetext,theExamplel:迩来触绪善感,欢寡愁殷,怀抱剧有垂媳。(P.7)IhavetolatebeenVelyrestlessandfitml,experiencinglittlejoyandmuchgrief.Af-eelingof‘鱼丛!丛坠堕垒!堕曼!垒旦曼hQ!Y’hassuddenlypossessedme.(p.9)autumn…一toregretthepassingoftheNote:literally’tolamentthesummeroflife.AnallusionfbmSongsoftheSouth(ChuCi),a39高校教师在彤{硕十学位论文collectionofpoemsassociatedwiththestateofChutothesouthinthe1YrangtzeVralley:TheearliestoftheChupoemsanyolderthanthethirdareprob百blynotcentu叫B.C.noInthisexample,theunderlinedparthasitistranslatedliterallyinto“autumnaltoequiValentinEn91ish,soanotemelancholy’’,thenisgiVenLiteralhisareexplaintheconnotationsandtheoriginoftheexpression.istoatranslationexplanationtypicalmeansofalienation.NewmarkgiVesthismethod,“TheSLgrammaticalconstmctionsareconvenedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordstranslatedChinesesingly,outofcontext”scholarthoughtthatagainst(200“The1b:46).MaoDun,afamousso—calledaltertheliteralonginaltranslation,superficiallyspeaking,means‘nottowordsandsentences’,st^ctlyspeaking,itstriVes‘tokeepthesentimentsandstyleoftheoIliginal’’’(刘重德,2005:49).Intranslatingofculturewords,literaltranslationaimsatremainingboththeoriginalfIormsandcontentsoftheSTasmuchaspossible.ThestrategyisemployedheretoseⅣethetranslators’intendedskopostoconveytheoriginalcultureandtogiVetheTTreadersChineseflaVor.ThescholarswhoareinterestedintheexpressioncouldhaVeabetterunderstandingbyref.erringtothenote;sincethenotedoesnotappearinarenotthetext,itwillnotblockthereadingofthereaderswhoVe眄concemedaboutthedetailsofthenovel.Thuswemethodemployedinthisexampleisnotadequate.can’tsaythattheExample2:OnAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationinAPerspec“VeofSkoposTheoryF-0rf陀,箩曰酷崛g甜:苏小姐理想的自己是:“’,让方鸿渐悲逊地仰慕而后屈服地求爱。准知道气候虽然每天华氏一百度左右,这种又甜又冷的冰激凌作风全行不通。(p.32)MissSu,whopicturedherselfinthewordsoffamiliarsaying,‘‘堑亟星!曼坌!亟b!星塑墨p曼垒堡h垒堕鱼P!望堡垒旦亟鱼曼堡Q!鱼鱼墨f至Q墨!鱼望亟i堡曼,"decidedshewOuldallowFangtohumblygazeatherinadmirationandthenprostratehimselftobegforherloVe.whowouldhaVewhilethetemperaturehoVered233thou曲tthataroundlOOdegreeseVe巧day’thissweet,coolicecreammannerofherswascompletelyInine仟ectiVe.(p.33)thisexample,theChineseidiom‘‘艳如桃李,冷若冰霜’’isasliterallytranslatedinto“asdelectabIepeachandplumandascoldasf.rostandice”.BecauseofthesimilarliVingenVironmentandcognitiVeexperience,westemersicefeelscool,andcansensethatpeachesandplumstastesweatandMissSu’sicecreammannerimpliesherprideanda11rogance,sotheliteraltranslationmethodiswellemployedhere.Example3:小方,你倒没生病?哦,我明白了!鲍小姐霾鱼亘鳖,你看饱了,不用吃饭了。(p.18)LittleFang,youdidn’tgetsick?Oh,Igetit!MissPao’sb曼坌盟!Yi曼墨旦堡h垒i堡垒墨!!Q!b曼星Y曼,anddidn’thaVetoyougotyourfilljustlookingatherandeat.(p.21)tobeeaten."Note:literally,“someonebeauti向lenoughExample4:4l高校教师在职硕十学位论文董斜川道:“好,好,虽然‘’,居然‘破镜重圆’,慎明兄将来的婚姻一定悲欢离合,大有可观。”(p.88)T、lngHsieh-ch’uansaid,‘‘Well,now.‘Thoughwaterwaspouredbeforethehorse’still,the‘brokenmillrorwasmaderoundagain.’Shen—ming’s向turemarriagewillcertainlybe如llofVicissitudes.Itshouldbeworthwatching.”(p.90)sto拶ofChuNote:‘‘waterwaspouredbeforethehorse’’:FromtheMai—ch’enofHandynasty'whosewifeleRhimbecauseshecouldnotrosestandhispoVerty:Laterhetoahighpositionthroughdiligentstudy,andhiswife,whowasbythendestitute,beggedtobuthereplied,“Ifyoucanr白oinhim,pickupsplitwateryoumayretum.’’Shethenwentawayandhangedhersel£Note:“brokenmirrorwasmaderoundagain’’:Anexpressionameaningwhotoretiealoosemarriageknot,usedtorefertodiVorceemamedthesamepersonagain.areInexamples8and9,literaltranslationwithnotesTheoriginalconnotationsareweUemployed.wellkept,ontheotherhandta略etlanguageisen“chedandthecross-culturalcommunicationisef.fectiVeIypromoted.FromtheperspectiVeofskopostheory’thestrategyofforeignizationhereisconsistentwithskoposmle.Example5:咱们从此井水不犯河水。(P.328)Fromnowonwe’Uk星曼p!鱼星dY丛型垒!盟墨星乜垒塑!曼!№堕!h曼鲨星!!Example6:42onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationinAPerspectiVeofSkoposF’D,一纾镪,B船^口g础neo叮我又不是你胜王里的蛔虫。(P.276)I’mnota!鱼p星盟Q!:里i堕YQ堕£曼!Q堡鱼堡h.(p.278)Example7:Thesparrowmaybesmall,butit’sfiveo唱ansInexamples5—7,theunderlinedpartsneVeraI.earecomplete.(p.320)inChinese,canidiomsalthoughtheEnglishreadersmayhaVeoutitshearCIofit,theyguesscanimpliedmeaningeasily.Theyanare1iterallytranslated,buttheyalsogiVesexoticcolor.Inthisway;thetranslator如lnlledtheintendedpu巾OseforspreadingChineseculture.Example8:你有种出来,别像皇鱼躲在洞里,我怕了你——(P.165)Don’thideinacaVelikea圭!墨!!瞳.Y.outhinkI’mafraidofyou…(p.171)Inexample5,‘‘乌龟’’istranslated1iterallyinto‘‘turtle”.A1thoughcan“tllnle’’inEnglishmaynothaVetheconnotationoftimidity'itbeinferred蠹’omthecOntextofthewordandtheappearanceoftheturtle.Besides,it’sgoodforintroducingChinesecultureintothewestemworld.Example9:仿佛洋车夫辛辛苦苦把坐车人拉到饭店,依然拖着空车子堕酉迅,别想跟他进去吃。(P.249)ItwasliketherickshawboywhopuUshispassengersuptorestaurantaaRermuchpainandefjE:Drt,andthenisstill1eRtodrag43高校教师在职硕十学位论文alonghisempty^ckshaw,!垒星鱼i堕gQ坠!h曼堕曼墨!堕i堕鱼,withneVerathoughtofgoingintoeatwithInthiswesthim.(p.259)literallytmnslatedinto‘‘feedingwestonexample‘‘‘‘吃西风’’isthewind”.A1though‘‘西风’’and“thetheirrespectivewind"havedif.ferentconnotationsinculmre,and“吃话风’’means“withdi衔cultyinnothingtofbedon"inChina,buttheTTreadershaVelittleunderstandingitinthecontext.Byadoptingstrategyoffbreignization,TTreaderscansensetheuniquecharacteristicsofChinese,inthelightofskopostheory,coherence11】leisachieVed.Example10:我们新吃过女人的亏,都是:鏖曼查鱼,看见女人影子就怕了。(p.130)HaVingrecentlybeenjiltedeVenbywomen,wearelike鱼i煎墨垒l塑i鱼Q£!垒曼坠!登型;weare衔ghtenedExampiell:bywomen’sshadow.(p.133)总而然之,批分数该雪虫鲎送,万万不能吝斋。(p.216)Insum,whenmarkingoneshould“曼星坠鱼堡Q垒l堕塾星垒i!墨坠Q型墨,”thatneVeris,pI。oVidethatwhichismostneeded,andbestingy:(p.224)Example12:但是为了二十五岁的新夫人,也不能二垂丕笾,……(p.452)ButfIorhistwenty—fiVe—yea卜oldb订de,hecouldnotbe曼Q曼!i堕gY旦墨!Q坠鱼g!卫鱼g星垦曼i旦g!星h垦i!…(p.453)Inthe百boVethreeexamples,theunderlinedpartsar.etranslatedintoEnglishbyresortingtoliteraltranslationplussupplement.