Keywords:attributiveclause;businessEnglishcontract;translation;principle;method
i成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文商务英语合同中定语从句的翻译摘要：本文主要介绍商务英语合同的翻译原则，并且使用大量的例句进行分析，目的在于探究商务英语合同中定语从句的翻译方法。本文得出的结论是，在翻译商务英语合同中的定语从句时为避免经济纠纷或经济损失，既要考虑到商务英语合同的翻译原则也要理解英语定语从句的真正含义和遵守中文表达的规则。但是最重要的还是要根据不同的情况灵活地使用翻译方法。对于翻译家来说，将英语定语从句翻译成中文是最困难的任务之一，因为英语从句的表达比中文的定语从句更复杂，而且在商务英语合同中就有很多冗长而且复杂的定语从句。商务英语合同作为一种特殊的法律文本需要准确和严谨，否则一点点模棱两可的翻译都会造成双方的经济纠纷，甚至可能造成中方的经济损失。这使得商务英语合同中定语从句的中译变得更加困难。因此知道怎样翻译商务英语合同中的定语从句非常重要。关键字：定语从句；商务英语合同；翻译；原则；方法ii成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文Contents
1.Introduction................................................................................................................12.Introductiontoattributiveclauseandcontract...........................................................1
2.1Definitionofattributiveclause..........................................................................22.2Thefunctionofattributiveclause......................................................................22.3Definitionofcontract........................................................................................22.4Thefunctionofcontract....................................................................................22.5LinguisticfeaturesofattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract..............33.PrinciplesoftranslationofattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract...............3
3.1Accuracyandfaithfulness.................................................................................43.2Smoothnessandexpressiveness........................................................................44.ThemethodsoftranslatingattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontractinto
Chinese...................................................................................................................54.1Leadmethod......................................................................................................6
4.1.1Prefixingtheseparatedattributiveclause................................................64.1.2Prefixingthecommonattributiveclause.................................................74.1.3Prefixingthecoordinateattributiveclause..............................................84.1.4Prefixingmixtureattributiveclauses.......................................................84.2Conversionmethod...........................................................................................9
4.2.1Subject-predicatestructure......................................................................94.2.2Paratacticstructure................................................................................104.2.3Adverbialstructure................................................................................114.2.4Conversionmethodinmixedsituation..................................................115.Conclusion................................................................................................................12References....................................................................................................................14Acknowledgements......................................................................................................15
iii成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文OntheChineseTranslationofAttributiveClauseinBusinessEnglishContract1.Introduction
TheexplorationoftranslatingattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontractisrarelyseen,inspiteofthefactthatthefrequentlyusedlongandcomplicatedattributiveclauseisaveryimportantcharacteristicmakingthelanguageofbusinessEnglishcontract.Forthisreason,inthisthesistheauthorintendstoinvestigatethemethodsandprinciplesoftranslationofattributiveclauseincontractonthebasisofanalysisthestructureofEnglishattributiveclause.WiththedevelopingofChinesereformandopen-up,especiallyafterChina’sentrytoWTO,Chinahasbecomemoreandmoreactiveininternationalbusinessactivities.Itisimpossibleforbusinesstobeconductedwithoutcontract,sothetranslationofbusinesscontractisveryimportant,andalsoconstitutesanareaofscholarlystudies.ManyChinesescholarshavemadegreateffortstoexplorethisarea.Somescholarsdiscussedtheprincipleofbusinesscontracttranslation(胡庚申，2001).(Cai,2010).
Anotherscholardiscussedtheclausesincontract
Anotherscholardiscussedthetranslationoflongsentencesinbusiness
contract(车丽娟，2007).Inthisessay,itdiscussesthewayoftranslatingattributiveclauseinEnglishbusinesscontract.
2.Introductiontoattributiveclauseandcontract.
BeforewediscussthewayoftranslatingattributiveclauseinEnglishcontract,weshouldknowwhatattributiveclauseandcontractare,andwhattheyhavefunctions.AndweshouldtalkaboutLinguisticfeaturesofattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract.
