英语语言学树型图详细讲解

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP

A P N

full of people

b) a story about a sentimental girl NP

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det A N

a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP

Qual V NP

A N

often read detective stories

d) the argument against the proposals NP

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP

V PP

P Det N

move towards the window

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V

The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst V AP

Deg A

Mary became very ill

c) What will you talk about CP NP C S

N Infl NP Infl VP

VP NP

V P N

What will you e talk about e

d) The apple might hit the man. S

NP VP

Det N Aux V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man OR InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

e) He often reads detective stories. S

NP VP

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories OR InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP Pres N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.

a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP

Det A N

A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP Det A N

A huge moon hung in the black sky

c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP Det N

An unusual event occurred before the meeting d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A NP Pst V PP

A N P NP Det A N

A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill

5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Aux V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants OR InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

OR InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pres VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in. S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv

The detective went out and the mysterious man came in e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.

S

NP VP CP

N V C S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

N Aux V Det N Aux V

Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt

6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. a) You know that I hate war. S

NP VP CP

N V C S

NP VP

N V NP

N

You know that I hate war

OR CP

C InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP CP

N Pres V C S

NP VP

N V NP

N

You know that I hate war

b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over. S

NP VP CP N V C S

NP VP CP N V C S

NP VP

Det N VL A

He said that Tom asked whether the class was over

c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. S

NP VP

N VP NP

CP Aux Neg V NP C S

Gerry can

not believe Det N NP VP N V NP Det A N the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce. S

NP VP

CP N VL A C S

NP VP

Det N V NP NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce

e) The children argued over whether bats had wings. S

NP VP CP Det N VP C S

V P NP VP

N V NP

N

The children argued over whether bats had wings

7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.

a) The essay that he wrote was too long. Deep structure CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP Infl VP

N V NP

N

The essay he wrote that was too long

Surface Structure CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

N

The essay that he wrote e was too long

b) The dog that he keeps bites. Deep structure CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V

C Infl S

Pres NP VP

N V NP

N

The dog he keeps that bites

Surface Structure CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pres V NP

N

The dog that he keeps e bites

c) Herbert found the man she loved. Deep structure CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

CP

Det N C S

NP Infl VP NP N V N Herbert found the man she loved who

Surface Structure CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

CP

Det N S C

NP Infl VP

NP NP N V N N Herbert found the man (whom) she loved e

d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. Deep structure CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP P NP C Infl S

N NP VP

PP N Qual VP NP V P N

The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics

Surface Structure CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP P NP C S

N NP NP Infl VP

PP N N Qual VP NP V P N

The girl whom he often quarrels with e majors in linguistics

8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. a) Would you come tomorrow Deep structure CP

C S

VP

NP AdvP N Infl V Adv

you would come tomorrow

Surface structure CP

C S

VP

NP AdvP Infl N Infl V Adv

would you e come tomorrow

b) Can you pass me the newspaper Deep structure CP

C S

VP

NP NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

you can pass me the newspaper

Surface structure CP

C S

VP

Infl NP NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

Can you e pass me the newspaper

c) Should the students report the incident Deep structure CP

C S

VP

NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

the students should report the incident

Surface structure CP

C S

VP

Infl NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

should the students e report the incident

d) What did you eat for lunch Deep structure CP

C S

VP

NP PP NP NP N Infl V P

N N

you did eat what for lunch

Surface structure CP

NP C S

VP

Infl NP PP NP NP N N Infl V P

N N

what did you e eat e for lunch

e) Who should this be reported to Deep structure CP

C S

VP

NP PP VP NP N Infl V V P

N

this should be reported to whom

Surface structure CP NP C S

VP

N Infl NP PP VP NP N Infl V V P

N

whom should this e be reported to e

f) What was Helen bringing to the party Deep structure CP

C S

VP

NP PP

NP NP N Infl V P

N Det N

Helen was bringing what to the party

Surface structure CP NP C S

VP

N Infl NP PP

NP NP N Infl V P

N Det N

what was Helen e bringing e to the party