㈨晾弓之鸟”,withcultllreconnotation“雪中送炭’’and‘‘一毛不拔’’areChineseidiomsonAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoTyiIl乃儿陀站曰酷f辔谚andhaVestnJcturesnOequiValentwordsinEnglish.IdiomshaVetheirownspecialsoandconnotations,andcanlongasthefirsthalfisuttered,theonginalreadersreadersareinferthefollowinghalfnaturally.HoweVer,theTLoRenlackofthecorrespondingencyclopedicinfonnationtoinfertheconnotativemeaning,sothesupplementofthequiteinfomationisnecessa哆fortheaboVetheTLreaderstoachieVecontextualef.fects.Inall,examplescanarethoughrendered1iterally’withthehelpofsupplementsTTreaderseasilygettheconnotationimpliedinthem.asSothestrategyissuccess如llyemployedintheseexamplestheoriginalnaVoriswellretainedandmoreoVer,itisaccept£Iblef.orTTreaders,inskopostheo叮tenlfls,thetranslationmeetsaccordswiththreerulesofskopostheintendedpu甲oseandtheoⅨ4.2.2CultureReIatedtoLocalCustomsDuringthe10ngperiodofuniquecustoms,histoncaltime,di腩rentandsocietieshaVesocialaf-on:nedbackgroundlife.TraditionalpartfestiVals,originatedfromhistoricalbackground,ismajorimportantofcustoms.Andfornlsofaddressconstituteanotherimportantpartofit.Astothesortofcultureinfomation,itisbettertoke印theircultureconnotationthanfonn.Consideringthis,thetechniqueoftransliterationwithanoteischosenbythetranslator.Examplel:这是七月下旬,合中国旧历的三丛,一年最热的时候。(p.1)ItwastowardtheendofJuly;equiValentcalendar-—-thehottestdaysofthetothe“san—向"periodofthelunaryear.(p.1)45高校教师红职硕士学位论文“三伏”,thetypicalChinesetermfornoweather,meansthethreecor】陀spondingwordtransliterationaten—dayperiodsofthehotseason.Thereisf.or‘‘三utilized.伏’’inEnglish,thereforethemethodofisAccordingtoCatfort,transliterationreferstoprocessinwhich“SLgraphological(字形单位)unitsunits’’(Catf-ord,l99arereplacedbyTLasgr印hologicalChineseare1:78)and‘‘when1anguagesuchinvolvedtheconventionofSLintoTLf.ormsisknownastranscription."(qtd.inShuttleworth&Cowie,2004:190)WhenandlanguageconVention,Baoout‘‘AstherearestatingtheculturegappointsHuinan(包惠南,2004:lO-l1)alsonoequiValentsinTTlanguageforculture-loadedwordsarecan’tinSTlanguage,andtheybereplacedbyequiValenttoonesinthetota唱etlanguage,therefore,transliterationhashelptheTTreadersunderstandthebeutilized.”Inorderthetransliterationtranslatorsemployedsupplement.Theso-calledsupplement,alsonamedaddition,means“supplyingnecessa叫wordsinaccurateourtranslationonthebasisofancomprehensionoftheoriginal’’(钭I述孔,al997:94)‘‘It’sanessentialmeanstotransplantcultureandf.requentlyemployedmethodofdealingwithculture-loadedwordsint瑚mslatingprocess’’(王银泉,2006)Inthisexample,byemployingtranscriptionwithsupplementthetranslationretainstheflavoroftheoriginallanguageandef-fectiVelyintroduceChinesecultlJretoEnglishreadersatthesametime,andwiththesupplementitiseasyfortheTTreadertounderstandit.InthelightofskopostheorMthestrategyhasachieVedboththemaximumofintertextl】a1coherenceandintI.atextl】alcoherence.OnAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationiIlAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryFa儿怫sB舀堙g甜:Exanlple2:他记起衣锦还乡那句成语,有一年乘渣明堇回县去祭祀扫墓,结识本地人士。(p.6)Oneyearrememberthesayingaboutretuminghomeclothedinglory,hechosetheCh’ingMingFestiValtoretumtoofferobeisanceatthefamilytemple,attendtotheancestralgraVes,andmakeacquaintanceswithlocalnotables.(p.9)festiVal(“clearandNote:Ab“ght”),usuallyaroundApril5,duringwhichtheChineseworshipatthegraVes.Example3:苏家园里的桃花、梨花、丁香花都开得正好,鸿渐想现在才阴历二月底,花已经赶早开了,不知还剩什么留作渣明查鱼。(p.45)Itwasonlytheendofthelunarcalendar’butthenowerswerealreadyinbloom.HewonderedwhatwouldbeleRof也星墨乜煎堕g墨堡星堕曼曼Y!b曼!i盟曼Q£!h星gh:i堕g△4i垒g£曼墨!iy垦!i望曼量£!Y△P五!:(p.49)InordertoachieVetheskopos,thetranslatorsresorttotransliterationwithannotationinthisexample,Inthiswaytheo“ginalflaVoriskeptanditalsogiVestheta唱ettextsomethingstrange,andwiththenotethecanintendedreadersChinesegetmorespecmcinformationabouttheuniqueasfestiVal.Foreignizationissuccess向llyemployedherethetranslationaccordswiththethreemlesofskopostheory.Example4:家里住近十天,已近皇赶,三阊大学毫无音信,鸿渐开始着急。(p.117)ARerhadbeenhomefornearlytendaysandtheDragonBoat47高校教师在职硕十学位论文FestivalhadcomeandgonewithnowordfromSanLuUniVersity,hebegantowo哪(p.120)Note:theDragonBoatFestival:OnthefiRhdayofthefiRh1unarmonth.‘‘端午’’isoftheatraditionalfestivalinChinaandcomesasonthefiRhdayfiRhlunarmonthandwithdragonboatistranslatedinto‘‘theDragonitsf.eature.IntheFestiVal’’withtheexampleitBoatannotationgiVingthedateoffestiVal.Inthisway,ChineseuniquefestiValiswenintroducedandtheta唱etI.eaderscouldhaVeageneralunderstandingofthef.estiVal.WesaytheintendedskoposisachieVed.ExampIe5:你为什么不对我们孙家的祖宗行礼?明天我教爸爸罚你对祖父祖母的照相三跪九业直。(p.296)Whydon’tyoupayrespectstotheSunancestors?TomorrowI’llhaVePapamakeyoul(Ileelthreetimesandko、矾owninetimesbeforephotographsofmygrandparentsInthisalsoknownasapenal妙(p.309)example,‘‘叩首’’isas‘‘叩头”,transliteratedainto“ko、Ⅳtow”.‘‘叩首’’iswhichiskindoftraditionalsocialriteintheone’sfbudalsocietyofoldChina.Itmeans‘‘tokneelandlowershowrespect”.ThoughthetranslatorgiVesnoheadtotoitfhnherexplanationceremonybut疗omthecontextthereadercouIdknowitisatoshowrespecttoone’sancestors.4.2.3CultureRelatedtoMaterialPeculiartoChinalocationanddif五团rentliVingBecauseofdistinctiVegeographicalOnAdequateEmpIoyIIlentofandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkopos111eoWForei鲥zationin肋所E£了B船f样谚areenVironment,people’scognitionofthenamreandlifestyledi疗、erent.W|ordsandexpressionsofecologicalfeaturesarethereflectionsofthecharacteristicsoftheclimate,thenaturalsun’oundingsandgeographicalenVironmentofacenainlanguagecommunity.Astheresultofdi日’erentawaysoflife,food,clothingandshelterofnationarepeculiar.ThustheseobjectiVenaturalobjectshaVebeengiVeculturalconnotations.GeneraUytoolsofproductionandtransportation,dailyetc.speaking,materialcoVersappliances,f.ood,medicine,costumes,buildingsBecausethekindofcultuI.eisI.elatedtouniquethingsinChina,thereisnoequiValentwordfortheminEnglish,thetranslatorresonedtoanotetothetechniqueoftransliterationwithandgivethetargettextl52)putsit“whenanintroduceChinesecultureexoticcolor.AsJinHuikang(金惠康,2003:asintroducingChinesetraditionalculturesuchChinesefood,weshouldfollowtheruleof‘respecttheoriginalculture’,soastopreserVecharacteristicsofChineseconVentionandthestyleofChinesenolanguage.’’WangⅥnquan(王银泉,2006)alsosynonymsinEnglish,theseholds“withoutofChinesecoITespondingldndsborrowingscomeintoEnglishcorrectVocabula巧witharetheiruniquefomandexpression,thereforetheyhardtodieoutfIromEnglishbutwouldberootedinit."Inthisway,Chineseculturehasbeensuccess如llyintroducedtof.oreigncountdes.Examplel:这‘真是有缘千里来相会’了。(p.4)It’scertainlyacaseof‘f.atebringingpeopletogetherf}omathousand丛away.’