1成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文2.1Definitionofattributiveclause
Attributiveclauses,alsoknownas“adjectiveclauses”,arewidelyusedinEnglish.Theyarealwaysintroducedbyrelatives,suchas“who”“whose”“that”“which”“as”“when”“where”“why”.Thefunctionoftheattributiveclauseistomodify,describeandaddmeaningtotheheadword.(Cao,2001)
Asismentionedabove,theattributiveclauseisusedtomodifyacertainnoun,butitconfusesalotoftranslatorsinidentifyingtherelationshipbetweentheantecedentandtheattributiveclause,andtranslatorscanhardlymaintaintheoriginalformoftheclauseiftheywanttoconveythemeaningproperly.2.2Thefunctionofattributiveclause
Thefunctionoftheattributiveclauseistomodify,describeandaddmeaningtotheheadword.ItisfrequentlyusedinEnglish,anditnotonlymodifiesthenouns,butalsoconveysthereason,transitionandresultinasentence.InEnglish,theattributiveclause,longorshortinlength,easyordifficultinstructure,isacommongrammartool.Itcanhavethemeaningsofreason,result,concession,purpose,conditionandsoon.
2.3Definitionofcontract
AccordingtotheNewEncyclopediaBritannia,acontract,inthesimplestdefinition,isapromiseenforceablebylaw.Thepromisemaybetodosomethingortorefrainfromdoingsomething.Themakingofacontractrequiresthemutualassentoftwoormoreparties,oneofwhichordinarilymakesanofferandtheotheraccepts.Ifoneofthepartiesfailstokeepthepromise,theotherisentitledtolegalrecourseagainsthim.Thelawofcontractexists,whatthemeaningofitis,whetheracontracthasbeenbroken,andwhatcompensationisduetotheinjuredparty.2.4Thefunctionofcontract
.Toalargeextent,nocross-borderbusinesscanbedonewithoutenteringintoa
2成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文businesscontract.Businesscontractplayanimportantroleininternationaltrade,whichkeepsinternationaltradeinorderandguaranteesitgoingonsmoothly.However,improperuseofitmaygiverisetointernationaldisputeandevencausegreatfinancialloss.ThereforetohavearoughstudyofbusinessEnglishcontractisquitenecessary.Asweallknow,Chinahasbecometheworldfactory,wecanfind“madeinchina”nearlyineverycorneroftheworld,anditsimportandexporttradeisgrowingsteadilyyearbyyear.Inordertoavoidthedisputeandloss,sothecontractneedsaccuratetranslation.
2.5LinguisticfeaturesofattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract
Incommercialcontracts,inordertomakethetermsclear,ruleoutthepossibilityofbeingmisunderstood,thecontractoroftenusesalargenumberofstructurallycomplexattributiveclause,toaccuratelydescribesomeoftheterms.Attributiveclausewiththecenterwidespreadseparationoftheword,atermwithmultipleparallelattributiveclause,oramultiple-wordattributiveclausemodifier(publicpurpose)thesituationisquitecommon.
Aboveall,itisimportantforattributiveclauseandcontract.Thereforethetranslatorshouldpayattentiontotranslatorthem.
3.PrinciplesoftranslationofattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract
Intheprocessoftranslatingsentencesinbusinesscontract,onehastobearinmindsomerelevantrulestoguidehisworksoastomakebettertranslation.Theserulesinclude:accuracyandfaithfulnessforunderstanding,smoothnessandexpressivenessforreproducingthecontractinChinese.Certainly,whentranslatingattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract,thetranslatoralsoshouldobeytheserules.(车丽娟,2007)
3成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文3.1Accuracyandfaithfulness
IfonewantstodoagoodjobinthetranslationofbusinesscontractfromEnglishintoChinese,firsthemustunderstandtheoriginalcontractaccurately.Accuracyissoimportantbecauseofthespecialtyofthevocabularyandalsobecauseoftheimportantroleplayedbycontract.Asweknow,thedrafterswilluselotsoftechnicaltermsandkeywordswithstrictlawmeaning,sowe’llneverbetoocarefultodealwiththesewordsintheprocessofunderstanding.Forexample,“exclusiveterritory”canbetranslatedinto独占区域;while“exclusivecontract”canonlybetranslatedinto专销合同,whichmeansanagreementbetweenmanufactureandretailerthatprohibitsthe
retailerfromcarryingproductsfromfirmsthataretherivalsofthemanufacturer.
