医学英语第二单元翻译

Smallpox vaccination

①smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is most often transmitted by inhaling the virus.

天花是由天花病毒引起的,通常是通过吸入病毒传播

it has an incubation period of between 7 and 17 days,after which symptoms begin to appear.the inital symptoms are flu-like.A significant feature of the disease is the development of blisters on the upper part of the boby,which eventually scab over and leave scars when the scabs fall off. around 30 per cent of those infected with smallpox die,usually within two weeks of symptoms appearing.

它有7至17天的潜伏期,之后开始出现症状。初是类似流感的症状。疾病的一个重要特征是水泡上的发展身体的一部分,最终愈合留下疤痕有30%的感染者因天花死去,通常在两周内出现症状。

②The first attempts to control the disease used a technique know as variolation. dried scab tissue from victims of smallpox was used to deliberately infect young people. of those infected by variolation, one per cent died,far fewer than the 30 per cent killed by infection in the normal way.despite the risks, variolation was still used in some remote communities until relatively recently.

第一个试图控制这种疾病使用天花接种的技术知道。从天花的受害者被用来干痂组织故意感染年轻人。天花接种,百分之一的感染者死亡,远远少于30%被感染的正常方式。尽管有风险,天花接种仍是使用在一些偏远地区,直到最近。

③However, it was the discovery of vaccination by edward jenner in 1796 which marked a major step forward in controlling the disease. vaccination involves the administration of a preparation that allows the boby to develop resistance to a disease without having to be exposed to it.by

infecting children with cowpox, a relatively minor disease,jenner found they developed immunity to smallpox. by 1853,infants in the UK were required by law to be vaccinated against smallpox, though the vaccines used were not always effective.

然而,它是1796年由爱德华·詹纳接种疫苗的发现标志着一个重大的进步在控制疾病。疫苗接种涉及到政府的准备,允许身体对疾病产生抗药性而不必暴露。儿童感染牛痘,相对较小的疾病,詹纳发现他们开发了天花病毒抗体。到1853年,婴儿在英国法律规定必须接种天花疫苗,虽然使用的疫苗并不总是有效的。

④Further advances were made in the 1920s with the development of dried vaccines in france and the Netherlands. These were more effective but were difficult to store in hot climates. An outbreak of smallpox in New York city in 1947 led to the development of a freeze-drying technique which meant the vaccine could be stored for months without refrigeration, even in tropical climates.

进一步发展了在1920年代随着干疫苗的发展在法国和荷兰。这是更有效的,但难以储存在炎热的气候。爆发天花在纽约在1947年导致了冷冻干燥技术的发展这意味着疫苗可以储存几个月没有制冷,甚至在热带气候。

⑤In 1966, the WHO set a ten-year goal for the eradication of smallpox worldwide. considerable resources were devoted to the development of mechanisms for reporting and monitoring the disease. improved technology and better vaccines aslo helped.

1966年,世界卫生组织设定了一个十年全球根除天花的目标。相当大的资源致力于发展报告和监测疾病的机制。改进的技术和更好的疫苗也帮助。

⑥By 1980,the WHO could formally declare smallpox eradicated worldwide.the last naturally occurring case was reported in 1977, in somalia. the last fatality was in the UK in 1978, following the escape of the virus from a research lab. it was the first time a human infectous disease had been

completely eradicated. Smallpox was no longer a killer of humanity.

到1980年,全世界谁会正式宣布天花根除。最后自然发生的案件是在1977年报道,在索马里。最后的死亡在1978年在英国,逃脱后病毒从一个研究lab.这是第一次人类感染疾病已被彻底根除。天花不再是人类的杀手。

⑦smallpox has a number of unique characteristics which made its eradication possiple. its symptoms develop quickly, making those infected aware of the disease at an early stage and reducing the possibility of them unknowingly transmitting the disease to others. because it is almost completely specific to humans, there is a very low possibility of smallpox being kept alive in animals to reinfect humans. the availability of effective vaccines was also a necessary factor. finally, the high level of mortality from the disease made it easier to achieve global agreement on its eradication.

天花有许多独特的特性可以使其根除 。其症状发展迅速,使感染者意识到疾病的早期阶段,减少的可能性,他们在不知情的情况下这种疾病传染给别人。因为它是几乎完全特定的人类,有一个非常低的天花在动物存活的可能性使再感染人类。有效的疫苗的可用性也是一个必要的因素。最后,高死亡率的疾病使它更容易实现根除全球协议。

⑧although smallpox has ceased to kill,it remains a potential danger to humanity. though the possibility of the virus surviving in animals is very low, it is still a possibility. so , too , is the accidental release of material traditionally used for variolation in remote communities. however, the most pressing fear is that stocks of the variola virus set aside for research purposes could some day be used as a biological warfare agent. the proposal, in 2003, to inoculate health care staff in some countries against such a possibility shows that the potential of smallpox to kill remains as strong as ever.

虽然天花已经停止杀戮,但人类仍是一个潜在的危险。尽管病毒在动物幸存的可能性非常低,这仍然是一个可能性。也用于天花接种的传统材料的意外释放在偏远的社区。然而,最紧迫的担忧是,天花病毒储存的拨出用于研究可能有一天被用作生物战剂。建议,在2003年,接种在一些国家卫生保健人员对这种可能性表明潜在的天花杀死仍会一如既往地。