(p.9)49高校教师在职硕+学位论文Note:Apopularsayingwhichindicatesthatthosedestinedtobema币edbyatoeachother'thoughathousand£fapart,aredrawntogetherasinglethread.Lfismeasureoflengthreckonedat360pacesorabout1,890feetinEnglishmeasure.Inthisexample,theChinesemeasureoflength“里’’istransliteratedinto‘Zf”,whichhaswellpreserVedtheoriginalculmreandefjf’ectiVelyconveyedChineseuniquewayofmeasuringlength,withthenoteTTreaderscouldhaVeabetterunderstandingofit.Therefore,themethodusedhereisadequate,inthetennsofskopostheolyithasachieVedtheintendedskopos.Example2:急得~身身的汗像篮逗里前浪里没过,后浪又滚上来。(P.286)Inhisanxiety’hebrokeoutinwaVeaRerwaVeofsweat,whichrolledInovereachotherlikewaVeson!鱼星№旦g!圣皇&iY曼!.(p.297)into‘‘theeXample2,thetranslatortranslates‘‘长江’’literallyY.angtzeRive,’.BecausetheY_an舀zeRiVeristhe10ngestandalsothemostimportantdVerinChina,theEn91ishreadersshouldhaVeheardofit.Example3:五香豆(p.62)行Ve—spicebean(p.62)Example4:清蒸甲鱼(p.149)steamedtunle(p.62)Example5:onAdequateEmplo舯entofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryin励r纾班譬B酷姆谚三鲜米线(p.149)three—delicacyriceExample6:noodles(p.62)三鲜糊涂而(p.149)thFee—delicacymixednoodles(p.62)Example7:四喜肉(p.156)f.our。happinesspork(p.62)areThefiVeexamplesaboVetennsrelatedtoChinesefIood.AsNewmarkputsit‘‘FoodisformanythemostsensitiVeandimportantexpressionofnationaloftennsculture."(200lb:97)SotothetranslationofthiskindAccordingtoisVe巧complicatedduecantheculturegap.Newmark,‘‘Inprinciple,onerecommendtranslationforwordswitharecognizedone-to—oneequiValentsandtransf.erence,plusfortherest,forthegeneralneutralterm,readership."(ibid)Herethetranslatoradoptedthemethodofone-to—oneequiValentsuggestedbyNewmarktoretainnotonlytheingr-edientsofthedishesbutalsothewayofcooking.Inthisway;thenaVorofChinesedishesisef.fectiVelyremained,andweChineseuniquefoodcultureissuccess如llydisseminated.cansaythatExample8:.船走得这样慢,大家一片乡心,正愁无处寄托,不知那里忽来了两副鏖监牌。虚l笠当然是国技,又听说在美国风行;打牌不但有故乡风味,并且适合世界潮流。(p.2)TheshipmoVedeVersoslowly,whilehomesicknesswelledupineVe巧one’sheartandyeamedforrelease.Thensuddenly仔omheaVen5l高校教师在职硕十学位论文knowswhereappearedtwotosetofmajong,astheChinesenationalpastime,saidbepopularinAmericaweU.Thus,playingmahjongworldnotonlyadown-homeflaVortoitbutwasalsointllnewithtrends.(p.4)Note:Agameusuallyplayedbyfourpersonswithl44domino一1ikepiecesortilesmarkedinsuits,counters,anddice.Thet订esonearedrawnanddiscardeduntilplayersecuresawinningcombinationoffoursetsofthreetilesandapair.Inexample8,“库禾将’’istransliteratedinto‘‘mahjong",thenanoteisgiVento如rtherexplainthegame.Throughresoningtotransliteration,‘‘麻将”,whichisconsideredasanationalgameofChina,iswellintroducedtoTTreaders.Example9:鸿渐道:“反正我和辛楣对麻将牌不感兴趣。想买副纸牌来打,找遍了镇上没有,结果买了一副象棋。辛楣输了就把棋子拍桌子,木头做得棋子经不起他得力气,迸碎了好几个,这两天棋都下不成了。(p.235)Hung—chiensaid,“Hsin—meiandIaaren’tinterestedinmahjonganyway.W-eweregoingtobuyonedeckofcardstoplaybndge,butwecouldn’tfindanywhereinthetown,soweendedupbuyingaChinesechessset.、7l厂henHsin—meilost,hebangedthechesspiecesagainstthetablethelastcouplesohardthatseVeralofthemwereburstdays,wehaVen’ttopieces.Fortoofbeenableplayanymore."(p.244)52onAdequateEmplo舯entofForeignizationandDomesticationinAPerspectiVeofSkoposneoryF|D心陀豁B酷f孵d:Note:ChinesechessissimilartoW.estemchess.Butthegameisplayedonthelines,notonthesquares.TheEuropeanpawn,castle,knight,bishop,andkingaI.ematchedintheirmoVesbytheChinesesoldier,chariot,horse,minister’andking,andthegamesisthesame.Inthisthenanoteobljectofbothexample,“象棋’’isliterallytranslatedinto“Chinesechess”,isgiVento如nherexplainthesimilaritiesandthedifferencesbetweenChinesechessandWrestemchess.Owingtodifferenthistoqanddi虢rentliVingcondition,di归陀rentcountriesdeVelopeditsownuniquepastimegame.Byadoptingliteraltranslationplusannotation,theEnglishreadershaVelittlethesouI.cedimcultyknowingabouttheuniquepastimegameincultuIIe.ExamplelO:诗人听了,欢喜得圆如盔拯得肥脸泛出黄油。(p.69)Uponhearingthis,thepoetwasaroundassodeli曲tedthathisplumpface,asT’ai-chidiagIjam,wasnoodedwithbutter.(p.72)Note:Arounddiagramrepresentingtheelementyin(female)andyang(male)Example1l:斜川道:“这跟当年樊樊山把鸡汤来沏蕉羞莶的笑话相同。(p.86)Hsieh-ch’uansaid,“That’sjustlikethejokealboutFanFan—shanusingchickenbrothtomakeLung—chingNote:Abrandofgreentea.”(p.88)tea舶mHangchow.areIntheaboVetwoexamples,theunderlinedpanstransliteratedinto“T’ai-chirespectiVelydiagram’’and‘‘Lung-ching’’.Because‘‘龙井53高校教师在职硕十学何论文茶’’and“太极’’areuniquethingsinChina,thereisnoequiValentwordfortheminEnglish,thetranslatorresonedtotransliterationandnotetoanintroduceChinesecultureandgiVetheta唱ettextexoticcolor.AsJinHuikang(金惠康,2003:traditionalculturesuchasl52)putsit‘‘whenintroducingChineseChinesefood,weshouldfollowtheruleofasto‘respecttheoriginalculture’,sopreseⅣecharacteristicsofChineseconventionandthestyleofChineselanguage.’’WangYinquan(王银泉2006)alsoholds‘‘withoutnocorrespondingsynonymsinEnglish,thesekindsofChineseborrowingscomeintoEn91ishuniqueVocabula眄witharetheirfomandcollrectexpression,thereforetheyhardtodieout矗omEnglishbutwouldberootedinit."Inthisway,Chineseculturehasbeensuccessfullyintroducedtoforeigncountries.Examplell:丈夫是女人的职业,没有丈夫等于失业,所以该牢牢捧住这堡熊。哼!我偏不愿意女人读了那本书当我是笾堕。我宁可他们瞧不起我,骂我足遂扭。“你我他”小姐,咱们没有“堂堕壶眉”的缘分,希望另有好运气的人来爱上您。(p.44)Husbandsarewomen’scareers.NothaVingtoahusbandislikebeingunemployed,soshehasholdtightlytoher“ricebowl”1.W.ell,Idon’thappentowantanywomantotakemeasher‘‘ricebowl”aRerreadingthatbook.I’dratherhaVethemscommeandcallmea“ricebucket.’’2MisstoWO.Ni.Ta,wejustIhopeweren’tmeantto“raisethebowltheeyebrows.’’jsomeotherluckyguyfallsinloVewithyou.(p.46)Notel:Acolloquialexpressionforjob.(p.359)onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiveofSkopos111eoryin,.Dn陀姆曰嚣趣护谚Note2:Anexpressionthatmeansdoesnoagood-for-nothing,apersonwhomorethanconsumerice.(p.359)onNote3:Aplaytheexpression,“raisethetraytotheeyebrows,”whichconnotesmutualrespectbetweenhusbandandwife.(p.359)Asitiswelllmown,‘‘rice"and“bowl”arenotedfeatureofChinesefoodcultureduetothatriceisChinesemainfood,thusmanyChineseexpressionscontainingtheword“rice."Inthisexample,theunderlinedpartsaredirectlytransformedinto“ricebowl",“ricebucket”and“raisethebowltotheeyebrows"withrespectiVeannotations.Inthisway’wordsfeaturedChinesefoodcultureispreservedandwellintroducedandtheconnotationsoftheseexpressionstennsarewellconVeyedtoTTreaders.IntheserVeofskopostheory;litel.altranslationheretheskoposofintroducingChinesecultureandmeettheTTreaders’eXpectationofforeignflaVor.4.2.4ReIigiousCultureDif.ferentnationshaVedif.ferentreligions.WestemersinfluencedbyandTaoismaremainlyChristianity:Whereas,inChina,Con如cianism,Buddhismregardedasarethethreebiggestreligions.AndtheyhaVegreatlyinfluencedthelifeofChinesepeople.Itemsrelatedtoreligiousculturearethereflectionsofthecharacteristicsofthereligiousbeliefandtraditionsofacertainlanguagecommunity.Thereligiousbeliefofanationisanimportantpartofitsculture.AsmentionedaboVe,religionisquitedif.ferentbetweenWbstemandEastemcountries.WreandcansaythatthereligionisoneofthesymbolsofWrestemEastemcultllre.InordertospreadChinesereligiousculture,the55高校教师在职硕十学位论文translators印plyordertoforeignizationtotranslatethecontentofreligion,inandintroducetheculturalcharacteristicsofChina.Ther印roducefamousnovel耽配办P,29is如llofconceptsofCon如cianism,BuddhismandTaoism.SothetranslatorshaVeto印plycanthetermsofCon如cianism,knowbetterthemreflectedBuddhismandTaoismintheChineseversion.sothatthereadersExamplel:可是…记着,方鸿渐进过哲学系的….