Onlywhenweunderstandtheoriginallanguageaccuratelycanwetranslateitfaithfully.Faithfulnessisthemostimportantprinciplebecauseintranslation,themessageinthereceptorlanguageshouldmatchaccuratelythemessageinthesourcelanguage,andtherelationshipbetweenthetargetreceptorandthetranslatedmessageshouldbesubstantiallymessage.Otherwise,itwillbringaboutmistakesintranslating.
“PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.”
自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。(陈苏东&陈建平，2002)Infact,whenweseesuchprepositionalphraseinacontractas“onandafter+acertaintime”,thisphrasemeansbeginningfrom“acertaintime”andincludingit.Therefore,thatistranslatedas“自9月20日起”.3.2Smoothnessandexpressiveness
Theprincipleofsmoothnessandexpressivenessistheabsolutelynecessaryrequirementintranslatingbusinesslanguage.Onthepremiseoffaithfulness,weshouldgoalongwiththeprincipalandtranslateinawayinaccordancewiththeexpressinghabitsofthetargetlanguagenaturally,andtrytoavoidtranslationstyleinourwork.Bysmoothnessandexpressiveness,wemeannotonlyeasyandreadablerendering,butalsoidiomaticexpressioninthetargetlanguage,freefromstiffand
4成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文mechanicalcopyingfromdictionaries.
“DuringtheperiodfromthedateeffectivenesstotheterminationoftheContract,thetwopartiesshallholdameetingeveryyeartodiscussproblemsintheexecutionofthecontract,toexchangeviewsontechnicaldevelopmentandimprovementandlayafoundationforfurthertechnicalcooperation.Theaforesaidmeetingshallbeheldinthetwocountriesinturn.Thecontentsandconclusionofsuchdiscussionshallbewritteninmemorandum.Thenumberofattendantsofeachpartyshallbemorethanfivepersons.Eachpartyshallbearitsownexpenses.”
Firstversion:在合同生效之日起到合同终止之日的期间内，双方每年举行一次会议，讨论合同履行中出现的问题，以及就技术发展与改善问题进行交换意见，这样可以进一步的技术合作下打下一个基础。前面提及的会议，轮流在两国举行，讨论的内容和结论将载入备忘录中，各方参加人员不超过5人，各方承担自己的费用。Secondversion:本合同有效期内，双方应每年会晤一次，以便讨论本合同履行期间出现的问题，以及就技术改进与创新问题进行交流，为加强双方的技术合作奠定基础。双方的会晤应轮流在两国举行，讨论的内容和结论载入备忘录中，各方参加人员仅限5人，费用自理。Thefirstversionisnotasacceptableasthesecondone,forthesecondversionissmootherandmoreexpressive.Comparedwiththefirstversion,thesecondonebettershowstheoriginalmessageinwordingandthecharacteristicofcontractlanguage.
Inordertotranslatecorrectly,translatingattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontractshouldalsoobeytheseprinciples.
4.ThemethodsoftranslatingattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontractintoChinese
BeforetranslatingattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract,wenotonlyconformtothetranslationprinciple,butalsoanalyzetheattributiveclauseaccordingtothedeepstructureoflogicalrelation.Therefore,wemainlydiscussthetwomethods.Theyaretheleadmethodandconversionmethod.
