定语从句 一、概念：
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如： I want to marry a rich man. 定语
I want to marry a man who is tall, rich and handsome. （从句谓语和先行词一致） 先行词 定语从句 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；
定语从句用关系词（_____________ _____________）来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。 1)关系代词：______________________________________ 2)关系副词：______________________________________
二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 1) who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语或宾语。例如： He is the man who/that wants to marry me.
他就是那个想娶我的人。(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I want to marry.
他就是我想嫁的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 合并：
1. The girl is my sister. The girl is standing on the stage.
_______________________________________________________ 2. I don’t know the boy. The boy is in blue shirt.
_______________________________________________________ 3. My brother likes the singers. The singers write their own music. _______________________________________________________ 翻译：
1那就是教我们英语的老师。
______________________________________ 2你正在等的教授已经来了。
______________________________________ 2) whose
用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，可以同of which互换，放在从句主语后面)。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green. =Please pass me the book the cover of which is green. 合并：
1 He bought a dress. The dress’s price is 100 pounds.
____________________________________________________ 2 He has a friend. The friend’s mother is a singer.
_____________________________________________________
翻译：
1)那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复。
______________________________________________ 3) which, that
所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如： Football is a game which/that is favored by most boys.
足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏。(which / that在句中作主语) This is the pen (which/that) he bought yesterday.
这是他昨天刚买的钢笔。 (which / that在句中作宾语) 合并：
1. I can’t find the book. I bought a book yesterday.
________________________________________________ 2. The cat is mine. The cat is playing with a ball.
____________________________________________________ 翻译：
1这是他昨天买的钢笔。
____________________________________ 2昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。 ____________________________________ 3他喜欢外国作家写的书。
____________________________________ 4他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。 ____________________________________
（二）关系副词的用法： 1．when
指时间，在从句中作时间状语
他的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year She still remembers the day when (= ) he proposed. 她还记得他求婚的那一天。 翻译：
1）我仍然记得爷爷去世的那一天。
______________________________________ 2）我永远忘不了我们在一起的那些日子。 ______________________________________
3）1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。 ______________________________________ 2．where
指地点，在从句中作地点状语。
它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country This is the hotel where (= ) they are staying. This is a factory where (= ) handbags are made. 翻译：
1)惠州是我出生的地方。
___________________________________________ 2)这就是他们初次见面的地方。
____________________________________________ 3．why
指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：
That is the reason why (= ) he is leaving so soon. 翻译：
1）请你告诉我你迟到的原因。
_______________________________________ 2）我们不知道他受惩罚的原因。
_______________________________________ 3）我想知道你不喜欢出去玩的原因。
_______________________________________
(三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on (in, at, during…) + which; where = in (at, on…) + which; why = for which.
(四) 关系代词与关系副词的选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分：如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语、地点状语或原因状语时，才能用when, where或why） 关 系 代 词 指代对象 在从句中的成分 关 系 副 词 指代对象 在从句中的成分 that 人、物 主、宾 where 地点 状语 which 物 主、宾 when 时间 状语 who 人 主、宾 why 原因 状语 whom 人 宾 whose 人、物 定 Practice：
1)This is a factory _______ handbags are made. 2)This is a factory ________ makes handbags.
3)I know a place ________ we can have a picnic.
4)I know a place _______ is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 5)I will never forget the days _______ we spent together. 6)This is the reason ________ he was dismissed.
7) This is the boy ______ father died three years ago. 8) The pencil ________ he wrote was broken.
三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如： She has a son who is working at school.
2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如： She has a son, who is working at school.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why
3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较： She has a son, who is working at school. （只有一个儿子） =She has a son and he is working at school.
She has a son who is working at school.（不止一个儿子）
4. when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。
四、注意事项
1. 关系代词that，which 的用法 (1)只用which，不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (b)介词后不能用that。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(c) 一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that引导，另一个用which引导。 He bought a book that could give him much knowledge and which could help him to kill the time.
(2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行词时 Nothing that you say can change my mind. All that glitters is not gold.
(b)先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last, just修饰时。 You are the last person that I want to see. He is the very man that I want to marry.
(c)先行词有序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰修饰时。 This is the best film that I’ve seen.
Shakespeare is the greatest poet that England has ever had. (d)先行词既有人，又有物时。
The city and the people that I visited impressed me a lot. 2. 关系代词which, as的用法
关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
(1) as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 He married her, as/which was natural. He was honest, as/which we can see.
(2) as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正 如...，正像...”的意思
As is known to all, China is a developing country. He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. John, as you know, is a famous writer.
He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。 Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. (3)当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as I have never heard such a story as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks.
This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由 as所引导的定语从句意思不同
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
注意：定语从句such…as …与结果状语从句such… that…的区别：
as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分 He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.
He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one.
3. 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且 通常可以省略。
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.
练习
用适当的关系词填空：
1. This is the professor ______ taught me chemistry in 1980.
2. The hospital ______ was built five years ago has been modernized. 3. The film ______ we saw the day before yesterday is very interesting. 4. Do you know the student ______ was praised at the meeting?
5. 1949 is the year ______ the People’s Republic of China was founded.
6. They work in a factory ______ makes radio parts. 7. They work in a factory ______ radio parts are made.
8. This is the vision phone through ______ we can see and talk to our friends. 9. She lives in a small village, ______ is only three miles from here.
10. She is going to spend the summer holidays in Shanghai, ______ she has some friends.
11. The sun gives the earth light and heat, ______ is very important to the living things.
12. He was often late, ______ made his teacher very angry.
13. He talked about the teachers and schools ______he had visited. 在下列定语从句中，填入适当的介词和关系代词
1. I was surprised at the way ________ he treated the old man. 2. He built a telescope ________ he could study the skies. 3. The woman, ________ I learned the news, is a nurse.
4. He bought a book yesterday, the author ________ is a teacher. 5. She has three children, all _________ are at school. 6. The desk ________ Jack is leaning is John’s.
7. Ours is a beautiful school, ________ we are proud.
8. In the dark street, there wasn’t a person ________she could turn for help. 9. The age _______ children can go to school is seven.
10. His bike ________ he went to work was stolen last night. 单项选择题
1. I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place ________. A. that I want to visit most B. in which I’d like to visit C. where I’d like to visit D. I most want to visit
2. The hours ______ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationship with real people. A. in which B. on which C. when D. that
3. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, ______, of course, made the others jealous.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
4. The goal _____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. A. after which B. for which C. with which D. at which
5. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _____ was surprising.
A. as results B. which results C. the result of it D. the result of which 6. He came back late, _______ which time all the guests had already left. A. at B. after C. by D. during
7. An investigation was made into the accident, _______ fifty people were killed. A. in which B. where C. when D. for that 8. It wasn’t such a good dinner _____ she had promised us. A. that B. as C. which D. what
9. _______ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed. A. As B. That C. It D. What
10. ______ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. A. That B. Which C. As D. It
11. The residents, _______ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
A. all their homes B. all whose homes C. all of whose homes D. all of their homes
12. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ______ up to half will be from overseas.
A. in which B. for which C. with which D. of which
13.Government reports, examination compositions, legal documents and most business letters are the main situations ______ formal language is used. A. in which B. on which C. in that D. at what 14. We need a chairman __________. A. for whom everyone has confidence B. in whom everyone has confidence C. who everyone has confidence of D. whom everyone has confidence on
15. He has reached the point _______ a change is needed. A. when B. which C. where D. that
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