撒谎欺骗有时并非不道德。柏拉图《理想国》里就说兵士对敌人,医生对病人,官吏对民众都应该欺骗。圣细王L王!还退装生痘!噬起工篮垄!重王基至挝壶宣邀迸生痘!(p.11)But,remember’Fanghadphilosophyoncebeenaphilosophymajor,andtoamajorlyingandtreatingwerenotalwaysimmoral.InPlato’s凡把口,&口地soldierswerejustifiedinfoolingo衢cialstheenemy,doctorsinfIoolingtheirpatients,andinfoolingpeople.AsagelikeCon如ciushadpretendedtobe订linordertotrickJuPeiintoleaVing,andeVenMenciushadliedtoKingHsuanofCh’iandpretendedthathewasi11.(p.13)asNote1:Theoriginalincidentasrecordedinthe么行以,贸船∞“缈“)isfollows:‘‘JuPeiwantstoseeMasterK’ung[Con如cius】.MasterK’ungexcusedhimselfonthegroundofillhealth.Butwhenthemanwhohadbroughtthemessagewasgoingthroughthedoor,hetookuphiszitherandsang,takinggoodcal.ethatthemessagershouldhear.”See刃ze彳,z以彪c结矿C6,咖cf易饵translatedandannotatedbyArthuroneWaley(NewYork:Ⅵntage,l938),p.2l4.The么以n彪c丛isoftheOnAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationiIl,-D肋吧锻召舀趣妒谚APerspectiVeofSkoposTheorycardinalbooksofChineseliteratureandthought,memorizedandsmdiedformanycenturies.Note2:MenciuswasConmcius’mostfamousfollowerandlivedf如m372to289B.C.Mencius’says,entitledsimplyA童0ncf“s,concurwithmostofConmcius’basicideas,suchastheimportanceofthepeopleandtheconceptofthehumaneandrighteouskingasthefhndamentalanswertoallquestionsofgoVemment.MoreoVer,】Ⅵenciusbelievedthathumanbeingshadatendencytodogood,andthatanyonemightbecomeaSage、倍oandShun,aperfectman.Theincidentrefemdtointhetextis仔om朋a,zcf“s.KingHsuanofCh’iaskedMenciusiftheIatterwouldcometoseehim,sincethekingwasindisposed.Menciussaidhecouldnot,becausehewasnotwellhimself(thiswasalie).Asweallknow,inChina,besidesBuddhismandTaoism,Con向cianismhasgreatlyinfluencedthelif.eandValueofChinesepeople.ManyChinesesaysareoriginatedf.romCon如ciusandMencius.Inthisexample,theSTauthorwantedtoa略uethatlyingwasnotalwaysimmoralwithtwoincidentsrelatedtothetwogreatmastersCon凡ciusandMencius.Byusingliteraltranslationwithdetailednotes,thetranslatorsnotonlywellinte叩retedtheauthor’sintentionbutef.fectiVelyconVeyedthesourcelanguagereligiousculture.Inthetenllsofskopostheory,themethodemployedheremeettheintendedpu印oseofspreadChineseculture.Example2:57高校教师在职硕十学何论文只对苏小姐笑道:“不用扫兴。送给女人的东两,很少是真正自己的,拆穿了都是岱垄赵垡。假如送礼的人是个做官的,那礼物更不用说是从旁人身上剥削下来的。"(p.73)Instead,hemerelysaidwithasmile,‘‘Don’ttakeitnothingmoreantoohard.GiRstowomenarerarelyone’sown;it’sthan坠Q遥Q婴i望go伍cial,youcanflowerstoof-fertoBuddha.IfthedonorisassumethatthegiRwasfleecedoffsomeoneelse.”(p.76)Example2:她以后每天早晨在釜蓝煎画壶蚕的时候,替我默祈幸福。(p.132)EVeqmomingaRerwardswhenaMrs.Sulitincenseinf-rontofthe旦Q亟廷i量鱼r笪∑垒,shemadeTheabovecasesaresilentprayerf.ormyhappiness.(p.135)literallytI.anslated.ThestrategyemployedheresOasto向l行lledthepu巾ose:tointroduceChineseculturebridgethegapbetweentwocultures.Sincetheimpliedmeaningoftheexpressionsistranspal.ent,theTTreaderswillhaVenodi币cultyunderstandingit.Besides,literaltranslationisgoodtopreservetheculturalconnotationsofthesouI℃e-languageI.eligion.IntheperspectiVeofskopostheory,thetranslationisinconsistentwiththerulesofintertextualcohel‘enceandintratextualcoherence.Example4:总算功德圆满,取经到了酸。(p.179)WestemUlimatelyeverythingcameoutwell,andweIIeachedthe①see现代汉语词典,p.1227西天:1)我国古代佛教徒称印度2)极乐世界,即佛经中指阿弥陀佛所居住的国土。佛教徒认为居住在这个地方,就可获得光明,清净和快乐,摆脱人间一切烦恼。,极乐世界see现代汉语词典,p.528.58OnAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationaIldDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheory。iIl,6,.抛譬,B缈橱妒d:Inthisexample,‘‘西天’’isliterallytranslatedinto“theW-estemParadise"withexplanation“BuddhistheaVen”.、Ⅳhenlookingthewordupin砌g胁比朋劬觑嚣PoneD纪疗D,z口砂,ithastwoassociatiVemeanings.Onthehand,itisanancientBuddhistnameforIndia.Ontheotherhand,itreferstothepurelandwhereAmidaBuddhaliVes.BuddhistsbelieVethatpeopleliVinginthelandwillbeabletogetridofalltheearthlyVexationandobtainbrightness,tranqu订ityandhappiness.Since“theWestemParadise”onlymeanstheparadiseinthewest,notrelatedtoitBuddhism.thetranslatorsadds“Buddhistheaven’’toexplanation.AndwiththeexplanationtheTTreadersfor如rtherthatthecansensetermrelatedtotoBuddhism,sincereligioustennishardfortheTTreadersconsiderthetranslatorunderstand,f}omthispointofView;weconVeyedtheoriginalmeaning,inotherwords,thestrategyisemployedproperlyinthecultureelementtransmissioninthissentence.Example5:鸿渐翻找半天,居然发现一本中文译本的《论理学纲要》,借了回房,大有廑三蘧亟至』鳢经回至4拯塞的快乐。(p.200)Hung—chienbrowsedaroundforalongtime,thentohissu巾risefoundoutaChinesetra【nslationofAnOutlineofLogic.Hecheckedittoandwentbackhisroom,垦曼h垒卫pY亟曼!!垒坠gS垦垒:!墨垦坠g墅曼鱼!旦堑垒g!Qgb:垒塾g垒望盟i!h±h曼墨坠!!垦墨.(p.197)Note:T’angSan—tsang(596—664),alsoaknownasHsuan-tsangandto.Tripitake,wasChineseBuddhistpriestwhojoumeyedoVerIndia,whereheVisiteditsholyplaces,andbroughtbacksixhundredcopiesofthesacredbooksofBuddhism.In645,whenheretumedto59高校教师在职硕士学何论文ChinaaReranabsenceofseventeenyears,hewasreceivedwithpublichonors.IntheaboVeexample,themethodofliteraltranslationwithnoteissuccess如llyadopted.Throughthemethodthetranslatorsnotonlyef.fectivelyconveyedthemeaningimpliedintheoriginallanguage,buthelptheEnglishreaderswithdetailedcultureinfomationrelatedtothereligioustem.Intechnicalte蛐ofskopostheor弘foreignizationherehelptoachievethethreeI.1Jles.4.3AdequateEmploymentofDomesticationThoughdomesticationandforeignizationaarein而懒曰终垤Pdactuallytwoaspectsoftranslation.Inordertoworkaccuratelyandcontr.adiction.TheyalwaysexisttogetheratthethoughtaconVeyandflaVoroftheo“ginalthoroughly’foreignizationmustbeemployed.HoweVer,toincreasethereadabilityofthetranslation,domesticationisineVitablyused.Domesticatingtranslationb订ngthetranslationintotheorbitoftheta唱etlanguageandculture,domesticationrequiresthatthetranslationshouldconf.onntothenonnofthetargetlanguageand如lfilltheexpectationofthereader.Inthisway,itincreasesthereadabilityofthetranslation.In只Drf陀ssB嚣橱ged,besidesforeignization,domesticationbywhichthetranslatortomlfillthetwointendedisalsoadoptedcatertothepu叩oses:toreadinghabitofTTreadersandbridgethegapbetweentwocultures.Likeforeignization,仃eedomesticationalsoincludessometechniques,such仔eetranslationwithannotation,substitutionastranslation,andsubstitlltionplusannotation.W-e’lldiscusshowthetranslatorsemploythemrespectiVelyindealingwithdi虢rentcultureinthefollowingOnAdequateEmployInentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposneoryin乃懈B卵fPgPd:SeCtlOnS.4.3.1CultureRelatedtoThoughtsandSpeechThoughexpressingpeople舶mdifferentcount拶haVedifferentwaysofofthemselves,therede6nitelyexistsimilantiessimilaritiesareinwayscognitionoftheworld.proVerbs,andTheseonreflectedinidioms,etc.Basedthis,domesticationisemployedbythetranslatortoincreasesthereadabilityofthetranslation.Astoculturerelatedtothoughtsandspeech,itisdifjciculttorenderitliterallyintoEnglish,sothetranslatorsresonedtodifrerenttechniquesofdomesticationtoserVetheirskopos.Inthisway'theonginalfo咖isgiVenupbuttheoriginalmeaningisconVeyed.Andtheauthorwillillustratethepointwiththefollowingtypicalexamples.Examplel:ShanghaiwasInthegQi堕g墨!堡垒亟i!Y鱼Q型旦hi!!.(p.336)Chineseisusedtorefertothattheexample,‘‘江河日。下’’insituationisbecomingworseandworse.ItishardtorenderitliterallyintoEn91ish,sothetranslatorsresortedtoreplacementorsubstitution,usingBakerthinl(sor“downhill"whichhassimilarmeaningthattor印laceit.Monatheculture‘‘ThisstrategyainVolvesr印lacingspecificitemseXpressionwithtarget-languageitemwhichdoesnothaVethesametopropositionalmeaningbutislikelyhaVeasimilarimpactOntheta略etreader'’(Baker,2000:31).Itisreplacementdestroysamethodofdomestication.Althoughoftheoriginal,it’canthelinguisticproperties6l高校教师作职硕十学佗论文preservethecontextualefIfectsquiteweUtwo1anguagesareaslongasthecounte印artsinmnctionallyequiValent.Thepu印oseofthismethodisimageswiththeimagesintheta玛etlanguage.LiuthattoreplacetheoriginalMiqing(刘宓庆,2005:189)thinkssubst沁tionistheoptimumaseekingmethodtoef-fectiVelyimproVethereadabilityoftranslation.Withintheframeworkofskopostotheo吼themethodseⅣeshabitandthepu印oseofintratextualcateringtheTTreadersreadingachieVescoherencen】1e.Example2:不是我亟生(p.292)Idon’tmeanto坠£垦g:(p.303)Example3:她们有什么东西陪过米,对你堕生!(p.320)Whatsortoftrousseaudidtheybring?They鲨星!羔giyi里gYQ坠垒!Q!Qf坠业!(p.325)IntheaboVetwoexamples,theunderlinedpartare疔eelytranslatedrespectiVelyinto“brag"and‘‘giVingyoualotofbull”.Astheexpression“吹牛’’literallymeans‘‘boastunderstandtoox’’inChinese,whichishardEnglishreaders.Sothetranslatorrenderedtheminto“give…alotofbull’’and‘‘brag”,whichhassimilarmeaninginEnglish,toclearawayobstaclestheEnglishreadersandcatertothereadinghabitofthem.Intotechnicaltemofskopostheory,thestrategyoneisusedefrectiVelymeettheTTreaders’need,whichisoftheintendedskoposoftI.anslation.62onAdequateEmpIoymentofForei舯izationandDomesticationAPerspoctiVeofSkoposTheoryin而,舭嚣B鲫超妒d:Example4:拐了弯担了人家半天疆(p.49)tlyingtonatterher.Y.ouspendaUdaybeatingaroundthebush(p.53)Example5:可见一个人受里厘的容量是没有底的。(p.302)ObViouslythere’snolimittotheamountoff!垒!!星碰apersonwants.(p.314)Inthesetwoexamples,theChinesef.ixedexpressionis仔eelyeasythetranslatedinto“natter’’,whichisnotonlyconsistentwiththeST,butforTTreaderstounderstand.Byresortingtof.reetranslation,translatorsuccess向llyachieVedbothf;idelitymIeandcoherencerule.Example6:希望两位旦至4盛功。(p.144)1wishyoui盟堕星鱼i丛星盟鳗签墨.(p.148)idiom‘‘互弓至0成功’’isf琵elytranslatedintoInthisexample,the‘‘immediatesuccess”.Theliteralmeaningbeachievedassoonasof“马到成功’’is‘‘successwilldestination’’(汉语成语词athehorsearriveatthe典,2002:414).AsinancientChinahorseiscommonandimponanttransponVehicleinbattle,theimpliedmeaningisthat“successwillbeachieVedassoonaspeoplewhoridesthehorsea玎iVesatthedestination.”theoriginalexpressionhasalreadylostitsHowever,meword“马’’in63高校教师在职硕十学位论文1exicalmeaning,soweintheta略etlanguage.cansaythetranslatoref.fectiVelyrendertheidiomExample7:明早夫妻间还是鹦雀丕直(p.328)Thenextmominghusbandandwifecontinuedtomaintain塑曼!Q堕Y墨i!曼堕曼曼.(p.344)IneXample7,theChineseidiom‘‘鸦雀无声’’literallymeans“eVensparrowsandcrowsdon’tutteranysound,’’andtheimpliedmeaningis‘‘ve哕quiet’’(汉语成语词典,2002:276).ItissubstitutedbyanEnglishidiom…“astonysilence’’thathasequiValentefIfecttomaketheEnglishversionunderstandableandacceptable.Example8:信后又添几句到:::塞翁塞旦!塞翅韭叠::(p.8)Thepostscriptread:“Thismaybeablessingindisguise."(P:lO)aNote:Literally,‘‘justliketheoldf.rontiersmanlosingahorse,whoblessinginknowsbutthatwhichseemsdisguise.”Inthismisfortunemaybeaexample,‘‘塞翁失马,安知非福’’issubstitutedanoteby‘‘Thismaybeablessingindisguise”,thenisgiVentoexplaintheliteralmeaningoftheexpression.ByemployingthestrategyofsubstitutionplusaIlllotation,thetranslatorandoncanincreasethereadabilityofthetranslation,aretheotherhand,canhelpthosescholarswhoainterestedinQiannote.ZhongshucouldhaVebetterunderstandingbyref.e仃ingtheonAdequateEmployTneIltofForeigIlizationandDomeSticationAPerspectiVeofSkopos111eoryin而懒B甜蛔;础Example9:阿刘哑声告诉,姓孙的那几个人打牌,声音太闹,给法国管事查到了,大吵其架,自己的AhLiuexplainedina,等会就得鲞鳢羞下船。(p.20)horseVoicethatMr.SunandtheothersplayingmahjonghadbeentoonoisyandhadbeencaughtbytheFrenchwhohadraisedcain.HewouldhaVetoNote:、^,henahad!Q墨!!b曼jQ鱼andingetofjFtheawhileP垒曼khi墨坠星鱼鱼ingandpersonisboat.(p.23)adismissed胁mhisemploymentinshoporstore,hehastopackhisownbedding.Hence,“packingthebedding"issynonymouswithdismissaIf.romwork.Inthisexample,‘‘饭碗也砸破了’’isfreeIytranslatedinto‘‘losthisjob",and“卷铺盖’’istheexpressionsrenderedinto“packbedding”.InChinese,bothofone’smeans“losingjob",sothef.reetranslationsuccess向11yconVeystheo“ginalmeaningandincreasesthereadabilityofthetranslationaswell.4.3.2Cul毛ureReIatedtoLocaICustomsThereeXistsimilaritiesinpeople’sfeelingofliVingenVironmentandwaystodealingwithsocialrelationship,thou曲distinctiVegeographicaltolocationanddif.ferentlifestyleleadsandexpressionsofthiskindhaVenodifrerent10calcustoms.WbrdsequiValentwordsfortheminEnglish,canthetranslatorresortedto仔eetranslatiOnwhichconveytheonginaltothecontext.meaningand,TTreadersThoughculturalcanunderstanditaccordingofthemareconnotationslost,theculturalgapisnarrowedandthereadabilityisimproVed.65高校教师在职硕十学位论文Examplel:周经理听得开心,叫主任回信说:女儿虽没过门,翁婿名分不改,生平只有一个女儿,本想好好热闹一下,现在把旦遴办喜事的那笔款子加上方家聘金为女儿做生意所得利息,一共两万块钱,折合外汇一千三百磅,给方鸿渐明年毕业了做留学费。