5成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文4.1Leadmethod
Inordertoavoidtheloosestructurewhenwetranslatethelongcomplicatedattributiveclause,weshouldreservemultiplecarefulcharacteristicsoftheattributiveclauseconsideringthecompactrigorouscharacteristicsofcontract.Therefore,weshouldtryourbesttotranslatetheattributiveclauseintoequivalentChineseattributivestructurethatmeanswetranslatetheattributiveclauseintocompactmodifiersbeforethecentralwords.Inthiswaythesentencescanbetranslatedintosemanticcompactstructure,strongintegrityandaccuracy.(Cai,2010)4.1.1Prefixingtheseparatedattributiveclause
Themainstructureoftheseparatedattributiveclauseisthatthecentralwordandtheattributeconsistingofphraseandtheattributiveclause.Whentranslatingthisstyleofsentences,translatorsusuallyreversetheoriginalorder,inotherwords,thetranslatedorderistheattributiveclauseandtheattributeandthecentralword.
(1)“Beforethecommissioning,detailedproceduresofthecommissioningandperformancetestsuchasinstrumentcalibratingitemsofrecording,samplingmethods,andanalysismethods,whicharenecessaryforthecommissioningandperformancetest,shouldbesubmittedbytheseller.
Inthissentence,theattributiveclausethatisguidedby“which”describes“detailedprocedure”,andbetweenthisattributiveclauseandthecentralwordinsertsaphrasewith“of”andaphrasewith“suchas”.Therefore,whentranslatingthissentence,translatorsshouldmaketheattributiveclausebeforethetwophrases.
关于投料试生产所需的校准仪表记录项目取样方法以及分析方法等详细程序，由卖方在投料试生产提供。(2)“Thebuyeragreestobuyfromthesellerandtheselleragreestothebuyerequipment,materialsandtechnicaldocumentation,licenseandknow-howandtechnicalservicesforaplantwitha54,000kwphosphoruselectricfurnacewhichhasaproductioncapacityof30,000(thirtythousand)metrictonsofyellowphosphorusperyearand70,000(seventythousand)metrictonsofsodiumtripolyphosphateper
6成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文yearwithphosphaterocksasrawmaterialusingtheprocessstipulatedinarticle10.1tothecontract.”(翁风翔，2002)
Thephrasethat“foraplant…”inthissentencedescribesseveralnounsbeforeit.Theattributiveclauseguidedby“which”qualifies“plant”,and“witha54,000kwphosphorouselectricfurnace”isinsertedbetweentheattributiveclauseandthecentralword.Therearetwoadverbialstructures“with…”and“using…”thatfollowstheattributiveclause.Althoughtheattributiveclauseisverylong,itcanalsobeprefixedwhentranslated.
买方同意向卖方购买，卖方同意向买方出售以磷酸岩为原料，采用本合同10-1款所规定之工艺，年生产能力为黄磷三万公吨和三聚磷酸钠七万公吨的，拥有五万四千瓦黄磷电炉一座的工厂所需的设备，材料设计以及技术文件，专利使用权专利技术和技术服务。(3)“Areplytoanyoffer,whichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodifications,isarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.”
Thenon-restrictiveattributiveclauseguidedby“which”modifies“reply”.
对发价表示接受，但载有添加、限制或其它更改的答案，即为拒绝该项发价并构成还价。4.1.2Prefixingthecommonattributiveclause
Whenanattributiveclausedescribesmorethantwocentralwordsinasentence,itmeanstheyhaveacommonattributiveclause.Payattentiontomaketheorderofattributiveclausebeforeallcentralwordswhentranslating.
(1)“Alltheliterature,correspondencesandotherdocumentspertainingtothecontractwhichareexchangedbythepartiesshallbewritteninthatsamelanguage.”
Inthissentence,therearethreecoordinatenounsliterature,correspondencesanddocuments.Theyaredescribedby“which”.Inthemiddleofthesentence,aphrase“pertainingtothecontract”isinserted.
合约双方相互提交的所有与本协议有关的资料、信函和其它文件均应以上述同一语言书写。(2)“Anyexporttax,feeorotherchargesofwhatsoevernature,whichnowexist
7成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文ormayhereinafterbeimposed,shallbefortheseller’saccount.”
“Which”guidingattributiveclausedescribesthecoordinatesubjects“tax”and“fee”and“charges”.
一切现有的或本合约签字后开始征收的出口税及其它任何收费项目，均有卖方承担。4.1.3Prefixingthecoordinateattributiveclause
Thecoordinateattributiveclausemeanstherearemorethantwoattributiveclausesthatmodifythesamecentralwordinasentence.Whenthetranslatorsmeetthisstructure,sometimesitcanbeprefixed.
“PartBshallsupplytotheJointCompanyatcostwithoutanychargeforcreativeworkalladvertisingandmarketingaidswhichitnowhasorshallrequireduringthetermsofthecontractandwhichitnowrelatetotheproductsproducedorsolabytheJointCompany.”
Inthissentence,twocoordinateattributiveclausesmodifythenoun“aids”atthesametime.
乙方应按原成本向合营公司提供该方目前已拥有的或在本协议有效期内将获得的，与合营公司所生产及销售的产品有关的广告和营销设施，不另收创新费。4.1.4Prefixingmixtureattributiveclauses
Mixtureattributiveclausesmeanasentencethatincludesmorethantwokindsofattributiveclauses,suchascoordinateattributiveclause,commonattributiveclauseandcoordinateattribute.
“TechnicalInformation”meansconfidentialengineeringdata,drawings,specificationsandprocedures,cataloguesandallothertechnicalinformationnecessarytothemanufacture,whichareownedorhereafteracquiredbyPartyBand/orwhichPartyBandfinishtoPartyAduringthetermsofthiscontract.
Inthissentence,twocoordinateattributiveclausesdescribeaseriesofnouns,soitcanberegardsascommonattributiveclauses.Andthereisalongadjectivephrase.
“技术资料”指乙方拥有或此后获得的，以及/或者在本协议有效期内乙方有权支配并8成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文向甲方提供的生产，销售和维护本产品所必须的技术数据。4.2Conversionmethod
Chineseattributivestructureisthemostcompactandshorttonecomponentpartinallsortsofsentence,soithasapoorloadcapacitythatitcan’tarrangeatwillandcan’tbewithitsownadverbialstructure.Incontrast,Englishattributivestructureisthemostflexiblecomponentpartinallsortsofsentence.IfthecomplicatedEnglishattributiveclausecan’tbetranslatedintoChineseattributiveclausesmoothly,wecanconverttheattributiveclausetoChinesesubject-predicatestructure,paratacticstructureoradverbialstructureaccordingtothedeepstructureoflogicalrelation.4.2.1Subject-predicatestructure
Inthissituation,wecanchangecentralwordintosubjectandtranslateattributiveclauseintocoordinatepredicate.
(1)“Noticeshallbedeemedtohavebeengivenonthedateofmailingexceptthenoticeofchangeofaddresswhichshallbedeemedtohavebeengivenwhenreceived.”
通知的日期以交寄之日为准,但改变通讯地址的通知以收到之日为准。(2)“Thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthequantity,qualityanddescriptionsrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract.”
ThissentenceoriginatesfromTheUnitedNationsinternationalgoodstradeterms.Therearetwoattributiveclausesthatisguidedbywhich,andthedeepstructureofsentenceis“Goodsmustbe…”.Therefore,wecantranslatetheattributiveclausesintoChinesesubject-predicatestructureaccordingtothedeepstructureofthesentence.
卖方交付的货物必须与合同所规定的数,质量,和规格一致,并按照合同所规定的方式装箱或包装。(3)“Thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofa
9成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文thirdpartbasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty.”
Astheattributiveclausehasaneffectonsupplementalinstruction,soitcanbetranslatedintosubject-predicatedstructure.
卖方所交付之货物,必须是任何第三方均不能根据工业产权或其它知识产权享有任何权利或提出任何要求的货物。4.2.2Paratacticstructure
Wecanseparatetheattributiveclausefromoriginalsentence,andmakethemintotwoparatacticsimplesentences.Atthesametimewereducerelativepronoun“which”tothecentralwordandmakeitintothesubjectofthesecondsimplesentence.
(1)“Incasenoamicablesettlementcanbereachedbetweenthetwoparties,thecaseindisputeshallbesubmittedtoarbitrationwhichshallbeheldinthecountrywherethedefendantresides.”