(p.9)DelightedfollowingwithaUmanner:this,ZhouinstructedWang“AlthoughtoreplyintheourmydaughterwasneVerwed,in-lawrelationshipwillremainunchanged.Ihadbutandhado“ginallyplannedtogiVehergoingtoweddinggivetheentireaonedaughtergrandwedding.NowIamsetamount,whichIhadasidefortheand!h曼照Q型碰,alongwiththeeamingsfromtheinVestmentamadewithYQ旦!!亟塑i!Y:墨坠丛盟!h垦!卫堡墨勉!…altogetherdollarsoronesumofoVertwentythousandthousandthreehundI.edBritishpounds…tof两m行nanceyoureducationabI.oadaf!teryourgraduationcollegenextyear.”(p.11)Inthisexample,theunderlinedpartsreflecttheweddingcustomsinChina.‘‘陪嫁’’and‘‘聘金’’arerespectiVely舶elydow可’and‘‘yourfamily’s‘‘propertyortranslatedinto“thebetrothalpresent”,as“theadow秒’meanscanmoneybI。oughtbybridetoherhusband",whichcanconveytheoriginalmeaningand,TTI.eaderstounderstand“yourfamily’sbetrothalpresent’’accordingthecontext.Throughf.reetranslationthetranslatorsnarrowedtheculturalgapandimproVedthereadability.W|ecansaythestrategyisappropnateasitservedthetranslationskopos.Example2:onAdequateEmplo),IIlentofF0reignizationandDomestica“oniIlAPerspectiVeofSkopos1111eoIyFD,抛姆B嚣f昭耐:沈先生向苏小姐问长问短,意思要“菱圭伯”为他在香港找个位置。(p.57)Meanwhile,Mr.ShenwasdroppinghintsatoMissSuwiththeintentionofhaVingUncleSufindhimpositioninHongKong.(p.61)Note:Itiscustoma叫fortheChinesetoaddresselderlymenuncles.Inthepresentascase,Mr.ShenisafHendofasMissSu,andhenceitisproperf.orhimtoref.ertoherf.atheruncle.Example3:他在银行里帮王主任管文书,今天满腹心事,拟的信稿子里出了几处毛病,王主任动笔替他改了,呵呵笑说:“鸿逝星,咱们老公事的眼光不错呀!"(p.63)AtthebankheassistedChieosecreta叫Wangwithletterwriting.Hisamindpreoccupiedwithhisowna矗’airs,hemadefIewerrorsinthedraRsoflettershewrote.、入,angcorrectedthemforhim,chuckled,andsaid,“brotherHung—chien,theeyesofthisoldclerkaI.eprettysha叩."(p.67)Note:Itiscustoma拶tocalla衔end,acolleague,orevenastrangerofyourownage“brother.”Exan:1ple4:刘太太道:“咱们跟方…~呃….伯伯亲热,叫友位伯抱…--,’她恨不能说“友她筮"(p.241)Mrs.Liusaid,“Let’sgettoknowyour---uh…-UnccleFang.LetMr.Fangh01dyou.”ShewishedshecouldhaVesaid“PatemalUncle67高校教师在职硕+学位论文Fang”(p.250)Note:TheChineseis‘‘Fangpo—po.’’‘‘Po—po"generallyreferstotheelderbrotheroftennalsoone’sfather,eventhoughinsomeareasinChinathemeans“Father’’Note:TheChineseis“Fangku一向.’’‘‘Ku—m"isthehusbandofthef.ather’ssister,anditsEnglishequiValentis“patemalareuncle.”relatedtofonnlotinsocialTheunderlinedpartsintheaboVeeXamplesofaddressinChina.Addresstemsaf.omsf.unctioncommunication,astheydemonstratecharacters’statusandrelationship,aswellmaintainandevenpromoteinte印ersonalsays‘‘Eacharelationship(胡文仲,ofistheproductof1995:97).Asanessaysystemcommunicationbetweenpeopleofcustomandupwithcertainnation,reflectingthenation’sisinextricablyboundasculture.’’(滕延江,2006)Addressformnotionsofhierarchyandstatus-consciousness,wellasrevealingtheemotionalbondsbetweencharacters.SinceChinesepaygreatattentiontopersonalrelationships,theyaddI.esswithdif佗rentdi骶I.entpeopletems.Thesetermscome行omalongtraditionoffeudalorigin.HoweVer’EnglishpeopledoThenotaddresspeopleliketheChinese.ten!Ilstranslationoftheseactually'addressingseemscare如llysimplebutquitethecomplicatedcontextualwOrds.translatorsshouldinte印retermeaningofthemandcautiouslychoosethecon℃spondingBecausetherearenoequiValentsinEnglishfortheseterms,theantranslatorsresorttothegenerictennsoftheminEnglish,thenaddingannotationtoexplainthespecificusageofthetennandthecon℃spondingpronunciation;ortranslatethemliterallywithanannotationin910ssaⅨonAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryin而,.纾℃譬譬占酷崛妒d:ByusingatennfamiliartotheaI.eta唱etreaders,thesetermswillnotblocktheirreading.Butiftheyculture,theycaninterestedintheunderlyingChineserefertotheannotation.Inthiswaythetranslatorscouldsatis母theexpectationoftargetreaders.4.3.3CultureRelatedtoMaterialPeculiartoChinalocationanddif五oI.ent1iVingBecauseofdistinctiVegeographicalenVironment,people’scognitionofthePeoplenatureandlifestylearediff-erent.describetheirliVingHoweVer’enVironmentwithexistdifrerentwordsandingeographicalexpressions.theresimilaritiesenVironmentandcharacteristicsoftheclimate,butwordsandexpressionsofecologicalf.eaturesarethereflectionsofthecharacteristicsoftheaclimate,thenaturalsurroundingsandgeographicalenVironmentofoncertain1anguagecommunity.Basedexpressthesameorthis,distinctformsareusedtosimilarthings.areBecausethiskindofexpI.essionsChina,therearenorelatedtouniquethingsinequiValentwordsfortheminEnglish,thetranslatorscanresortedtothetechniqueof仔eetranslationwhichconVeystheoriginalmeaningbyusingfIamiliarexpressionstoTTreaders.Andthiscanbe如llyillustratedwiththef0110wingExample:ex锄ple.不免象黄梅垃苴的墙壁(P.239)resembledthewallsduringtherainyseason.(p.248)BecauseofthedistinctiVegeographicalconditions,inthemiddleandlowerreachesofandthe、倍ngtzeRiVerainthematureperiodofplum(usu.AprilMay)thereissuccessionofwetandoVercastdays高校教师在职硕十学位论文thatisnamed‘‘黄梅时节’’(1iterallymeansplumseasons)incanChinese,Chinesereaderscomprehenditsconnotationbecausetheysharetheculturalbackgroundknowledge.Butifitisliterallytranslatedinto“plumseason”,TTreaderswillbeatweathercharacteristic.translatorsmlfiUtheByalossfortheydonothaVetheuniqueitwith“therainyseason",replacingthepu印osethatofcateringtotheTTreaders’readinghabit.thisisnotanSowecannotsayadequateemploymentofdomestication.4.3.4ReUgiousCultureItistTlJethatinChina,Con凡cianism,BuddhismandT.aoismregardedasarethethreebiggestreligions.AndtheyhaVegreatlyinfluencedusethelifeofChinesepeople.ButwiththefIrequentindailylifeforlongtime,someexpressionscomingf.romthereligions,graduallylosetheirreligiousmeaning.Ontheotherhand,theseexpressionsinChinesedonothaVetheircompleteequivalentsinEnglish,sotheliteraltranslationofthemwouldundoubtedlypuzzlethewestemreaders.Asaresult,thetranslatorsreplacethemwith向nctionallyequiValentimages.AlthoughtheoriginallinguisticpropertieshaVen’tbeencompletelypreserved,theEnglishreaders.readerscangetthesamecontextualef.fectsasweChineseExample1:鸿渐本想骂阿刘,但看见他郑重其事地拿出这么一件鎏室,忍不住大笑。(p.22)AtfirstFangwantedtoscoldAhLiu,butseeinghowseriouslyAh70OnAdequateEmploymentofForeigIlizationaIldDomesticationAPerSpectiVeofSkopOs111eo叮in乃惝B醯f昭Pd:helpinglaughing.Liuhadpulledoutthis望!鱼gi堡垒!Q坠j星堡!,hecouldn’t(p.24)Example2:他们失声奇怪,李梅亭面有得色道:“这是我的随身这室。"只要有它,中国书全烧完了,我还能照样在中国文学系开课程。【卫:!鱼Q)Theygraspedinwonder.“Thisismy墨!Q堡ki堕!盟亟曼,”explainedLi,100kingpleasedwithhim.