Theattributiveclausedoesn’tmodifythecentralwordbutsuppliesthesentence,sowecantranslateitintoparatacticsentenceandrepeattheantecedent.
如双方达不成友好的协议,争议可提交仲裁。仲裁在被诉方所在国进行。(2)“IfaContractStatehastwoormoreterritorialunitsinwhich,accordingtoitsconstitutions,differentsystemsorlawsareapplicableinrelationtothemattersdealtwithinthisconvention,itmay,atthetimeofsignature,ratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession,declarethatthisConventionistoextendtoallitsterritorialunitsoronlytooneormoreofthem.”
ThissentenceoriginatesfromTheUnitedNationsinternationalgoodstradeterms.
如果缔约国具有两个或两个以上的领土单位,而依照该国宪法规定,各领土单位对本公约所规定之事项适用不同的法律制度,则该国可在签字,批准,接受,核准加入时声明本公约适用于该国所有领土单位或仅适用于其中一个或数个领土单位。(3)“Anyequipmentandmaterialswhicharedamagedduetothesellerarefaultshallberepairedorreplacedbytheseller.”
10成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文由于卖方的过失,造成设备或材料的任何损失,应由卖方修理或更换。(4)“Thedeputymanagers,oneofwhomisnominatedbyeachparty,shallassistthegeneralmanagerinhisduties.”
Theattributiveclauseguidedby“oneofwhom”canbetranslatdintoparatacticsentenceassupplementalinstruction.
副总经理由双方各指定一人,协助总经理工作。4.2.3Adverbialstructure
Sometimesthereisconditionalorcausalrelationindeepstructurebetweentheattributiveclauseandsubject.Whenwemeetthissituation,wecantranslateitintoadverbialstructure.
(1)“AnycomplaintwhicheitherpartydoesnotwishtorefertoaConciliationCommitteeorwhichisnotdeterminedbythefinalrulingoftheConciliationCommitteemaythenbesubmittedbythefirstpartytoarbitrationashereinafterprovided.”(廖瑛&莫再树,2004)
Inthissentence,thereisaconditionalrelationindeepstructurebetweenthetwoattributiveclausesandsubject.Sowecantranslatethemintoadverbial.
任何争议,如合约的任何一方不同意提交调解委员会调解,或调解委员会之终裁未能解决,均可由第一方按以下条款的有关规定提交仲裁。(2)“Areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance.”(August,2002)
Therearetwoattributiveclauses,andthefirstonedescribes“offer”translatedintoleadattribute,thenthesecondonemodifies“terms”translatedintoconditionalclause.对发价表示接受但载有添加或不同条件的答复,如所载之添加或不同的条件在实质上并不更改该项发价之条件,乃构成接受。4.2.4Conversionmethodinmixedsituation
“Alldisputes,controversies,ordifferenceswhichmayarisebetweentheparties
11成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文hereto,outoforinrelationtothisagreementandwhichtheBoardofDirectorsfailtosettlethroughconsultation,shallfinallybesubmittedtoarbitrationwhichshallbeconductedbytheForeignTradeArbitrationCommissionoftheCCPITinaccordancewiththeProvisionalRulesofProceduresofArbitrationofthesaidcommission.”
Therearethreeattributiveclausesinthissentence.Andthefirstandsecondattributiveclausesmodifythenounssuchas“disputes,controversies,ordifferences”.Thefirstoneistranslatedleadattribute,andthesecondoneistranslatedconditionalclause.Thethirdattributiveclausedecorates“arbitration”,anditistranslatedcompoundsentence.
有关本协议的一切分歧与争议,如董事会通过协商达不成协议,则提交中国国际贸易促进委员会之对外贸易仲载委员会,根据该会之仲裁程序暂行规定进行裁决。AttributiveexpressionsinEnglisharecomplexandalsodifferentfromChinese,whichoftenposesproblemstoourtranslation.Firstly,wehavetoanalyzethesentencestructure,andthenmakesurethegrammarandthelogicalrelationshipamongtheattributiveclause,themainclauseandotherclauses.Allinall,nomatterwhatmethodsweuseintranslation,wehavetopresentthecoherentandsmoothtranslationonthebasisoftheoriginaltexts.