“AslongasIhaVethis,eVenifalltheonbooksinChinawerebumed,IcouldstiUgousualintheChineseLiteraturegiVingcoursesasD印artment.”(p.156)Example3:好法,便问他要刚才写的诗来看。㈣thisman’spoet叫must鸿渐咋舌不下,想东坡的诗还不入他选退,这人做的诗不知怎样Hung—chienclickedhistongueinsu印rise.IfSuTung—po’spoet呵doesn’t盟星丛bi墨星墨!盟堡,hethought,heaVenonlylmowshowsuperbbe.(p.92)Example4:这时候他的心理,仿佛临考抱鳇脚的学生睡了一晚,发现自以为温熟的功课,还是生的,只好撒谎说,到上海不多几天特来拜访。(p.47)Likeastudentwhohascrammedf.oraanexaminationbutfindshehasfo唱ottenever”hingaRernight’ssleep,Hung—chiencouldonlylie,asayingthathehadn’tbeenintownformorethanmadeafewdaysandhadpointofcomingtoseeher.(p.49)71高校教师住职硕十学位论文Example5:张太太信佛,自说天天念十遍“自壅狃世童筵”,求菩萨保佑中国军队打胜,又说这麴童显灵验得很,……(p.88)Mrs.ChangwasaBiddhistandsaidthatsher-ecitedathe“God(1l燮Q!丛星丝Y£垒鱼旦!”tentimesChina’annyinitsfightdaytobegtheBodhissattVatoprotectchant,shef.orVictory.Thissaidwasemcacious…(p.89)Note:IncantationappealingtotheknownasWhiteGoddessofMercy;alsoKuanⅥn,theprotectressofwomenandchildren,thebestowerofchildrenThereareandtheall-compassionatemother.-goddess.numberlessChineselegendsstoriesaboutherorigin,life,andactivities.Example6:只可惜这些事实虽然有趣,演讲时用不着它们,(p.34)SuchapitythatwhiletheseitemsofinformationwereallVe叫interesting.TheycouldnotbeusedinthelectuI.e.Hewouldhaveto堑星旦鱼墨Q坐曼!hi旦g曼!墨曼.(p.36)Note:Literally,“claspthefeetofBuddha.’’Theidiommeansthatwhensomeonegetsintotroublethrou曲lackofduepr印aration,heseekshelpatlastcriticalmoment.Theabovecasesexempli矽theadequateuseofreplacementinreligiousculturetranslation.TheunderlinedwordsinChinesedonothaVetheircompleteequiValentsinEnglish,sotheliteraltranslationofOnAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkopos111eo叮in而,.拥巳镕B嚣把秽d:themwouldundoubtedlypuzzlethethoughalltheaboVearewestemreaders.Ontheotherhand,theirexpressionscomesf.romtheBuddhism,graduallylostwiththef.requentusereligiousmeaningThetranslatorsindaily1ife.images.replacethemwith如nctionallyequiValentbeenAlthoughtheoriginallinguisticpropertiescanhaVen’tcompletelyaspreseⅣed,theEnglishreadersgetthesamecontextualefrectsareweChinesereaders.Examples5and6translationcanf.reelytranslatedwithnotes.Freethenotestheintendedincreasereadzlbilityandwithaboutreaders’expectationofknowingsatis行ed.moreChineseculturecanbe4.4SummaryBesidesthe2lboVesuccessf.ultranslationexamplesoff.oreignizationadoptedinculturetransmission,therestrategiesarearemanycasesinwhichthetwoarewellemployed.Atthesametime,thereineVitablyinadequateemploymentofforeignizationseemtobeunconsideredandin月p厂f陀s譬B舀f曙以whichnosenseperfuncto呵andmakearetothewestemreadersbecausetheyskoposinconsistentwiththeprinciplesoftheoⅨHere,theauthorofthispaperwillillustratesomeofthemf.romtheperspectiVeOfskopostheoⅨEXample1:我想这邋蕴灌错了耳朵,便不客气把听筒挂上了。(p.64)Ithoughtallthatricegruelwasbeingpoureddownthewrongear’soIVe叫rudelyhunguponher.(p.67)Note:“ricegruel'’meanssweatandflatteringwords.、Ⅳhen“rice高校教师在职硕十学位论文gmelispoureddownthewrongear,’’itmeanstheflatte叫hasnotachieveditsdesiredefrectandhaspossiblybackfired,orithasbeensaidtothewrongperson.Inthisexample,‘‘迷汤’’ismistranslatedinto‘‘ricegruel”,whichisintummeans‘‘米汤’’inChineseandeasilyleadtomisunderstandingofTTreaders.FromtheperspectiVeofskopostheoIy,itclasheswiththefidelityrule,sothestrategyofliteraltranslationisinadequate.Example2:也许李梅亭压根儿在望担星。(p.185—186)MaybeLi’s!Qy星i墨垦!!Q坠星二曼i鱼星鱼.(p.193)Example3:金塑有缘来相会,明日你东我向凹。(p.155)!hi墨堡Q塑i坠g(p.159)CompaI.edtheunderlinedpaIrtsinChinesewiththoseaccordinglyinEnglishintheaboVeexamples,itisclearlythatthetranslatordidn’tunderstandtheoriginalmeaningintheSToftheunderlinedparts.Thewemetbyfate.TbmollrowyougoeastandIheadwest.idiom“单相思’’actuallymeans‘‘one.sidelove’’literallMbutaccordingtothecontext,theidiomhasnothingtodowithlove,itisjustawordplaytosuggestthat‘‘Li’swishisallone.sided’’;andinexamplebettertorendered4,‘‘今朝’’isainto“today'’whichistocontrastto“tomorrow”.Inword,thestrategyisemployedunsuccessfullybecausethetranslationsarenotfaithmltotheoriginal.Example4:74onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkopos111eoryin只,懒B缈啦弦d:指着刀|j些±馒达。(p.178)PointingtotheIncoarsesteamedbread…(p.185)thisexample,thetranslatortranslated‘‘土馒头’’literallyinto“coarsesteamedbread’’withoutnoannotation.Actually“土馒头’’means‘‘graVe’’inEnglishratherthan‘‘coarsesteamedbread”.ObViouslythemistranslationmakesnosensetoTTreaders.Inthetemsofskopostheo拶itdoesnotaccordwithcoherencerule.theaboveinunsuccessfulculturetranslationthereexamplesareBesidesofforeignizationadoptedtransmission,ineVitablytheinadequateemploymentofdomesticationangleofskoposExamplel:in,『D以陀鼯B嚣,已护d行omtheoIy.Wre’lltakesomef.orexample.两万迭钱(p.8)AsumofoVertwentythousandExample2:dollars(p.11)远及千里之外(p.7)AcrossseVeralhundredExample3:miles(p.1O)用不剑王里迢迢去招来。(p.202)Therewasnoneedtohaveitsentf两mhundredsofmilesaway.(p.2lO)Intheabovethreeexamples,theChineseuniqueunitofmoneyandlength‘‘块’’and‘‘里’’are仔eelytranslatedinto‘‘dollar,’and‘‘mile’’whichusedbyAmericans.TheinadequatetranslationuniquecultureofChinesemeasuringunitnorcanneitherspreadthemaketheEn91ishreadereVenknowaboutthesettingoftheoriginalnoVel,andmisleadtheTT75高校教师在职硕十学何论文readerstothinkthat‘‘dollar,’and“mile’’arealsousedinChina.AsV色nutipointsout:‘‘producewith(TT)readersownwithnarcissistic(自恋的)inaexperienceofrecognizingtheir2004:cultureInthecultureofother."(Shuttleworth&Cowie,43—44)perspectiVeskopostheorie,thetranslationbetraysskoposruleandfidelityrule.Example4:那男孩子的母亲已有三十丌外,穿件半旧的黑纱旗塑,满面劳碌困倦,加上天生的倒挂眉毛,愈觉愁苦可怜。(p.2)Thetoddler’smother,alreadyinherthirties,waswearinganoldblackchif.fonChinesedress,afacemarkedbyto订andweariness,herslantingdownwardeyebrowsmadehereVerlookmoremiserable.(p.5)Note:TheChinesedressrefertoC%’f节么D,whichhasthatusually行tsclosetotheneck.ahighcollar‘‘旗袍’’isakindofclothesuniqueinChina,whichisaaclose—fittingwoman’sdress.Ithasslitskirt.T.oahighcollarthatusuaUyfitsclosetotheneckandthebackgroundofthenoVelcertainextent,‘‘旗袍’’reVealsof多绝记办P,29.Becauseduringthetimethesto拶happened‘‘旗袍’’werepopularlyinChina,almostthefemalecharactersinitwearthistypeofdressandasaresult,itoccurs行.equentlyinthesourcetext.HoweVerthetranslator仔eelytranslatestheminto‘‘Chinesedress’’withouttakingtheTTreaderintoaccount.AsTTreaderisentitledtoknowmoreaboutthesettingofthestory’whichwouldhelpthemcomprehendthewholeAsastoⅨtheytranslator,heshouldhaVesupportedinfIonnationtoasmuchascouldmeettheneedofta略etreader.Asato“旗袍”,thetranslatorrendereditwith疔eetranslationwithsimplenotewhichmeansnothing76onAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomeSticationAPerspectiVeofSkoposTheoryiIl肋以陀譬譬召舀把gPd:totheTTreader.Wbsaythestrategyenlployedhel.edoesn’tachieVedtheintendedskoposofintroducingChinesecultuI.e.Example5:……端午吃!l辽,他把有赤豆的粽子尖儿全吃了,、—,henhe……(p326)ate煎坌曼亟坠堕p!i坠g墨duringtheDragonBoatFestiVal,he’deata11thetipswiththeredbeansinthem…(p322)Example6:尽直近短:.:、土直压:匿,学者未必能为良师。