5.Conclusion
Uptonow,wehaveputforththetranslatingprinciplesforthetranslationofattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract.WealsohavecontributedafewtothetranslationtechniquesofattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract.
AttributiveexpressionsinEnglisharecomplexandalsodifferentfromChinese,whichoftenposesproblemstoourtranslation.Firstly,wehavetoanalyzethesentencestructure,andthenmakesurethegrammarandthelogicalrelationshipamongtheattributiveclause,themainclauseandotherclauses.Wehavetobeflexibleinsentencestructure,whichmakesthetranslationfaithful,smooth,coherentandintelligibleandfollowtheChinesenorms.Intranslation,comprehensionisnoless
12成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文importantthanthetranslationmethods.Allinall,nomatterwhatmethodsweuseintranslation,wehavetopresentthecoherentandsmoothtranslationonthebasisoftheoriginaltextsofbusinesscontract.Onlybypracticingtranslatingmorecanmakeusbemoresensibleofthemethodsandimprovethetranslationspeedandefficiency.
However,it'snoteasytobeaproficienttranslatorofbusinessEnglishcontract,especiallyintranslationofattributiveclauseinbusinessEnglishcontract.WhentranslatingbusinessEnglishcontract,weshouldaccuratelyexpressourideaandstandingandlesseninternationalbusinessdispute.Itwouldbetoonaivetobelievethatbeingfamiliarwiththelanguagefeaturesandtranslationskillsisenoughforthetranslatingwork.Weneedtoknownotonlythetradeterms,butalsothebackgroundknowledgeofinternationaltrade,suchasinsurance,transportation,negotiation,civillawsandinternationaltradelaws.
Thisessaydoesn’tlistadequatemethodsoftranslatingattributiveclauseinEnglishbusinesscontract.WewillmeetdifferentsituationswhenwetranslateattributiveclauseinEnglishbusinesscontract.SowecanadopttheflexiblemethodswhentranslatingattributiveclauseinEnglishbusinesscontract.
13成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文References
August,Ray.InternationalBusinessLaw:Text,CasesandReadings(3rdEd.).Beijing:HigherEducationPress,2002.
Barrett,ET.BusinessContracts.NewYork:TheOasisPress,1990.
Cai,Rui-fang.TranslationTechniquesofEnglishAttributiveClause.RetrievedAugust,
2010,fromhttp://www.cndi.com.cn.
Cao,Min-lun.EnglishTranslationFillContingentAttributiveClause.Chinese
Translation,2001,6:32-33.
Ellen,G.BusinessEnglish.(4thEd.).NewYork:WadsworthInc,1992.
Lu,Gui-xin.OnTranslationofBusinessContract.JournalofOverseaEnglish,2010,
1:92-94.
车丽娟.商务英语翻译教程.北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2007.陈苏东，陈建平.商务英语翻译(英译汉).北京:高等教育出版社,2002.胡庚申.国际商务合同的起草和翻译.北京：外文出版社,2001.翁风翔.21世纪国际商务英语丛书实用翻译.浙江:浙江大学出版社,2002.14成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学院本科毕业论文Acknowledgements
IwouldliketothankmysupervisorHaoLinaforherinvaluableguidance,enthusiasmandsupportthroughoutthecourseofthiswork.IamalsoverygratefultoMissXuandMissYiwhoaremyEnglishteachersfortheirhelpfulcommentsandinsightfulsuggestionsduringtheresearchandwritingofthisthesis.
Manyotherpeoplehavehelpedandcontributedtheirtimetotheresearchandwritingofthisthesis.MyclassmatesXuHong-lianandYuMinhelpmeduringthisprocedure.Thankstotheirinvisiblecommentsandsuggestions.IwouldalsoliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmygratitudetowardseveryoneintheEnglishDepartmentofourschool.
Iwillalwaysbeintendedtomyfamily,especiallymyparents.Iwouldliketothankthemfortheirsupportandconfidenceinme.Mygratitudegoestoeveryoneathome.Thisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutalltheirkindnessandencouragement.
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