(p214)‘‘sometimesafootistooshortandaaninchistoo10ng.Asch01ar21O)theDragonisdoesn’tnecessarilymakegoodteacher’’.(pIntheaboveeXamples,thetraditionalBoatFestiValwastranslatedintofood‘‘2盘王”for“!i堡星亟坠幽卫!i塾g墨”,whichorVe拶difrerentf而mtheoriginalmeaningeitheriningredientscooking.Inexample6,theunderlinedpartisathewayofChinesesayingmeaning“eVeqbodyhasoriginal,thehisstrengthsandweaknesses."ComparedwithinadequatetheorcorrespondingtranslationisobViouslymistranslated.Thusthestrategyemployedinthisexamplesisinadequate,becauseitcan’tspreadChinesecultur.e,what’sworse,itwouldleadtoTTreadersmisunderstandingofChinesecultureoreVenbeingata10ss,inthetennsofskopostheoIMthiskindoftIIanslationbetraysskoposmle,fidelitymleandoncoherencemle.BasedthepreViouschapter,thischaptertriestofhrtherproVetheexplanatoWpowerofskopostheo眄onthechoiceofforeignizationanddomesticationwiththeexamplesf.rom上砀,断酷sB鲫fegPd.Becauseskoposdecidesthestrategy’toareservetheskopos,foreignizationanddomesticationnexiblyemployedbythetranslators,butthroughcare如lstudy高校教师在职硕十学位论文accordingtotheprinciplesofskopostheory,wemayfindsomeculturaltransmissionarewelldone,whereassomedeficienttranslationsalsoexist.Theexamplesillustratedinthistypicalcasesch印terareonlysomepersuadingandandit’sunnecessarythechosenf.romalltheVersion,inthisandimpossibletheoretictoexemplifycasespaper.Withadequatepower如1backgI.ound,theanalysisoftheemploymentofaforeignizationanddomesticationsuccessrenectsthat乃,一舰强,B卵i曙耐isandthismaysupplyenlightenmentforculturaltransmissionpracticein1iterarytranslation.78onAdequateEmploymentofForei印izationandDomesticationAPerspectiVeofSkopos111eoryin而懒B卵厶酬:ConclusionAsiswell-known,translationistranscoding,nolongerViewedasaprocessofSusanbutasanactofinterculturalcommunication.AsBassnettputsit:“Languageistheheartwithinthebodyofculture,anditistheintel.actionbetweenthetwothatresultsinthecontinuationof1ife—ene唱y.Inthesamewaythatthesurgeon,operatingcannotneglectthebodythatsurroundingtextinisolationfromthecultureathisontheheart,treatstheit,sothetranslatorperil."(Bassnett,2004:22)Foreignizationanddomesticationare帆ostrategiesindealingwithculturefIactsintheprocessoftranslation.Theproblemof“leaVestheauthorinpeace’’or“leaVesthereaderinpeace’’hasbeenacontroVersyasforlongintranslationstudyfield.Asskopostheo叫Viewstranslationinterculmralcommunication,soitcanbeapower如ltheo眄toexplainForeignizationanddomesticationinculturaltransmission.BasedonthetheoreticalVersionanalysis,theauthorchooses乃力陀嚣B嚣f曙以theEnglishof肫f幽P馏,arealisticacaseandmodemclassicnoVelrichincultureinformation,forachieVedgreatsuccesssuccessstudy.而厂㈣曰邸f昭。甜thetranslators’aReritwaspublished.Intheauthor’sView;theisof,br驴跚曰酷砖g谢duetoadequateemploymentofforeignizationanddomestication,namely,thedominantuseofforeignizationandtheminoruseofdomestication.Thetraditionalsource・orientedtranslationtheo拶cannotsatisfactorilyexplainusthis.HoweVer’theta玛etorientedskopostotheo哕proVideswithanewinsightit.Inthelightofskopostheory'thetranslators’purposeofthe高校教师在职硕十学位论文translationdetemlinestheoveralltranslationprocess,ifthetranslationservesskopos,thetranslationstrategyemployedisjustified.IntothesocialcontextofAmericaatthattime,thetranslatorsintendeddisseminateChinesecultIlrethroughintroducingQianZhongshuandhis耽Zc五P以g.Andatthesametimethetranslatorswantedto如l矗llhigh—educatedAmericans’expectationofChinesenavorsoastobridgetheculturegapbetweenChinaandAmerica.Therefore,theyemployedforeignizationdominantly.Orientingtowardsthehigh—educatedAmericanreadersandtheirreadinghabit,thetranslatorsaimedtoproVidethemwithanmeaning向l,acceptableandunderstandabletranslation.Domesticationisusedsupplementadly.AcomparatiVestudyof,b兀陀鼬B钌f昭’甜andF纥fc矗P,咨intheaspectofculturetransmissionf}omtheperspectiVeofthebasic111lesofskopostheo叫showsthatthetranslatorschoiceoftransIationstrategieswasmanipulatedbytheirtranslationskopos.InskopostheoIMisinsteadof“equiValence”,theyardstickoftranslationshouldbeassessment“adequacy,’,whichmeansthetranslation‘adequateto’therequirementsofthebrieethatis如lnntherequirementoftheirtranslationskopos.Since凡厂力匕ssB幺,f99eJefrectiVelymlfilledtherequirementoftheirtranslationskopos,itwasjustified.Justasapopularsayinggoes“EVelycoinhastwosides”,inthelightofbasicn】lesofskopostheoIMthereliessomeinadequatetranslationin,b广办1巴站keepitf.rombeinga曰鲫地叫,buttheycan’tItalsogivesussuccessmltranslation.Viewingforeignizationsomeenlightenment.Whenanddomesticationinlitera叫translation,wecannotnarrowlyusethenomof‘‘equiValence’’or‘‘faith如lness,expressiVenessthecontrary'intheandelegance,’.OnmodemtimewhenthediVersityoftranslationwinstheonAdequateEmploymentofForeignizationandDomesticationinFD儿他鼯B酷f已鲁馈d:APerspectiVeofSkopos111eo叮recognitioninthetranslationfield,foreignizationanddomesticationisworthtobeViewed行omnewangles.AnditisthesameBesieged.Skopostheto,6厂㈣theo姒orthefunctionalapproach,marksthewatershedoftheoriesandthe“source—oriented"‘‘ta唱et-oriented'’theories.aAdoptingtheappI‘oachofskopostheoIy,thedissenationconductssystematicanalysisbuiltonthecaseofJeanneKellyandNathanK.Mao’s月D尸f陀罗sB鲫f昭gdHoweVer,thisdoesnotneVermeantheanalysisofitisexhausted,fortheauthor’sabilityislimited.Itstillneedsmrtherresearching.Neitherdoesitmeanthattheskopostheorythatcantheo叫istheonlygiVeasatisfacto哕solutioncantothetranslationstrategyof,『D厂驴B掰B酷f曙PdInthe凡ture,wealsoemploysomeothertheoriestoprobeintoJeanneKellyandNathanK.Mao’s乃rf陀孓s曰绀f昭以81BibliographyBaker,Mona.尺D“f彪姆勘钞c却谢饧矿7玩,zs肠f面,z&“扰酷.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.2004.…一.砌D砌盯%,凼j彳C『D“瑙P6DD尼D,z乃以,zs肠ffD咒.Beijing:ForeignLanguageandIksearchPress,2000.Bassnett,Susan.乃口,zs肠砌以&“扰劣.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2004.Bassnett,SusanandLefeVere,Andre.ConstructingCultures…一EssaysForeignonLitera叫Translation.EducationPress,2001.Gentziler'Shanghai:ShanghaiLanguageEdwin.ClD,z厶吕,移pD,口,y7≯以,zs厶z力D刀】饧已D,fes.2004.Shanghai: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